Statement 1 is correct: The Katapayadi system, associated with Vararuchi of Kerala (perhaps an early figure or a later one, depending on the specific Vararuchi referred to), was indeed used in astronomical computations, including determining planetary positions, based on mnemonic verses like the Chandra Vakyas. Statement 2 is correct: Achyuta Pisharati (1550-1621) was a key figure in the Kerala School, and Uparagakriyakrama, a text on eclipses, is one of his known works. Statement 3 is correct: The inauguration of the Kollam era (825 CE) is traditionally linked to the Chera rulers of Mahodayapuram (modern Kodungallur). While precise details are debated, the era's origin in this period and region, associated with rulers like Ravi Varma, and the mention of an observatory aligns with the flourishing astronomical tradition in Kerala during the medieval period.
Shiva's right leg is placed upon the demon Apasmara (representing ignorance/illusion). The action of suppressing Apasmara with the right foot symbolizes Shiva's act of Tirobhava (concealment or illusion), hiding the ultimate reality from the deluded soul. Balancing on this leg while performing the cosmic dance links the stance to this aspect. Thus, statement 1 is correct. 2. Shiva's left leg is raised in the dance. This raised foot symbolizes Anugraha (grace) and Moksha (salvation), the release from the cycle of birth and death achieved through Shiva's grace. While liberation involves overcoming illusion, describing it as "kicking away the illusion" might not be the standard or most accurate interpretation of the raised leg's primary symbolism. The stance is indeed bhujangatrasita. Thus, statement 2 is likely incorrect in its interpretation. 3. The Nataraja sculpture features four arms. The upper right hand holds the Damaru (drum), symbolizing creation. The lower right hand is in the Abhaya Mudra (gesture of fearlessness), symbolizing preservation. The statement says the "main right hand" (implying the lower one) holds the damaru, which is incorrect. 194. Consider the following statements about science in medieval South India : 1. The Katapayadi system of numerals, which was invented by Vararuchi of Kerala, the author of Chandra Vakyas, was used for calculating the position of Moon on any day of the year. 2. Achyuta Pisharati (1550 – 1621) wrote Uparagakriyakrama, a text on eclipses. 3. Ravi Varma of Mahodayapuram set up an observatory and is also said to have inaugurated the Kollam era. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Asked in UPSC CDS 2 2023 · Topic: Provincial Dynasty of North India and Deccan Province (Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra)
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Answer: C. 1 and 2 only
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