- Network topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of nodes (devices) and connections in a network. - Common fundamental topologies include: - Bus Topology: All nodes share a single communication line. - Star Topology: All nodes connect to a central hub or switch. - Ring Topology: Nodes are connected in a closed loop. - Mesh Topology: Every node is connected to every other node (full mesh) or multiple other nodes (partial mesh). - Other variations and hybrid topologies exist (e.g., Tree, Hybrid).