- Setting time refers to the time required for cement paste to lose its plasticity. - Additives are used to control setting time: accelerators decrease setting time, retarders increase it. - Gypsum is a common retarder, preventing flash set by reacting with C₃A. - Oxides of aluminium are present in cement clinker primarily as tricalcium aluminate (C₃A), which hydrates rapidly and contributes to early setting. Certain forms of reactive alumina can act as accelerators.