- Republic A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch. - Parliamentary form of Government Characterized by the executive being responsible to the legislature (e.g., India, UK). - Federalism A system of government where power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units (e.g., USA, India). - Secular State A state that is officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion (e.g., India, France).