These terms were used by Lloyd and Susanne Rudolph in their seminal works, particularly 'The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India' (1967), to analyze the nature of the Indian political system. 'Demand Polity' refers to a system where various social groups and citizens make demands on the state, while 'Command Polity' refers to a system where the state directs and controls societal activities. They argued that India exhibited characteristics of both.