- Harappa was the first site of the Indus Valley Civilization to be discovered and excavated, notably by Daya Ram Sahani in 1921. - Mohenjo- daro was excavated by R. D. Banerji (Rakhal Das Bandyopadhyay) in 1922. - Kot Diji was extensively excavated by F.A. Khan in the 1950s. G.S. Ghurye is also associated with early work on the civilization. - Luigi Pio Tessitori, an Italian Indologist, did significant archaeological work in the Bikaner area in the early 20th century, identifying mounds at Kalibangan as prehistoric, before large-scale excavations began later (led by A. Ghosh, B.B. Lal, and B.K. Thapar).