Maurya Empire is part of Ancient History of India. Below are notes on 12 sub-topics, followed by practice MCQs from State PSC and UPSC papers.

Ashoka the Great: Kalinga War and Dhamma

  • Ashoka, a Maurya ruler, was known as 'Devanampiya Piyadasi' (Beloved of the Gods).
  • The Kalinga War took place in 261 BC, 8 years after Ashoka's coronation.
  • Kalinga was annexed due to its control over strategic land and sea routes to South India.
  • Ashoka was profoundly horrified by the violence and suffering caused by the Kalinga War.
  • The details and effects of the Kalinga War are primarily recorded in Major Rock Edict XIII, which also states that victory by Dhamma is the foremost victory.
  • Ashoka did not abolish capital punishment or completely disband his army, though he embraced non-violence.
  • Ashoka's faith in Buddhism is evidenced by:
    • Minor Rock Edict-I, showing his personal commitment to Buddhism.
    • Rummindei Pillar Inscription, documenting his visit to Lumbini and tax reduction for the sacred site.
    • Nigali Sagar Pillar Inscription, also confirming his faith.
    • The Bhabru Edict, explicitly expressing his reverence for the Buddhist

Ashokan Edicts: Types, Content, and Significance

  • Ashoka is generally referred to as 'Devanampriya' (Beloved of the Gods) and 'Priyadarshi' (He who looks with affection) in his inscriptions.
  • Ashoka's personal name 'Ashoka' appears in Minor Rock Edicts at Maski, Gujarra, Nittur, and Udegolam.
  • The Kanganahalli relief sculpture inscription mentions 'Ranyo Ashoka' (King Ashoka) alongside a stone portrait of Ashoka.
  • Ashoka is mentioned as 'Dharmasoka' in the Junagarh inscription of Rudradaman.
  • James Prinsep was the first to successfully decipher Ashokan Brahmi script in 1837.
  • The study of inscriptions is known as Epigraphy.
  • D.R. Bhandarkar wrote a history of Ashoka based on his inscriptions.
  • Scripts and Languages:
  • Most Ashokan inscriptions are in Prakrit language using the Brahmi script (e.g., Kalsi, Yerragudi, Bhabru).
  • In the north-western parts of the Mauryan Empire (e.g., Shahbazgarhi, Mansehra near Peshawar), inscriptions are in Prakrit language using the Kharoshthi script.
  • In Afghanistan (e.g., Kandahar/Sharikuna), inscriptions are bilingual and bi-scriptal, engraved in Greek and Aramaic scripts/languages.
  • Types of Edicts:
  • Ashokan Edicts are broadly categorized into Major Rock Edicts (14 distinct edicts), Minor Rock Edicts, Major Pillar Edicts (7 distinct edicts), Minor Pillar Edicts, and Cave Inscriptions.
  • Content of Major Rock Edicts:
  • MRE II: Describes Ashoka's Dhamma policy for social welfare, including medical treatment for humans and animals, and refers to southern kingdoms (Chola, Pandya, Satiyaputra, Keralaputra).
  • MRE V: Mentions the appointment of Dhamma Mahamattas (officers for Dhamma propagation and welfare).
  • MRE X: Emphasizes that true glory and fame consist in the people's observance of Dhamma.
  • MRE XII: Appeals for religious synthesis and tolerance towards all sects, emphasizing respect for other's beliefs.
  • MRE XIII: Records Ashoka's remorse over the Kalinga War, his subsequent adoption of Dhamma-vijaya (conquest by Dhamma), and mentions his relations with Hellenistic kings and southern kingdoms (Chola, Pandya, Satiyaputra, Keralaputra).
  • Separate Kalinga Edicts (Dhauli and Jaugada): Replaced MRE XI, XII, and XIII in the Kalinga region, assuring the conquered people of fair treatment and emphasizing administrative justice.
  • Content of Pillar Edicts:
  • PE IV: Deals with the duties of Rajukas (judicial officers) and provides a three-day respite for prisoners condemned to death, indicating capital punishment was not abolished.
  • Rummindei (Lumbini) Pillar Edict: Confirms Lumbini as the birthplace of Gautama Buddha; records Ashoka's visit and reduction of tax (bali) for Lumbini to 1/8th, exempting it from 'bhaga'.
  • Nigalisagar (Nigliva) Pillar Inscription: Records Ashoka's enlargement of the stupa of Konagamana Buddha and his visit to the site.
  • Content of Minor Rock Edicts:
  • Maski Minor Rock Edict: Contains Ashoka's personal name.
  • Bhabru (Bairat) Minor Rock Edict: Expresses Ashoka's faith in Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha (Triple Gem) and recommends specific Buddhist texts for study.
  • Ashokan Officers (Mahamattas):
  • Dhamma-mahamatta: Officers instituted by Ashoka (mentioned in MRE V) to spread Dhamma and work for the welfare of his subjects.
  • Anta-mahamatta: In-charge of frontier areas.
  • Ithijhakha-mahamatta (Stri-adhyaksha Mahamattas): Responsible for women's welfare.
  • Nagalaviyohalaka-mahamatta (Nagaraka): Associated with city administration and judicial functions.
  • Geographical Distribution of Edicts:
  • Dhauli and Jaugada Major Rock Edicts are located in Odisha.
  • Erragudi Major Rock Edict is in Andhra Pradesh.
  • Kalsi Major Rock Edict is in Uttarakhand.
  • Maski Minor Rock Edict is in Karnataka.
  • Bairath (Bijak Hill) in Rajasthan is where an Ashokan inscription was found, discovered by Captain Bart in 1837.
  • Political centers like Suvarnagiri and Kandahar are mentioned in Ashokan inscriptions.
  • Other Significant Facts:
  • The South Indian Kingdoms mentioned in Ashokan inscriptions (MRE II, XIII) include Chola, Pandya, Satiyaputra, and Keralaputra; the Satavahanas are NOT mentioned.
  • Chandragupta Maurya initiated water resource management in the Girnar region, which was further developed by Ashoka, as attested by the Junagarh inscription of Rudradaman.

Bindusara and Early Mauryan Expansion

  • Bindusara: Son & successor of Chandragupta Maurya (ruled c. 298-273 BCE).
  • Titles: Known as 'Amitraghata' or 'Amitrochates' (Slayer of Foes) in Greek accounts. Jain texts refer to him as 'Simhasena'.
  • Empire Expansion: Extended Mauryan control into Deccan, reaching as far as Mysore. Kalinga remained independent during his reign.
  • Foreign Relations: Maintained diplomatic ties with Greek kingdoms; received ambassadors like Deimachus from Antiochus I Soter.
  • Ashoka's Role: Served as a viceroy (governor) under Bindusara, notably in Ujjain (capital of Avanti) and Taxila.
  • Avanti Conquest: Ashoka conquered the Avanti Mahajanapada and integrated it into the Mauryan Empire during his time as viceroy under Bindusara's rule.
  • Source for Avanti Conquest: This event is explicitly mentioned in the Samantapasadika by Buddhaghosha.

Causes for the Decline of the Mauryan Empire

  • Decline of Mauryan Empire began after Ashoka's reign due to weak successors.
  • Ashoka's policy of Dhammavijaya was a moral and cultural conquest, not military disarmament; he did not disband his army.
  • The vastness of the empire and its highly centralized administration became difficult to control by subsequent weak rulers, leading to provincial revolts.
  • Heavy expenditure on a large standing army and bureaucracy, coupled with economic strain, weakened the state treasury.
  • Brahmanical reaction: Ashoka's policies, such as banning animal sacrifices, might have alienated the orthodox Brahmanical class, potentially contributing to the rise of Pushyamitra Shunga.
  • Ashoka's immediate successors: Kunala, Dasharatha (donated caves to Ajivikas), Samprati (patron of Jainism), Shalishuka, Devavarman, Satadhanvan. According to Rajatarangini, Ashoka's successor in Kashmir was Jalauka.
  • The last ruler of the Mauryan Dynasty was Brihadratha.
  • Brihadratha was assassinated around 185 BCE by his commander-in-chief, Pushyamitra Shunga, during a military parade.
  • Pushyamitra Shunga subsequently established the Shunga Dynasty.
  • Patanjali was the priest/guru of Pushyamitra Shunga.

Mauryan Art and Architecture (Pillars, Stupas, Caves, Palace)

