Nitrogen oxides (a) are primary Air pollutants (III), especially from combustion. Petroleum hydrocarbons (b) are major pollutants of the Sea (I), typically from oil spills and offshore activities. Fluorides (c) are often significant contaminants in Fresh water (IV) sources (e.g., groundwater) as well as air and soil, but fresh water contamination is a widespread issue. Mycotoxins (d) are toxic substances produced by fungi that grow on Food (II) products, particularly grains and nuts.