Following the special session of the Congress in Bombay (August 1918) and the Delhi session (December 1918), where the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms were criticized, prominent moderate leaders like Surendranath Banerjea, Tej Bahadur Sapru, V.S. Srinivasa Sastri, and M. R. Jayakar left the Indian National Congress. They formed the Indian National Liberal Federation in November 1918, believing in the possibility of working with the reforms while seeking further constitutional advancements.