Historians like R. C. Majumdar and S. N. Sen critically analyzed the nature of the 1857 revolt and the state of nationalism in India during that period. R. C. Majumdar, in particular, argued that the revolt of 1857 was not a planned 'national' war of independence and that Indian nationalism was still in its nascent or 'embryonic' stage in the mid-19th century, as the participants were motivated by diverse factors rather than a unified national consciousness.