Permanent hardness in water is caused by dissolved sulfates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium, which do not precipitate out upon boiling. The ion- exchange method, using materials like zeolite or synthetic resin, replaces the hard ions (Ca2+, Mg2+) with soft ions (usually Na+). This process is effective in removing both temporary and permanent hardness.
Which one of the following methods can be used to remove permanent hardness of water ?
Asked in UPSC CAPF 2020 · Topic: Physical and Chemical Changes, Solution (Types of Solutions (e.g., Solid in Liquid, Liquid in Liquid, Gas in Liquid))
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