  • Mauryan art and architecture can be broadly categorized into court art (palaces, monolithic pillars, stupas) and popular art (sculptures of Yakshas and Yakshinis, rock-cut caves).
  • Pillars:
  • Monolithic, carved predominantly from Chunar sandstone.
  • Characterized by their highly polished surface, often called "Mauryan polish."
  • Consist of a shaft, a capital (often bell-shaped or inverted lotus), an abacus, and a crowning animal figure(s).
  • Ashoka is credited with erecting numerous pillars, many bearing his edicts; however, not all pillars feature inscriptions.
  • Sarnath Lion Capital: Features four addorsed lions, an abacus with a Dharma Chakra and four animals (Elephant, Bull, Horse, Lion), all on an inverted lotus. These four animals are referred to as "Maha-Ajaneya Pasu." This capital serves as India's national emblem.
  • Rampurva Pillars: Two pillars, one with a magnificent bull capital (the stone bull of Rampurva is considered a prime example of Mauryan sculpture) and another with a lion capital.
  • Sankisa Pillar: Features an elephant capital.
  • Lauriya Nandangarh Pillar: Features a lion capital.
  • Mauryan pillars were crafted from sandstone monoliths, not from gold, iron, or bronze.
  • Their shafts are smooth, not fluted.
  • Ashokan pillars show Achaemenid (Persian) influence in their monumental scale and polished surface, but are distinct in their monolithic construction and specific animal symbolism.
  • Historical context: The 14th-century text Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi by Shams Siraj Afif references Ashokan pillars, notably the Delhi-Topra and Delhi-Meerut pillars.
  • Some Ashokan pillars or their fragments were later worshipped as Shiv Lingas.
  • Stupas:
  • Ashoka is credited with building the original core of the Great Stupa at Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh) to enshrine Buddhist relics.
  • Other Mauryan stupa sites include Bairat (Rajasthan) and the original structural core of the Dhamek Stupa at Sarnath.
  • The Amaravati Stupa belongs to the later Satavahana period, not the Mauryan era.
  • Caves:
  • Rock-cut caves, primarily for Ajivika ascetics, demonstrating a distinctive Mauryan architectural style.
  • Barabar Hills (Bihar): Lomas Rishi Cave and Sudama Cave were dedicated by Ashoka to the Ajivikas.
  • Nagarjuni Hills (Bihar): Caves here were dedicated by Ashoka's grandson, Dasharatha, also to the Ajivikas.
  • These caves are known for their highly polished interiors, imitating wooden architectural forms, with the Lomas Rishi Cave featuring a characteristic chaitya arch-like entrance.
  • Palace:
  • Archaeological excavations at Kumrahar and Bulandibagh in Pataliputra (the Mauryan capital) have unearthed remains of Chandragupta Maurya's palace.
  • Megasthenes described the palace as grand and elaborate, constructed primarily of wood, and comparable to the Achaemenid palaces of Persia.
  • Popular Art / Sculpture:
  • Includes large, free-standing sculptures of Yakshas and Yakshinis, often carved from polished sandstone.
  • Didarganj Yakshini (Patna), a chauri-bearer, is a famous example known for its polished surface and elegant drapery.
  • The Parkham Yaksha (Mathura), an idol inscribed with the name Manibhadra, is another significant example of Mauryan popular sculpture.

Mauryan

Central

and

Provincial

Administration

  • Kautilya's Arthashastra: A treatise on statecraft, governance, economic policy, and military strategy.
  • Kautilya's Saptanga Theory of State: Swami (King), Amatya (Minister), Janapada (Territory & People), Durga (Fort), Kosha (Treasury), Danda (Army), Mitra (Ally). Dhamma is NOT part of this theory.
  • King: Central authority, advised by a Mantriparishad (Council of Ministers). Rigorous daily timetable prescribed by Arthashastra, but typically did not include visiting towns incognito as a daily official duty.
  • High Officials (Tirthas - 18 in number):
    • Samahartri/Samharta: Chief Collector of Revenue; highest administrative officer, responsible for overall revenue collection and assessment.
    • Samnidhatri/Sannidhata: Chief Treasurer; custodian of the state treasury and storehouses.
    • Amatya: High-ranking officials, ministers, advisors.
    • Akshapatala: Records-cum-Audit Officer.
    • Dauvarika: Chief of Royal Doorkeepers/Palace attendants.
    • Antapala: Governor of border forts.
    • Pradeshta (Pradesika): Head of district administration; also in charge of criminal justice (head of Pradeshtris courts).
    • Rajukas: Officials under Ashoka, responsible for land measurement, fixing boundaries, revenue assessment, and judicial functions.
    • Yukta: Subordinate revenue officer.
  • Adhyakshas (Superintendents - ~27 in number):
    • Sitadhyaksha: Superintendent of Agriculture/Crown Lands; responsible for cultivation of state lands and collecting taxes from them (Sita = revenue from state land).
    • Pautavadhyaksha: Superintendent of Weights and Measures.
    • Lakshanadhyaksha: Superintendent of Mint (coinage).
    • Navadhyaksha: Superintendent of Shipping/Navy.
    • Akaradhyaksha: Superintendent of Mines.
    • Kupya Adhyaksh: Superintendent of Forest Produce/Forest management.
    • Panyadhyaksha: Superintendent of Commerce.
    • Shulka-adhyaksha: Collector of tolls/ taxes on trade.
    • Sunadhyaksha: Superintendent of Slaughterhouses.
    • Sansthadhyaksha: Superintendent of Markets.
  • Provincial Administration: Mauryan Empire divided into 4-5 major provinces, apart from the central region (Magadha/Pataliputra).
    • Capital: Pataliputra.
    • Provinces and their Capitals:
      • Uttarapatha (Northern Province): Takshashila
      • Avantirashtra (Western Province): Ujjayini
      • Dakshinapatha (Southern Province): Suvarnagiri
      • Kalinga (Eastern Province, added by Ashoka): Tosali
    • Provinces were ruled by Kumaras (princes) or Aryaputras (royal kin) as Viceroys.
  • Local Administration:
    • District (Janapada): Administered by Pradeshtas and Rajukas.
    • Village (Grama): Smallest unit. Administered by Gramika (village head) and Gramavṛddhas (village elders). Mauryas had a system involving village autonomy, though possibly not "elected panchayats" in the modern sense.
    • Units of Villages (as per some sources): Sangrahan (10 villages), Kharvatik (100-200 villages), Dronamukha (400 villages), Sthaniya (800 villages).
  • City Administration: Described in detail by Megasthenes' Indica, run by a municipal board of 30 members divided into six committees of five members each.
  • Judicial System:
    • Dharmasthiya courts: Dealt with civil cases (Vyavaharika was a civil judge).
    • Kantakashodhana courts: Dealt with criminal cases (Pradeshtas were heads of these courts).
  • Revenue System: Land tax (Bhaga) was the main source of income, generally 1/4th to 1/6th of produce. State owned vast crown lands (Sita lands).
  • Water Resource Management: Chandragupta Maurya initiated the construction of Sudarshana Lake in the Girnar region. Agronomai (Megasthenes) were officials involved in road construction, irrigation, and land administration.
  • Social Welfare: Kautilya advocated 'food-forwork' programmes to counteract famines.
  • Penalties: 'Pankodakasannirodhe' was a penalty charged for slushing/dirtying public roads.
  • Officials NOT Mauryan: Kumaramatya (Gupta period), Agrahariika.

Mauryan Foreign Relations and Diplomacy

  • Chandragupta Maurya (C. Mauryan) & Seleucus I Nicator: C. Mauryan defeated Seleucus I Nicator, founder of the Seleucid Empire (which at its greatest extent stretched from Thrace to the border of India).
  • C. Mauryan gained territories: Arachosia (Kandahar), Gedrosia (Balochistan), Paropamisadai (Kabul), significant regions of modern Afghanistan.
  • Marriage alliance between C. Mauryan and Seleucid royal family established.
  • Exchange of ambassadors: Megasthenes (Seleucid ambassador) resided at the Mauryan court.
  • Persian (Achaemenid) Influence:
  • Architectural elements: Bell capital, lion motifs on Ashokan pillars reflect Achaemenid Persian influence.
  • Court ceremonies: Hair washing ceremony of Chandragupta Maurya (as described by Greek writers) is considered a Persian influence.
  • Kharosthi script: Derived from Aramaic (Persian administrative language), used in Northwestern India.
  • Persian administrators: Tusapa, a Persian, was appointed governor of Saurashtra (Western province) by Ashoka.
  • Ashoka's Dhamma Diplomacy (Rock Edict XIII):
  • Ashoka sent Dhamma messengers and maintained diplomatic relations with Hellenistic kings in the West.
  • Hellenistic kings mentioned: Antiochus II Theos (Syria), Ptolemy II Philadelphus (Egypt – also referred to as Turamaya), Antigonus Gonatas (Macedonia), Magas of Cyrene (Libya), and Alexander (of Epirus or Corinth).
  • Alexander of Bactria is NOT mentioned in Ashoka's records.
  • Mauryans maintained diplomatic relations with distant countries like Syria.
  • Megasthenes (Author of Indica):
  • Greek ambassador of Seleucus I Nicator to Chandragupta Maurya's court.
  • Stated that there was no slavery in India.
  • Classified Indian philosophers into two types: Brahmanas and Sramanas.

Mauryan Military and Justice System

  • Mauryan military was vast, well-organized, and centrally controlled by the King.
  • According to Megasthenes (Indica), military administration was overseen by a board of 30 members, divided into six committees of five members each, responsible for: Infantry, Cavalry, Elephants, Chariots, Navy, and Logistics/Supply.
  • The chief commander of the army was known as `Senapati`.
  • Mauryan justice system was elaborate and centralized, with the King as the supreme court of appeal.
  • As per Kautilya's Arthashastra, there were two main types of courts:
    • `Dharmasthiya` courts: Civil courts, dealing with civil and personal law (marriage, inheritance, property, debt). Headed by three `Dharmasthas` (judges) and three `Amatyas`.
    • `Kantakshodhana` courts: Criminal courts, dealing with crimes like theft, murder, assault, and public nuisance. Headed by three `Pradeshtris` (magistrates) and three `Amatyas`.
  • Punishment for tax evasion in the Mauryan period was the death penalty, according to Arthashastra.
  • Judgements were based on `Dharma` (sacred law), `Vyavahara` (legal transaction), `Charitra` (custom), and `Rajasasana` (royal edicts).
  • `Dharmamahamatras` were special officers appointed by Ashoka to propagate Dhamma and look after people's welfare, not courts.
  • `Rajjukas` were officers under Ashoka, initially revenue collectors, later also vested with judicial powers in rural areas, not courts.

