- Fahyan (Fa-Hien) was a Chinese Buddhist monk who visited India during the reign of Chandragupta II (Gupta dynasty) in the early 5th century CE (c. 399-412 CE). - Huentsang (Hiuen Tsang or Xuanzang) was a Chinese Buddhist monk who visited India during the reign of Harshavardhana (Pushyabhuti dynasty) in the 7th century CE (c. 629-645 CE). - I-Tsing (Yi Jing) was a Chinese Buddhist monk who visited India in the later half of the 7th century CE (c. 671-695 CE), arriving mostly by sea route. - Al-Biruni was a Persian scholar who accompanied Mahmud of Ghazni to India in the early 11th century CE (c. 1017-1030 CE) and wrote extensively about Indian culture and science in his work 'Kitab-ul-Hind'.