- Statement 1: Urbanization is typically measured as the percentage of the total population living in urban areas, which is a ratio (urban population / total population). Hence, it is a ratio concept. This statement is correct. - Statement 2: A major driver of urbanization is migration of people from rural areas to urban areas (in-migration to urban areas). This statement is correct. - Statement 3: Out- migration factors typically refer to movement away from a place. Out-migration from rural areas is a factor causing urbanization elsewhere (in urban destinations), but stating urbanization is a result of "out-migration factors" is imprecise and potentially misleading, especially concerning out-migration from urban areas which would counteract urbanization. - Statement 4: While an increase in the absolute urban population is a consequence of urbanization, urbanization specifically refers to the increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas. An increase in absolute urban numbers without a proportional increase relative to the total population (including rural growth) doesn't fully capture the concept of urbanization. Therefore, this statement is not a precise definition. Based on the analysis, only statements 1 and 2 are accurate descriptions of urbanization.