- CCTV systems, particularly wireless ones, operate within a limited range, typically covering a building or property. - RFID systems, especially passive RFID, have very short read ranges (centimeters to meters), though active RFID can extend this. They are primarily for local identification or tracking. - WLAN (Wi-Fi) is designed for local area coverage within buildings, homes, or limited outdoor hotspots, typically extending tens to hundreds of meters.