Mauryan

Socio-Economic

Conditions

(Agriculture, Trade, Urbanization, Society)

  • Society
  • Megasthenes' Indica describes Mauryan society as divided into seven classes or occupational groups: Philosophers, Farmers, Soldiers, Herdsmen, Artisans, Magistrates, and Councillors/Supervisors.
  • Kautilya's Arthashastra upheld the Varna system and advised the establishment of dharma, varna, and ashrama systems in conquered territories.
  • Slavery was prevalent; Kautilya's Arthashastra mentions nine types of slaves (`dasa`).
  • A person could be a slave as a result of a judicial punishment.
  • If a female slave bore her master a son, she was legally free.
  • If a son born to a female slave was fathered by her master, the son was entitled to the legal status of the master's son.
  • The `antarīya` was an unstitched length of cloth draped around the body, worn as a lower garment.
  • The Mauryan state subjected forest people to new forms of political and economic dominance, aiming to subordinate and assimilate them.
  • Forest people were harnessed to serve the state, potentially as troops, spies, and assassins.
  • The state claimed rights over forest produce, challenging any sole monopoly by forest people.
  • The state was concerned with the conservation of forests and prohibited the burning of forests.
  • Economy: Agriculture
  • Agriculture was the mainstay of the Mauryan economy.
  • The Mauryan state actively founded new agricultural settlements to bring fertile, unused land under cultivation.
  • Greek travellers (e.g., Megasthenes) were impressed by the fertility of India's soil and the energy and ability of its cultivators.
  • The use of manure in ancient Indian agriculture was known.
  • `Sitadhyaksha` was the Superintendent of Agriculture, responsible for crown lands.
  • `Bhaga` was the king's share of agricultural produce (typically 1/4 to 1/6).
  • `Udka-bhaga` was a tax levied for the use of irrigation works.
  • `Viveet` was a tax levied on pastures.
  • `Pranayam` was an emergency tax, levied in situations of fiscal crisis.
  • Economy: Trade & Urbanization
  • Pataliputra, the capital, was strategically located, surrounded by the River Ganges in the North and the River Sone in the West.
  • The `Dakshinapatha` was a major trade route connecting Pataliputra in the North to Pratishthan (Paithan) in the South.
  • `Tamralipti` (in the Ganges delta) was the main port for eastern trade by Mauryan times.
  • Other significant ports included Bharukachcha (Broach) and Sopara on the west coast, and Patala in the Indus delta.
  • The Mauryan state was involved in trade, collecting customs duties (`shulka`) and tolls.

Origin and Rise of the Mauryas: Chandragupta Maurya

  • Chandragupta Maurya (c. 322-298 BCE) founded the Maurya Dynasty, overthrowing the Nanda dynasty (King Dhanananda) at Pataliputra.
  • He is considered the first historical emperor of India, unifying most of the Indian subcontinent under one administration.
  • Chanakya (also known as Kautilya or Vishnugupta) was Chandragupta Maurya's mentor, chief minister, and strategist. He was a Brahmin from Taxila.
  • Chanakya's political treatise, Arthashastra, provides insights into statecraft, economics, and military strategy. It prioritizes Artha (material well-being/politics) over Dharma for state administration.
  • Kautilya is often called the "Indian Machiavelli" for his pragmatic and strategic views on governance.
  • The Greek writers (like Justin) referred to Chandragupta Maurya as "Sandrocottus" or "Sandrokyptos." This identification was first made by Sir William Jones in 1793.
  • Chandragupta Maurya defeated the Greek General Seleucus I Nicator (Alexander's successor) around 305-303 BCE, gaining territories in Afghanistan, Balochistan, and the Indus region.
  • Megasthenes, a Greek ambassador, was sent by Seleucus I Nicator to Chandragupta Maurya's court at Pataliputra. He authored "Indica," providing valuable accounts of Mauryan India.
  • Chandragupta Maurya was responsible for the construction of the Sudarshan Lake in Gujarat (Saurashtra) through his governor, Pushyagupta Vaishya. (It was later repaired by Ashoka's governor Tushaspha and Rudradaman).
  • According to Jain tradition, Chandragupta Maurya embraced Jainism in his later life, abdicated his throne, and performed Sallekhana (fast unto death) at Shravanabelagola in Karnataka during a famine.
  • The ancient Indian play "Mudrarakshasa" by Vishakhadatta depicts the court intrigues and political maneuvers that led to Chandragupta Maurya's ascent to the throne with Chanakya's aid.
  • Pataliputra was the capital city of the Mauryan Empire during Chandragupta Maurya's reign.
  • Chandragupta Maurya was succeeded by his son, Bindusara, who further extended the empire.
  • The last Mauryan king, Brihadratha, was assassinated by his general-in-chief, Pushyamitra Shunga, who founded the Shunga dynasty.
  • Bimbisara was a ruler of the Haryanka dynasty, predating the Mauryas, and is not associated with the Mauryan Dynasty.

Religion and Culture under the Mauryas (Buddhism, Jainism, Ajivikas)

  • Chandragupta Maurya was a follower of Jainism.
  • Chandragupta Maurya renounced his throne and migrated to Shravanabelagola, accompanied by the Jain monk Bhadrabahu.
  • Chandragupta Maurya is believed to have ended his life through Sallekhana (fasting unto death).
  • Bindusara, son of Chandragupta Maurya, patronized the Ajivika sect.
  • Ashoka, son of Bindusara, converted to Buddhism after the Kalinga War and became a devout follower.
  • Ashoka propagated Dhamma, a moral code largely influenced by Buddhist principles.
  • Both Ashoka and his grandson Dasharatha Maurya were followers of Buddhism, upholding the state's Dhamma policy.
  • Ashoka donated several rock-cut caves to the Ajivikas, demonstrating religious tolerance.
  • The Barabar Hill caves (near Gaya, Bihar) were dedicated by Ashoka to Ajivika ascetics.
  • There are four caves in the Barabar Hill group: Lomas Rishi, Sudama, Visvakarma, and Karan Chaupar.
  • Ashokan inscriptions are found on the walls of three Barabar caves (Sudama, Visvakarma, Karan Chaupar).
  • These Barabar Hill inscriptions confirm the dedication of the caves to the Ajivika ascetics.
  • The Barabar Hill inscriptions date back to the 3rd century B.C. (Ashoka's reign).
  • Dasharatha Maurya, Ashoka's grandson, continued the tradition of Mauryan patronage to Ajivikas by dedicating caves in the Nagarjuni Hills.

Sources of Mauryan History (Literary and Archaeological)

  • Literary Sources:
    • Kautilya's Arthashastra: Authored by Kautilya (also known as Chanakya or Vishnugupta), the chief advisor to Chandragupta Maurya.
      • A comprehensive treatise on statecraft, administration, economic policy, law, and military strategy.
      • Provides detailed information on Mauryan polity, land revenue, tax collection methods, and the structure of the state.
      • Considered a theoretical and prescriptive text; it does not explicitly mention Mauryan rulers by name, but its principles are applied to the Mauryan state.
      • Regarded as the first detailed Indian text to describe a State comprehensively.
      • Covers duties of a king, economic life, principles of politics, and financial reforms.
    • Megasthenes' Indica: Authored by Megasthenes, a Greek ambassador sent by Seleucus I Nicator to the court of Chandragupta Maurya.
      • Describes Mauryan administration, geography, social customs, and the capital city of Pataliputra (which he referred to as 'Palibothra').
      • Describes Indian society as divided into seven classes (philosophers, farmers, soldiers, herdsmen, artisans, magistrates, and councillors), which is often interpreted as a confusion between castes and professions.
      • The original text is lost and survives only in fragments quoted by later classical Greek and Roman writers (e.g., Arrian, Strabo, Diodorus Siculus).
    • Mudrarakshasa: A Sanskrit historical play by Vishakhadatta (dated to the Gupta period).
      • Depicts the overthrow of the Nanda dynasty by Chandragupta Maurya with the assistance of Chanakya.
      • Offers insights into the political intrigues and atmosphere of the Mauryan rise to power.
    • Buddhist Texts:
      • Dipavamsa (Island Chronicle) and Mahavamsa (Great Chronicle): Sri Lankan Pali chronicles.
      • Provide significant information on Ashoka's conversion to Buddhism and his pivotal role in its propagation.
    • Jain Texts:
      • Kalpasutra by Bhadrabahu: Mentions Chandragupta Maurya's inclination towards Jainism and his alleged migration to South India with Jain monks.
    • Puranas: Provide dynastic lists and some chronological details of the Mauryan rulers, although often intermingled with mythological narratives.
    • Classical Greek and Roman Writers: Besides Megasthenes, other writers such as Justin, Plutarch, Arrian, and Strabo refer to Chandragupta Maurya, often calling him 'Sandrokottos' or 'Androkottos'.
  • Archaeological Sources:
    • Ashokan Inscriptions:
      • The earliest and most significant deciphered inscriptions in India (primarily 3rd century BCE).
      • Found on rocks (Major and Minor Rock Edicts), polished stone pillars (Pillar Edicts), and cave walls.
      • Predominantly in Prakrit language using the Brahmi script.
      • Inscriptions in the North-Western regions (e.g., Shahbazgarhi, Mansehra) use the Kharoshthi script.
      • Some bilingual and bilingular inscriptions are found in Greek and Aramaic (e.g., Kandahar).
      • Deciphered by James Prinsep in 1837.
      • Many inscriptions refer to a king as 'Devanampiya Piyadassi' ('beloved of the gods', 'pleasant to behold'), who was later identified as Ashoka.
      • These provide invaluable information on Ashoka's Dharma, administration, welfare activities, ethical code, and the geographical extent of the Mauryan Empire.
    • Material Remains and Archaeology:
      • Archaeological Excavations: Conducted at sites like Kumrahar (Pataliputra), Taxila, Ujjain, and Sisupalgarh.
      • Kumrahar (Pataliputra): Reveals the remains of a grand Mauryan palace (e.g., the 80-pillared

10. Post-Mauryan Period

Practice MCQs: Maurya Empire

Ashoka the Great: Kalinga War and Dhamma

  1. The central point in Ashoka's Dhamma is

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 63rd

    1. loyalty to the king
    2. peace and non-violence
    3. respect to elders
    4. religious toleration
    Show answer

    Answer: B. peace and non-violence

    - Ashoka's Dhamma was an ethical code based on Buddhist principles, adapted for all subjects. - Non- violence (Ahimsa) and the promotion of peace and welfare were crucial elements. - The Kalinga war was a turning point that strongly influenced Ashoka's emphasis on non-violence.

