During the Revolt of 1857, princely states like Indore and Gwalior, whose rulers remained loyal to the British, saw their own troops rebel and join the uprising, sometimes against the ruler's will. Tantia Tope was a prominent leader who played a crucial role in operations at Kanpur (under Nana Saheb) and later in Bundelkhand, supporting Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi and eventually leading forces in Gwalior. The Sindhia ruler of Gwalior fled to the British refuge at Agra when his troops and the city fell to the rebels led by Tantia Tope and Rani Lakshmi Bai.