- The term 'deep ecology' was coined by Norwegian philosopher Arne Næss in 1973. - Deep ecology is an environmental philosophy that argues for the inherent worth of all living beings, regardless of their instrumental utility to human needs. It contrasts with "shallow ecology," which is seen as fighting pollution and resource depletion primarily to serve the health and affluence of developed countries. - E.P. Odum is a prominent ecologist known for his work on ecosystem ecology. - C. Raunkiaer was a Danish botanist known for his system of classifying plant life forms. - F.E. Clements was an American plant ecologist who developed theories on plant succession.