- Paris Agreement (2015) requires all parties to submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) specifying their climate action goals. - Kyoto Protocol (1997) set legally binding emission reduction targets for industrialized countries (Annex I parties) for specific commitment periods. - Montreal Protocol (1987) addresses ozone-depleting substances, not greenhouse gas emissions causing climate change. - Bali Action Plan (2007) was a roadmap towards a new climate agreement, not the agreement itself.