Secondary pollutants are not directly emitted from a source but are formed in the atmosphere through chemical reactions involving primary pollutants and other atmospheric constituents. Smog, particularly photochemical smog, is a complex mixture containing secondary pollutants like ozone, peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs), and nitric acid, which are formed from reactions involving primary pollutants like nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) under sunlight.