  2. Consider the following statements about Ashoka's faith in Buddhism : 1. Rummindei Pillar Inscription and Nigali Sagar Pillar Inscription provide clear evidence of Ashoka's faith in Buddhism. 2. Minor Rock Edict-I gives evidence of a sudden change in Ashoka's faith in Buddhism. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 4 2023 · UPSC CDS 1 2022

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2 B. Antiochus C. Ptolemy
    4. None of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1 only

    Megasthenes wrote the book 'Indica', which is one of the most important sources of information about ancient India and the Mauryan Empire. D. Neither 1 nor 2 Ans: C Ashoka's pillar inscriptions at Rummindei and Nigali Sagar provide direct evidence of his visits to Buddhist holy sites and patronage, affirming his faith. Minor Rock Edict I describes his gradual deepening of faith and efforts, not a sudden conversion.

  3. Statement I : King Ashoka abolished capital punishment and disbanded his army. Statement II : After Kalinga War, Ashoka was remorseful and became a Buddhist.

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2016

    1. T-55
    2. T-155
    3. T-72
    4. T-90
    Show answer

    Answer: D. T-90

    - Statement I: While Ashoka promoted Dhamma and non-violence after the Kalinga War, he did not abolish capital punishment entirely (his edicts mention procedures related to it) and did not disband his army. The army was still used for administrative purposes and maintaining order. - Statement II: The Kalinga War caused Ashoka immense remorse and suffering, leading him to embrace Buddhism more fully and adopt a policy of Dhamma based on peace, welfare, and moral conquest. This statement is historically accurate.

  4. Given below are two statements : Statement I : 'Dhamma' is the Prakrit form of the Sanskrit word 'Dharma', meaning according to the context, the universal law or righteousness or, by Social Extension and Religious order as found in Hindu society. Statement II : The term 'Dhamma' was propogated by Ashoka for Buddhism when he adopted the same and started propogating it. In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

    Asked in: HAS Prelims 2022

    1. Both statements I and II are true.
    2. Both statements I and II are false.
    3. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incor‐ rect.
    4. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is cor‐ rect.
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incor‐ rect.

    - Statement I: 'Dhamma' is indeed the Prakrit form of the Sanskrit word 'Dharma'. While 'Dharma' has multiple meanings, including righteousness, duty, cosmic order, or religious/social law, Ashoka's Dhamma was a specific concept drawing on ethical principles. - Statement II: Ashoka's Dhamma was not solely or specifically Buddhism, nor was it promoted by Ashoka exclusively for propagating Buddhism. After the Kalinga War, Ashoka became a follower of Buddhism, but his Dhamma was a broader ethical and moral code intended for the welfare and harmony of all his subjects, regardless of their religious affiliations (which included Brahmanism, Jainism, Ajivikas, etc.). His edicts emphasized tolerance, non-violence (ahimsa), respect for elders, generosity, truthfulness, and welfare activities for both humans and animals. It was a socio-ethical framework promoting righteous conduct and mutual respect among diverse communities.

  5. Which of the following edicts have information about Samrat Ashoka's Dhamma ?

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2018

    1. Minor edict
    2. Bhabru edicts
    3. Kalinga edicts
    4. Fourteen edicts
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Fourteen edicts

    These edicts, inscribed on rocks throughout his empire, outline the principles of Dhamma, which were Ashoka's moral code and guidelines for ethical social behavior and good governance, emphasizing tolerance, non-violence, respect for elders, charity, and truthfulness.

  6. Which one of the following was not a part of the *dhamma* of King Ashoka ?

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 1 2021

    1. Honouring the king
    2. Tolerance of religions other than one's own
    3. Respecting Brahmanas
    4. Promoting the welfare of his subjects
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Honouring the king

    Ashoka's dhamma was a set of ethical and social principles aimed at promoting well-being, mutual respect, and religious tolerance among his subjects. While subjects were expected to obey the king's laws, "honouring the king" was not a central tenet of the dhamma itself, which focused on righteous conduct towards family, neighbours, religious groups, and general societal welfare.

  7. Ashoka's connection with Buddhism is evident from which one of the following edicts ?

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 2 2017

    1. Major Rock Edict 13
    2. Rock Edict 6
    3. Minor Rock Edict 1
    4. Pillar Edict 4
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Minor Rock Edict 1

    In Minor Rock Edict 1, Ashoka explicitly states that he became a lay follower of the Buddha (Sakyaupasa) about two and a half years ago and has been striving hard since then, indicating his personal connection with Buddhism.

  8. King Ashoka became Buddhist after he was horrified with the tyranny of Kalinga War. It was in :

    Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2017

    1. 258 B. C.
    2. 260 B. C.
    3. 200 B. C.
    4. 327 B. C.
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 260 B. C.

    King Ashoka fought the Kalinga War in the 8th year of his reign. Ashoka's accession to the throne is generally placed around 268 BCE. Therefore, the Kalinga War took place around 260 BCE (268 - 8 = 260). The immense suffering caused by the war deeply affected Ashoka and led to his conversion to Buddhism.

Ashokan Edicts: Types, Content, and Significance

  1. The name by which Ashoka is generally referred to in his inscriptions is

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 65th

    1. Chakravarti
    2. Priyadarshi
    3. Dharmadeva
    4. Dharmakirti
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Priyadarshi

    The name 'Ashoka' itself appears in only a few inscriptions (like the Maski, Gujarra, Nettur, and Udegolam minor rock edicts), whereas 'Priyadarshi' and 'Devanampriya' are used across a much wider range of his edicts.

  2. Consider the following statements: The inscriptions on the pillar at Rummindei give vivid details of Ashoka's Dhamma The Nigalisagar inscription records the fact of Ashoka having visited the Konagamana stupa Which of the statements given above is / are correct ?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2016

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 2 only

    Statement 1: The Rummindei pillar inscription of Ashoka records his visit to Lumbini (the birthplace of Gautama Buddha), his veneration of the site, and his decision to exempt the village of Lumbini from bali tax and reduce the bhaga tax (from one-eighth to one-sixth). It does not provide vivid details of Ashoka's Dhamma; its focus is on his pilgrimage and associated tax concessions. Statement 2: The Nigalisagar pillar inscription records that King Priyadasi (Ashoka) visited the Konagamana stupa and enlarged it for the second time. Konagamana was a past Buddha. This statement is factually correct based on the inscription.

  3. James Prinsep is given credit for deciphering the script used in:

    Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2021

    1. Ashokan Brahmi
    2. Kharoshthi
    3. Tamil Brahmi
    4. Harappan Seals
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Ashokan Brahmi

    Prinsep's decipherment of Brahmi unlocked a vast amount of historical information about the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka and his reign, providing insights into early Indian history, administration, and the spread of Buddhism.

  4. Who among the following was the first to decipher the Ashokan inscriptions?

    Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2023

    1. William Jones
    2. John Marshall
    3. James Prinsep
    4. Alexander Cunningham
    Show answer

    Answer: C. James Prinsep

    James Prinsep, an English scholar and antiquary, deciphered the Brahmi script in 1837, which was used in most of the Ashokan inscriptions. This breakthrough was crucial for understanding the history and administration of the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka. William Jones founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal. John Marshall oversaw the excavations at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. Alexander Cunningham is considered the father of Indian archaeology and conducted extensive surveys of historical sites, including many related to Ashoka.

  5. In which Rock Edict is Asoka named in person and not by his usual title Devanampriya ?

    Asked in: HAS Prelims 2019

    1. Maski
    2. Taxila
    3. Mahasthan
    4. Bahapur
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Maski

    - Most of Asoka's inscriptions refer to him by titles such as 'Devanampriya' (Beloved of the Gods) and 'Priyadarshi' (Pleasant to behold). - The Maski rock edict is historically significant because it is one of the few edicts where Asoka's personal name, 'Ashoka', is used in conjunction with his title 'Devanampriya'.

  6. Ashokan inscriptions in north-western part of the Mauryan Empire near Peshawar were in :

    Asked in: JPSC CS Prelims 2021

    1. Kharoshthi Script
    2. Brahmi Script
    3. Aramaic Script
    4. Devanagari Script
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Kharoshthi Script

    - Ashoka used different scripts and languages depending on the region of his empire. - The northwest region (Gandhara) used scripts like Kharoshthi and Aramaic.

  7. Which one of the following inscriptions of Ashoka has been engraved in the Greek and the Aramaic scripts?

    Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2024

    1. Mansehra
    2. Sharikuna
    3. Shahbazgarhi
    4. Junagadh
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Sharikuna

    Ashoka had inscriptions carved in various languages and scripts across his empire. While most inscriptions in India were in Prakrit using Brahmi or Kharosthi scripts, inscriptions in the northwest frontiers used Aramaic, Greek, or bilingual versions to communicate with local populations speaking those languages. The Kandahar bilingual inscription (Sharikuna) is a famous example.

  8. Consider the following statements about Ashokan rock edicts : 1. Major Rock Edict XIII records Ashoka's remorse at the sufferings caused by his Kalinga campaign. 2. Major Rock Edict X records Ashoka's visit to Lumbini. 3. Major Rock Edict XII refers to Dhamma Mahamattas as a new category of officers instituted by Ashoka. 4. Major Rock Edict XII speaks about showing tolerance towards all sects. Which of the statements given above are correct ?

