- The split took place during the annual session of the Congress in Surat in December 1907. - The split was between the Moderate and Extremist factions of the Congress. - The Moderates were led by leaders like Gopal Krishna Gokhale, while the Extremists were led by figures like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal (the 'Lal-Bal-Pal' trio).