While India officially adopted planned development under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, whose vision was largely one of industrialization and a mixed economy guided by central planning, Mahatma Gandhi had a different economic philosophy. Gandhi advocated for a decentralized, self-sufficient, village-based economy focused on cottage industries and rural development (Sarvodaya and Gram Swaraj). This vision fundamentally differed from the large-scale industrialization and centralized planning model promoted by Nehru and subsequent governments, making Gandhi's philosophy the most prominent historical opposition to the state-led planned development approach taken by independent India.