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 1 2015

    1. 1 and 4 only
    2. 2 and 3
    3. 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 3 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1 and 4 only

    - Major Rock Edict XIII is famously known for Ashoka's description of the Kalinga War and his remorse over the suffering it caused, leading to his conversion to Dhamma. - Major Rock Edict XII is primarily an appeal for religious tolerance, mutual respect among different sects, and the importance of controlling one's speech when criticizing others' faiths. - Major Rock Edict X expresses Ashoka's desire for true glory, which he defines as winning the respect of people through the practice of Dhamma, rather than worldly conquest. It does not record his visit to Lumbini. - Major Rock Edict V describes the appointment of Dhamma Mahamattas (officers of Dhamma) for the first time to spread the message of Dhamma and work for the welfare of various groups.

Bindusara and Early Mauryan Expansion

  1. Ashoka won the Avanti Mahajanpad and merged in the Mauryan empire during Bindusara ruled. What text does it refer to ?

    Asked in: MPPSC CS Prelims 2020

    1. Samant Pasadika of Buddha Ghosh
    2. Arthashastra of Kautilya
    3. Ashtadhyayi of Panini
    4. Mahabhashya of Patanjali
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Samant Pasadika of Buddha Ghosh

    According to Buddhist chronicles and texts like the Mahavamsa and the Samantapasadika (a commentary on the Vinaya Pitaka by Buddhaghosa), Ashoka served as the governor of Ujjain (Avanti) during the reign of his father Bindusara. These texts mention his administrative activities there, including suppressing revolts, which implies Avanti was part of the Mauryan empire by then, rather than conquered by Ashoka during this period. The question phrasing might be slightly misleading ("merged... during Bindusara ruled"), but the reference to Ashoka in Avanti under Bindusara points to information found in these Buddhist sources.

Causes for the Decline of the Mauryan Empire

  1. Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R : Assertion A : The decline of the Maurya Empire started after Ashoka. Reason R : Ashoka followed the policy of Dhammavijay and disbanded his army. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :

    Asked in: HAS Prelims 2022

    1. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
    2. Both A and R are correct and R is NOT correct explanation of A.
    3. A is correct but R is not correct.
    4. A is not correct but R is correct.
    Show answer

    Answer: C. A is correct but R is not correct.

    - Assertion A is correct: Historians generally agree that the vast Maurya Empire began to weaken and decline after the death of Ashoka, though the exact causes and timing are debated. - Reason R is incorrect: Ashoka did pursue a policy of Dhammavijaya, promoting moral and ethical principles rather than military conquest as the primary means of influence. However, he did not disband his army; a strong military force was necessary to maintain control over the extensive empire and secure its borders.

  2. The last ruler of the Maurya Dynasty was

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 3 2022

    1. Ajatasatru
    2. Bimbisara
    3. Brihadratha
    4. Kakavarna
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Brihadratha

    Brihadratha ruled from 187 to 185 BCE. He was assassinated by his commander-in-chief, Pushyamitra Shunga, who then founded the Shunga dynasty.

  3. Which one of the following statement is correct? - (5) Question not attempted

    Asked in: Archaeology and Museums Dept. Exam 2023 (Curator) 2023

    1. Ashoka's successor Samprati was the follower of Brahmin religion.
    2. According to the chronology of Rajatarangini, Ashoka was succeeded in Kashmir by his son Jalauka.
    3. Puranas did not consider the Brihadratha as the last ruler of Mauryan dynasty.
    4. Shalishuk II was the immediate successor of Ashoka.
    Show answer

    Answer: B. According to the chronology of Rajatarangini, Ashoka was succeeded in Kashmir by his son Jalauka.

    The Rajatarangini provides a chronological account of rulers in Kashmir and mentions Ashoka's son Jalauka as his successor in that region.

  4. Who among the following was the priest of Pushyamitra Shunga?

    Asked in: Department Recruitment 2024 (Assistant Archivist) 2024

    1. Kamandak
    2. Patanjali
    3. Katyayana
    4. Panini
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Patanjali

    Patanjali was the priest of Pushyamitra Shunga and officiated his Ashvamedha Yajnas.

  5. Who was the last ruler of Mauryan dynasty?

    Asked in: acf 2019 · Draftsman Examination 2023

    1. Brihadratha
    2. Kunal
    3. Dasharath
    4. Devavarman
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Brihadratha

    The decline of the Mauryan Empire was marked by weak successors, and Brihadratha is historically recognized as the final emperor of this significant dynasty.

  6. Brihadrath, the last Mauryan ruler was assassinated by

    Asked in: Group C Exam 2011

    1. Pushyamitra
    2. Brihaspatimitra
    3. Agnimitra
    4. Bhanumitra
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Pushyamitra

    This event marked the end of the Mauryan Empire and the beginning of the Shunga dynasty, founded by Pushyamitra.

  7. Who among the following was the last king of the Mauryan Dynasty ?

    Asked in: Management Officer & Manager Examination 2024

    1. Dashrath
    2. Brihadrath
    3. Kunal
    4. Samprati
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Brihadrath

    This question tests knowledge of ancient Indian history, specifically the Mauryan Dynasty. Understanding the lineage and the transition of power, including the end of dynasties, is crucial for historical comprehension.

Mauryan Art and Architecture (Pillars, Stupas, Caves, Palace)

  1. Which of the following Stupas is not of Mauyra era ?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2019

    1. Sarnath
    2. Bairat
    3. Nandangadh
    4. Amaravati
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Amaravati

    The Amaravati Stupa in Andhra Pradesh, although originating possibly in earlier times, flourished mainly during the Satavahana period (2nd century BCE to 3rd century CE) and later, making it primarily a post-Mauryan (specifically Satavahana) stupa known for its exquisite carvings. Sarnath and Bairat have significant Mauryan structures, including Ashokan pillars and stupa remains. Nandangadh (Lauriya Nandangarh) is famous for its Ashokan pillar and burial mounds possibly related to Mauryan period.

  2. Among Mauryan idols, the idol inscribed with the name Manibhadra (Yaksha) was found from which place?

    Asked in: RPSC RAS Prelims 2021

    1. Jhing-ka-Nagra
    2. Noh village
    3. Besnagar
    4. Parkham
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Parkham

    The Parkham Yaksha figure is a significant piece of Mauryan or early post-Mauryan art (often debated as 3rd-2nd century BCE). It is a monumental sculpture and is one of the best-known examples of Yaksha worship during that period. The inscription in Brahmi script on the pedestal identifies the figure as Manibhadra.

  3. The Mauryan capital of Pataliputra has been associated with the archaeological remains of

    Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2021

    1. Bulandibagh and Rajagriha
    2. Kumrahar and Mocharim
    3. Kumrahar and Bulandibagh
    4. Kumrahar and Jalalgarh
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Kumrahar and Bulandibagh

    - Pataliputra was founded by Ajatashatru and became the capital of the Magadha kingdom under the Nandas and later the Mauryas. - Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya, described the grandeur of Pataliputra and its wooden fortifications in his work Indica. - Archaeological findings at Kumrahar and Bulandibagh corroborate some of these descriptions and provide valuable insights into Mauryan architecture and urban planning.

  4. Which one of the following animals does not come under the category of four noble animals (Maha-Ajaneya Pasu) carved on the round drum (Anda-Phalaka) of the lion capital at Sarnath ?

    Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2023

    1. Deer
    2. Lion
    3. Bull
    4. Horse
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Deer

    The Deer is a highly significant animal in Buddhist iconography, particularly associated with Sarnath (Deer Park, where Buddha gave his first sermon). However, the Deer is not depicted on the drum of the Sarnath Lion Capital; it is the Elephant, Bull, Horse, and Lion that are carved there.

  5. Which of the following statements about the Ashokan pillars is/are not correct ? The 14th century Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi makes reference to the Ashokan pillars. The writer Shams Siraj Afif gives an account of the Ashokan pillars known as Delhi-Topra and Delhi-Meerut. There are instances of the Ashokan pillars or their fragments being worshipped as Shiv Lingas. The Ashokan pillars were produced in gold, iron and bronze. Select the correct answer using the code given below :

    Asked in: UPSC CISF AC EXE 2018

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. 2, 3 and 4 only
    4. 4 only
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 4 only

    The question asks for statements that are not correct. Statement 1 is correct. Medieval texts, including accounts from the Sultanate period like the Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi, do indeed mention Ashokan pillars, particularly in the context of Firuz Shah Tughlaq's efforts to relocate them. Statement 2 is correct. Shams Siraj Afif, the author whose work is included in the Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi, provides accounts of Firuz Shah Tughlaq moving two Ashokan pillars from Topra and Meerut to Delhi. These are historically known as the Delhi-Topra and Delhi-Meerut pillars. Statement 3 is correct. There are historical and anecdotal accounts of ancient pillars or their fragments being found in various locations and, over time, being incorporated into local religious practices, sometimes identified with or worshipped as Shiv Lingas. Statement 4 is incorrect. Ashokan pillars were characteristically monolithic structures carved from polished sandstone, typically sourced from quarries like Chunar. They were not made of gold, iron, or bronze.

  6. Elephant headed Ashoka's pillar is located at - - Question not attempted

    Asked in: Archaeology and Museums Dept. Exam 2023 (Exploration and Excavation Officer) 2023

    1. Rampurva
    2. Lauriya Nandangarh
    3. Sankisa
    4. Sarnath
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Rampurva

    The elephant-headed Ashoka pillar capital is located at Rampurva. This capital is a magnificent example of Mauryan art and craftsmanship, depicting a polished elephant standing on a circular abacus.

