According to Malthus's population theory, epidemics, natural calamities and war are known as

- Malthus argued that population tends to grow faster than the food supply, leading to a situation where checks are necessary to keep the population in line with resources. - He identified two types of checks: Preventive checks and Positive checks. - Positive checks are factors that increase the death rate, such as famine, disease (epidemics), and warfare. They act by reducing the population size after it has grown too large for the available resources.