- Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system. - Johannes Kepler derived his laws of planetary motion from Tycho Brahe's observational data. - Galileo's telescopic observations supported the heliocentric model and included the discovery of Jupiter's moons, phases of Venus, and craters on the moon. - Isaac Newton developed the laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation, providing the physical explanation for Kepler's laws.