  7. Which Mauryan period pillar has a figure of a huge elephant on the capital? (1) Loriya Nandan (3) Sarnath (2) Sankisa (4) Rampurva

    Asked in: Head Master Praveshika School (Sanskrit Edu.) 2021

    1. Loriya Nandan
    2. Sankisa
    3. Sarnath
    4. Rampurva
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Sankisa

    Sankisa (or Sankasya) is an important archaeological site associated with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. The elephant capital at Sankisa is one of the significant surviving examples of Mauryan art.

  8. The best example of Mauryan sculpture is

    Asked in: Protection Officer 2018

    1. Stone bull of Rampurva
    2. Image of Vardhman Mahaveer of Mathura
    3. Image of Crocodile ride of Vilsha
    4. Sun idol of Kosham bi
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Stone bull of Rampurva

    Mauryan art, particularly sculpture, is known for its polished surfaces, robust animal figures, and influence from Persian and Greek styles. The Rampurva bull capital exemplifies these characteristics.

Mauryan Central and Provincial Administration

  1. Kautilya's Arthashastra is a book on

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 63rd

    1. economic relations
    2. principles and practice of statecraft
    3. foreign policy
    4. wealth accumulation
    Show answer

    Answer: B. principles and practice of statecraft

    - Arthashastra is a comprehensive text on governance. - It covers various aspects of ruling a state, including administration, law, economy, and military.

  2. Which one of the following was not a part of Kautilya's Saptanga Theory of the State ?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2022

    1. Amatya
    2. Janapada
    3. Durga
    4. Dhamma
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Dhamma

    Kautilya's Saptanga theory lists seven components of the state structure, which are different from moral or religious concepts like Dhamma.

  3. Who among the following Indian thinkers first spoke of food-for-work programmes to counteract the effects of famines ?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2022

    1. Kautilya
    2. Aryabhatta
    3. Chandragomin
    4. Prabhakara
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Kautilya

    Kautilya, in his ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy called the Arthashastra, discusses various measures a ruler should take during times of famine. These measures include state distribution of grains, provision of food from the ruler's own stores, and also providing work (such as building forts or roads) to people in exchange for food or subsistence, which is an early form of the 'food-for-work' concept.

  4. Consider the following pairs of High Offices and concerned Departments in the Mauryan Administration : 1. Samahartri : Chief Collector of Revenue 2. Dauvarika : Chief of Army 3. Akshapatala : Records-cum-Audit Officer 4. Samnidhatri : Treasurer Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched ?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2024

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 1, 3 and 4 only
    3. 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 1, 3 and 4 only

    - Samahartri: Revenue collector. - Dauvarika: Palace gate-keeper. - Akshapatala: Accounts/Audit officer. - Samnidhatri: Treasurer. - Senapati: Chief of Army.

  5. The highest administrative officer during Ashoka regime was ______.

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2019

    1. Pulisas
    2. Amatyas
    3. Samharta
    4. Rajukas
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Samharta

    The Samharta was the chief revenue collector and was responsible for the income and expenditure of the state treasury. This position was crucial for the administration of the vast Mauryan Empire, making the Samharta one of the highest-ranking administrative officers dealing with state finance. Rajukas were important officers, especially in administering justice and dispensing rewards and punishments in districts, but the Samharta's role in central finance administration was arguably more encompassing at a higher level. Amatyas was a general term for officials or ministers.

  6. Which of the following officials does/do not find mention in the Mauryan Administration? I. Samaharta II. Sannidhata III. Kumaramatya IV. Antapala

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2021

    1. I and III only
    2. I and IV only
    3. II only
    4. III only
    Show answer

    Answer: D. III only

    - Samaharta: Mauryan official responsible for assessment and collection of revenue. - Sannidhata: Mauryan official responsible for the state treasury and storehouses. - Antapala: Mauryan official responsible for the defence and administration of frontier regions. - Kumaramatya: A significant official rank/post common during the Gupta period, often combining administrative, judicial, or military roles, sometimes acting as viceroys.

  7. Match the four provinces in Chandragupta Maurya's kingdom with their capitals : a. Uttarapatha I. Patliputra b. Paschim path II. Suvarnagiri c. Purva path III. Ujjayini d. Dakshin path IV. Takshashila

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2018

    1. a-II, b-III, c-IV, d-I
    2. a-I, b-IV, c-II, d-III
    3. a-IV, b-III, c-I, d-II
    4. a-III, b-II, c-IV, d-I
    Show answer

    Answer: C. a-IV, b-III, c-I, d-II

    The vast Mauryan empire was divided into provinces for administrative convenience. These provincial capitals were strategic centers: Takshashila in the northwest, Ujjayini in the west, Suvarnagiri in the south, and Patliputra, the imperial capital, also serving as the administrative center for the central/eastern region.

  8. There were five major political centres in the Mauryan Empire including the capital Pataliputra and four provincial centres. Which one of the following is not amongst these provincial centres ?

    Asked in: PPSC CS Prelims 2013

    1. Kaushambi
    2. Ujjayini
    3. Tosali
    4. Suvarnagiri
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Kaushambi

    The Mauryan Empire, with its capital at Pataliputra, was vast and was divided into provinces for administrative convenience. While Pataliputra was the central capital, the four known major provincial capitals were: 1. Taxila (in the northwest) 2. Ujjayini (in the west, Avanti) 3. Tosali (in the east, Kalinga) 4. Suvarnagiri (in the south) Kaushambi was an important city during the Mauryan period, located in the Vatsa region (modern Uttar Pradesh), and likely served as a regional administrative center or a significant urban hub, but it is generally not listed as one of the four principal provincial capitals that governed large territories like the ones listed above.

Mauryan Foreign Relations and Diplomacy

  1. Which among the following statement/s refer/s to the Persian influence on ancient India? I. Introduction of Brahmi script II. Hair washing ceremony of Chandragupta Maurya III. Introduction of lion replica on Ashoka pillars

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2021

    1. I and II only
    2. II and III only
    3. I and III only
    4. III only
    Show answer

    Answer: B. II and III only

    Statement I is incorrect. The Brahmi script is widely believed to be an indigenous development or derived from earlier Brahmi-like scripts. The Kharosthi script, used in northwestern India during the Mauryan period, is derived from Aramaic, which was used in the Achaemenid Empire, and its presence indicates Persian influence in that region, but the statement specifically mentions Brahmi. Statement II is correct. Accounts by Greek visitors like Megasthenes describe certain court ceremonies under Chandragupta Maurya, such as a hair-washing ceremony accompanied by gift-giving, which bear resemblance to practices in the Achaemenid Persian court, suggesting cultural exchange or influence. Statement III is correct. The monumental Ashokan pillars, particularly their polished surface and animal capitals (like the Sarnath lion capital), show stylistic similarities with Achaemenid Persian pillars (e.g., Persepolis) and architecture, suggesting Persian influence in royal sculpture and monumental art.

  2. Which of the following statements are correct regarding Seleucid dynasty? 1. It was an ancient empire that at its greatest extent stretched from Thrace in Europe to the border of India. 2. Bactria which was ruled by Seleucus is present Afghanistan 3. After the Seleucid-Mauryan War the Mauryan Empire was declined and lost control over the Indian Subcontinent

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2022

    1. 1, 2 and 3
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1 and 2 only
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 1 and 2 only

    - The Seleucid Empire inherited the eastern parts of Alexander's empire. - Bactria was a significant region within the Seleucid domain. - The Seleucid- Mauryan War ended with the Mauryan Empire gaining territory and strength, not declining.

  3. Who was the Persian appointed by Ashoka to administer the Western province ?

    Asked in: PPSC CS Prelims 2018

    1. Tusapa
    2. Justine
    3. Plutarch
    4. Sunasepah
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Tusapa

    Tusapa is mentioned in the Junagarh inscription of Rudradaman I (a later ruler), which refers to the repair of the Sudarshana lake. The inscription credits the original construction of the lake to Chandragupta Maurya and its subsequent administration and repair under Ashoka by his Yavana (Greek or Indo-Greek/Persian) governor, Tusaspha.

  4. Who said that the Brahmanas and Sharmanas were two types of Philosophers ?

    Asked in: UKPSC CS Prelims 2024

    1. Kautilya
    2. Megasthenes
    3. Upagupta
    4. None of these
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Megasthenes

    Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya, is known for his work 'Indica', in which he described Indian society, culture, and philosophy. He classified Indian philosophers into two major categories: the Brahmanas and the Sharmanas.

  5. Who among the following Hellenic Kings is not mentioned in the records of King Ashoka?

    Asked in: UPSC CBI DSP LDCE 2023

    1. Antiochus of Syria
    2. Ptolemy II of Egypt
    3. Antigonus of Macedonia
    4. Alexander of Bactria
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Alexander of Bactria

    - Ashoka's Rock Edict 13 provides valuable information about his foreign relations and the extent of his Dhamma policy. - The edict indicates diplomatic and missionary contacts beyond the borders of the Mauryan Empire into the Hellenistic world. - Alexander mentioned in the edicts is usually identified as Alexander of Epirus or Corinth, not the founder of the Bactrian kingdom.

  6. Who among the following stated that there was no slavery in India?

    Asked in: WBPSC CS Prelims 2022

    1. Strabo
    2. Ptolemy
    3. Megasthenes
    4. Xuanzang (Hieun Tsang)
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Megasthenes

    Megasthenes recorded his observations in his work 'Indica' (though only fragments survive through later writers like Arrian, Strabo, and Pliny). He noted seven classes of people in India and explicitly mentioned the absence of slavery in the form known in Greece.

  7. Rulers of which of the following dynasties maintained diplomatic relations with distant countries like Syria in the West ?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2009

    1. Maurya
    2. Gupta
    3. Pallava
    4. Chola
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Maurya

    The Mauryan Empire, especially under Chandragupta Maurya and his son Bindusara, maintained significant diplomatic relations with the Hellenistic kingdoms to the west, including the Seleucid Empire (Syria). Megasthenes, the famous author of 'Indica', was a Greek ambassador sent by Seleucus I Nicator to Chandragupta Maurya's court. There are also accounts of exchanges between Bindusara and Antiochus I Soter, the Seleucid king.

