- Duplicate gene interaction (recessive epistasis) Two genes, where recessive alleles at either locus mask the phenotype (e.g., 9:7 ratio). - Complementary gene interaction (dominant epistasis) Dominant allele at one locus masks the expression of alleles at another locus (e.g., 12:3:1 or 13:3 ratio). - Supplementary gene interaction (duplicate recessive epistasis) A dominant allele at one locus is required for expression of another gene, and the dominant allele at the second gene produces a different phenotype. This can lead to a 9:3:4 ratio in the F2 generation, showing three distinct phenotypes. - Inhibitory gene interaction (dominant suppression) Dominant allele at one locus suppresses the expression of another gene (e.g., 13:3 ratio).