  8. Turamaya. a contemporary of Asoka,was the ruler of

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2012

    1. Egypt
    2. Corinth
    3. Nfacedonia
    4. Syria
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Egypt

    In his Rock Edict 13, Emperor Asoka mentions sending Dhamma missionaries to the kingdoms of several Hellenistic rulers. Turamaya (also referred to as Antiyoka, Tulamaya, Maka, Alikasudara) is listed among these rulers. Turamaya is identified with Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the Greek ruler of Egypt (Ptolemaic Kingdom).

Mauryan Military and Justice System

  1. According to the 'Arthashastra' of Koutilya the following courts existed in the judicial system of Mouryan Age 1) Dharmamahamatra 2) Dharmasithiya 3) Rajjuka 4) Kantakshodhana Select the correct answer:

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2014

    1. 1 and 2
    2. 2 and 3
    3. 1 and 3
    4. 2 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 2 and 4

    Kautilya's Arthashastra details the administrative and judicial structure of the Mauryan Empire. The judicial system was divided into civil and criminal jurisdictions.

  2. In the Mauryan period, tax evasion was punished with

    Asked in: JPSC CS Prelims 2014 · JPSC CS Prelims 2015

    1. death
    2. confiscation of goods
    3. imprisonment
    4. None of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: A. death

    Mauryan law, influenced by Kautilya's Arthashastra, prescribed harsh punishments, including the death penalty, for severe crimes like major tax evasion.

Mauryan Socio-Economic Conditions (Agriculture, Trade, Urbanization, Society)

  1. The division of Mauryan society into seven classes is particularly mentioned in

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 63rd

    1. Kautilya's Arthashastra
    2. Ashokan edicts
    3. the Puranas
    4. the Indica of Megasthenes
    Show answer

    Answer: D. the Indica of Megasthenes

    Megasthenes' Indica is the unique source mentioning a seven-fold division of Mauryan society.

  2. Consider the following statements about the Mauryan State and the forest people : 1. The forest people were subjected to new forms of political and economic dominance and the necessity to subordinate and assimilate them led to a change in the earlier attitude of excluding these people from imperial territory. 2. The State recognised that the forest produce was the sole monopoly of the forest people. 3. The State was concerned with the conservation of forests and to this end the burning of forests was prohibited. 4. The forest people could be harnessed to serve the State and could be used as troops, spies and assassins. How many of the above statements is/are correct?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2024

    1. 1
    2. 2
    3. 3
    4. 4
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 3

    - Statement 1 is correct: The Mauryans sought to integrate forest areas into their empire for resources and strategic reasons, leading to interactions and attempts to control/assimilate forest peoples, moving away from complete exclusion. - Statement 3 is correct: Kautilya's Arthashastra mentions state control over forests and regulations, including prohibition of unauthorized burning, indicating a concern for forest management and conservation, though primarily for economic and strategic benefit. - Statement 4 is correct: The Mauryans utilized forest tribes (Atavikas) for military purposes, including as troops, guides, spies, and potentially assassins, as noted in the Arthashastra.

  3. Statement I : The Greek travellers were most impressed by the fertility of India's soil and the energy and ability of her cultivators. Statement II : Ancient India knew the use of manure.

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2019

    1. Both the statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I.
    2. Both the statements are individually true but Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement I.
    3. Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
    4. Statement I is false but Statement II is true.
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Both the statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I.

    Ancient India possessed advanced agricultural knowledge, including the use of manure, which contributed to high productivity noticed by foreign observers.

  4. The antarīya was a garment worn by people during the Mauryan period. It was :

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2024

    1. an unstitched length of cloth draped around the body.
    2. a sewn garment consisting of a sleeved tunic.
    3. a head covering used exclusively by women.
    4. made of strips sewn together tied at the waist with a cord.
    Show answer

    Answer: A. an unstitched length of cloth draped around the body.

    - Antarīya was an unstitched lower garment. - It was draped around the body, not sewn like a tunic. - It was worn by both men and women.

  5. Which of the following statements is true regarding Pataliputra, the capital of the Magadha Kingdom?

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2020

    1. Pataliputra was surrounded by the river Ganges in the East and by the river Champa in the North
    2. Pataliputra was surrounded by the river Ganges in the North and by the river Sone in the West
    3. Pataliputra was surrounded by the Vindhya mountain in the South and by the river Ganges in the East
    4. Pataliputra was surrounded by the Vindhya mountain in the South and by the river Champa in the West
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Pataliputra was surrounded by the river Ganges in the North and by the river Sone in the West

    Pataliputra (modern-day Patna) was strategically located at the confluence of several rivers, including the Ganges to its north and the Sone to its west, providing natural defenses and facilitating trade.

  6. Which of the following was a tax levied on pastures in ancient India ?

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2024

    1. Akshayanivi
    2. Bhaga
    3. Bhagna – Pravistaka
    4. Viveet
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Viveet

    - Ancient Indian revenue systems included taxes on various resources, including land use. - 'Viveet' is a term associated with pasture land or grazing. - Revenue was collected from different land types, including pastures. - Bhaga was the general land tax (share of produce), while Akshayanivi related to perpetual funds.

  7. Consider the following statements regarding Mauryan Kingdom. 1. The mainstay of economy in this period was agriculture. The Mauryan state founded new agricultural settlements to bring fertile unused land under cultivation. 2. Sitadhyaksha officer was given the responsibility to look after the inland navigation. Which of the above statements is/are correct?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2024

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. 1 and 2 both are correct
    4. 1 and 2 both are not correct
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1 only

    Statement 1 is accurate. Agriculture was indeed the backbone of the Mauryan economy, and the state played an active role in expanding cultivation to enhance revenue and support the population. The Arthashastra mentions the state's efforts in bringing new land under cultivation. Statement 2 is incorrect. The Sitadhyaksha was the officer responsible for supervising agriculture. The officer in charge of inland navigation or shipping was called the Navadhyaksha or Naukadhyaksha.

  8. According to the Arthashastra udka-bhaga was a tax levied

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2017

    1. In situation of fiscal crisis
    2. On actors, singers and prostitutes
    3. Cultivation in crown
    4. Use of irrigation works
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Use of irrigation works

    'Udka-bhaga' specifically denotes a tax or share related to the utilization of water resources provided or managed by the state for agricultural purposes.

Origin and Rise of the Mauryas: Chandragupta Maurya

  1. The Greek General defeated by Chandragupta Maurya was

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2001

    1. Antigonas
    2. Seleucas
    3. Eudomas
    4. Philippos
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Seleucas

    The conflict between Chandragupta Maurya and Seleucus I Nicator took place around 305 BCE, resulting in a treaty favourable to Chandragupta, where Seleucus ceded territories in return for war elephants and possibly a marriage alliance.

  2. Chanakya who helped Chandragupta Maurya to annihilate the Nanda Kingdom was a Brahmin from

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2001

    1. Taxila
    2. Pataliputra
    3. Kanauj
    4. Gandhara
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Taxila

    Chanakya played a pivotal role in the rise of Chandragupta Maurya to power, helping him overthrow the Nanda dynasty and establish the Mauryan Empire. Taxila was a renowned center of learning in ancient India.

  3. Chanakya was the famous scholar in the court of

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2006

    1. Chandragupta II
    2. Harsha
    3. Chandragupta Maurya
    4. Kanishka
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Chandragupta Maurya

    Chanakya was instrumental in Chandragupta Maurya's rise to power and the establishment of the Maurya dynasty.

  4. Consider the following statements: 1. Chandragupta Maurya's conquest of parts of the region around 322 BC to 294 BC. He appointed Pushyamitra as the ruler of Junagadh. 2. Emperor Ashoka left his mark on Gujarat through inscriptions on rocks near Junagadh during the same period. Evaluate the above mentioned statements.

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2024

    1. only 1 is correct
    2. only 2 is correct
    3. both 1 and 2 are not correct
    4. both 1 and 2 are correct
    Show answer

    Answer: B. only 2 is correct

    Statement 1 is incorrect because while Chandragupta Maurya controlled parts of Gujarat, the governor he appointed in the Saurashtra region (where Junagadh is located) was Pushyagupta Vaishya, not Pushyamitra. Pushyamitra was the founder of the Shunga dynasty much later. Statement 2 is correct because Emperor Ashoka did erect rock inscriptions near Junagadh (Girnar hills), which are well-known historical artifacts detailing his edicts.

  5. “The earth long harassed by outlanders, now turned for protection and refuge”. Who said it ?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2017

    1. Alexander
    2. Kautilya
    3. Ashoka
    4. Chandragupta Maurya
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Chandragupta Maurya

    The quote "The earth long harassed by outlanders, now turned for protection and refuge" reflects the sentiment associated with the rise of Chandragupta Maurya. He is credited with overthrowing the Nanda dynasty and, more significantly, with driving out the Greek forces (often referred to as Yavanas or outlanders) left behind after Alexander's invasion, thereby uniting a large part of the Indian subcontinent under his rule and providing stability after a period of turmoil and foreign presence.

  6. Which of the following statements are correct regarding Maurya dynasty? 1. Chandra Gupta Maurya, the founder of Mauryan dynasty, was the first emperor to unify most of India under one administration. 2. Kautilya was instrumental in helping Chandragupta Maurya overthrow the powerful Nanda dynasty at Pataliputra, in the Magadha region. 3. Bindusara, son of Chandragupta Maurya, extended the empire into central and parts of southern India. 4. The last Mauryan King was killed by his general-in-chief, Pushyamitra, who founded the Shunga dynasty.

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2019

    1. 1, 2 and 3 only
    2. 1, 2 and 4 only
    3. 2 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 1, 2, 3 and 4

    - Statement 1 is correct. Chandragupta Maurya (c. 321–297 BCE) founded the Maurya Empire after overthrowing the Nanda dynasty and unifying much of the Indian subcontinent from the Himalayas in the north to the Deccan in the south, excluding the southernmost regions. He is widely considered the first emperor to unify most of India under one administration. - Statement 2 is correct. Kautilya, also known as Chanakya or Vishnugupta, was the chief advisor and mentor of Chandragupta Maurya. He played a pivotal role in planning and executing the strategy to defeat the powerful Nanda dynasty and establish the Mauryan Empire at Pataliputra, the capital of Magadha. - Statement 3 is correct. Bindusara (c. 297–273 BCE), Chandragupta's son and successor, continued the expansion of the empire. Historical sources suggest he extended the Mauryan dominion further into the Deccan region, bringing parts of central and southern India under imperial control, although the southernmost tips remained independent. - Statement 4 is correct. The last ruler of the Mauryan dynasty, Brihadratha Maurya, was assassinated in 185 BCE by his own commander-in-chief, Pushyamitra Shunga, while reviewing the army. Pushyamitra Shunga then founded the Shunga dynasty, marking the end of the Mauryan Empire.

  7. Pick out the odd persons from the following. a. Chanakya b. Vishnugupta c. Ramgupta d. Kautilya e. Vishnu Sharma f. Pakshin Swami

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2016

    1. a and e only
    2. b, c and f only
    3. d and e only
    4. c and e only
    Show answer

    Answer: D. c and e only

    The list includes names: a. Chanakya, b. Vishnugupta, d. Kautilya - These are all names for the same historical figure, the advisor to Chandragupta Maurya and author of Arthashastra. c. Ramgupta - A different historical figure, a ruler of the Gupta dynasty. e. Vishnu Sharma - A different historical figure, traditionally credited as the author of the Panchatantra fables. f. Pakshin Swami - A different name, possibly related to a commentator or a philosopher, distinct from the others. The question asks to pick the 'odd persons'. The 'odd persons' are those who are distinct individuals from Chanakya/Vishnugupta/Kautilya. These are Ramgupta (c), Vishnu Sharma (e), and Pakshin Swami (f). Option D lists only c and e, which are two of the three distinct individuals. Since it asks to "pick out" the odd persons and provides options listing subsets, D is the only option that exclusively lists persons who are not Chanakya/Vishnugupta/Kautilya.

  8. Who was called as 'Sandrocottos' by Justin, the Greek Writer ?

    Asked in: UKPSC CS Prelims 2016

    1. Chandragupta Maurya
    2. Chandragupta I
    3. Chandragupta II
    4. Samudragupta
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Chandragupta Maurya

    The Greek writer Justin, among other classical sources like Arrian, Plutarch, and Pliny, referred to Chandragupta Maurya by the names "Sandrocottos" or "Androcottus". These names are considered Greek transliterations of Chandragupta.

Religion and Culture under the Mauryas (Buddhism, Jainism, Ajivikas)

  1. The following Mauryan rulers were the followers of Buddhism 1. Chandragupta 2. Asoka 3. Bindusara 4. Dashrath Select the correct answer

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2013

    1. 1 and 2
    2. 2 and 3
    3. 3 and 4
    4. 2 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 2 and 4

    Ashoka (2) famously converted to Buddhism after the Kalinga War and dedicated his reign to promoting Buddhist principles. Dashrath (4), a grandson of Ashoka, also appears to have been a follower of Buddhism, as indicated by his donation of caves to the Ajivika sect (which was influenced by Buddhism and often patronized alongside it) with inscriptions referring to him as a devout Buddhist ruler.

  2. Which one of the following is not true about the Barabar hill caves ?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2017

    1. There are in all four caves on the Barabar hill.
    2. Inscriptions of Ashoka are found on the walls of three caves.
    3. These inscriptions inform us about the dedica‐ tion of these caves to the Ajivikas.
    4. These inscriptions date back to 6th century B.C.
    Show answer

    Answer: D. These inscriptions date back to 6th century B.C.

    - Statement A is true: There are four caves on the Barabar hill: Lomas Rishi, Sudama, Vishwakarma, and Karan Chaupar. - Statement B is true: Ashokan inscriptions are found on the walls of three of these caves (Sudama, Vishwakarma, and Karan Chaupar). Lomas Rishi has no Ashokan inscription, though its facade is famous. - Statement C is true: The inscriptions explicitly mention the dedication of these caves to the Ajivikas, a non-Vedic ascetic sect, by Emperor Ashoka. - Statement D is false: The inscriptions are dated to the 12th regnal year of Emperor Ashoka, which corresponds to approximately 257 BCE. Ashoka reigned in the 3rd century BCE, significantly later than the 6th century BCE (which is roughly the period of Mahavira and Buddha).

  3. Who were the beneficiaries of Asoka’s donations in the region of Barabar Hill ?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2009

    1. Buddhists
    2. Ajivikas
    3. Svetambar Jains
    4. Digambar Jains
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Ajivikas

    Ashoka, despite being a strong proponent of Buddhism, also demonstrated religious tolerance by making donations to other ascetic sects. The inscriptions in the Barabar caves (near Gaya in Bihar) explicitly record Ashoka's gift of these rock-cut caves to the Ajivika ascetics for their residence.

  4. Chandragupta Maurya was a follower of

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 3 2023

    1. Jainism
    2. Buddhism
    3. Ajivika religion
    4. Saivism
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Jainism

    - While the Mauryan Empire saw the rise of Buddhism under Ashoka, and other religions like Ajivika and Saivism were present, the Jain account is the most widely accepted historical tradition regarding Chandragupta's personal religious affiliation late in life. - Historical evidence confirms the presence of Jainism in the Gangetic plains during the Maurya period and its southward migration led by Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta.

  5. Which Monk was followed by the Maurya Emperor Chandragupta when he renounced the world and migrated to South? - (5) Question not attempted

    Asked in: Archaeology and Museums Dept. Exam 2023 (Exploration and Excavation Officer) 2023

    1. (1) Sthulabhadra
    2. (2) Bhadrabahu
    3. (3) Vishakh
    4. (4) Sambhutavijaya
    Show answer

    Answer: B. (2) Bhadrabahu

    This question is about the religious life of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya and the influential monk he followed towards the end of his life.

Sources of Mauryan History (Literary and Archaeological)

  1. Who authored the famous book, 'Indica'?

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2020

    1. Alexander Cunningham
    2. Faxian (Fa-Hien)
    3. Megasthenes
    4. Pliny
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Megasthenes

    Megasthenes was a Greek ambassador sent by Seleucus I Nicator to the court of the Mauryan emperor Chandragupta Maurya in Pataliputra (modern Patna).

  2. Megasthenes was the ambassador of

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 63rd

    1. Seleucus
    2. Alexander
    3. Darius
    4. the Greeks
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Seleucus

    - Megasthenes was a Greek ambassador to the Mauryan court. - He was sent by the Seleucid king Seleucus I Nicator.

  3. Who deciphered the Brahmi and Kharoshthi scripts?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2018

    1. Priyadassi
    2. Colin Mackenzie
    3. Alexander Cunningham
    4. James Prinsep
    Show answer

    Answer: D. James Prinsep

    James Prinsep was instrumental in deciphering Brahmi and Kharoshthi scripts.

  4. Which of the following texts give a detailed information on Mauryan polity ?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2017

    1. Manusmriti
    2. Arthashastra
    3. Nitisara
    4. Ashtadhyayai
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Arthashastra

    - Arthashastra covers various aspects of governance, including the duties of the king, organization of departments, taxation, law, diplomacy, and warfare. - While Manusmriti is a treatise on dharma and social laws, it primarily reflects societal norms rather than a specific polity's administrative structure like the Mauryan state. - Nitisara by Kamandaka is a later work (Gupta period or later) based on Arthashastra. - Ashtadhyayai by Panini is a foundational text of Sanskrit grammar, not a treatise on polity.

  5. Which of the following source(s) throw light on Mauryan India? 1. Dipavamsa 2. Mahavamsa 3. Arthasastra 4. Mudrarakshasa

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2019

    1. 1 only
    2. 1 and 2 only
    3. 1, 2 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 1, 2, 3 and 4

    All the listed sources provide valuable information about the Mauryan period: 1. Dipavamsa and 2. Mahavamsa are ancient Sri Lankan Buddhist chronicles (composed several centuries after the Mauryan period, but based on earlier traditions) that are crucial sources for understanding the reign of Ashoka, especially his conversion to Buddhism and his missionary activities. 3. Arthasastra, attributed to Kautilya (Chanakya), the prime minister of Chandragupta Maurya, is a comprehensive treatise on statecraft, economy, and military strategy. It provides detailed insights into the administration, society, and economic life during the Mauryan period. 4. Mudrarakshasa is a Sanskrit play by Vishakhadatta (dated to the Gupta period, centuries after the Mauryas) that depicts the events surrounding the rise of Chandragupta Maurya and the downfall of the Nanda dynasty. While a literary work, it provides historical information and context, albeit from a later perspective.

  6. Given below are two statements: Statement I : The Arthrashastra is a treatise on government and economics ascribed to Kautilya, the chief advisor of Chandragupta Maurya. Statement II : By the third century B.C. the economy of North India was predominantly agrarian. Land revenue had become the accepted source of income for the government. Kautilya refers at length to methods of tax collection and related problems. Modifications in land tax appeared to be the direct concern of the king. In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

    Asked in: HAS Prelims 2022

    1. Both statements I and II are true.
    2. Both statements I and II are false.
    3. Statement I is correct but Statement II is false.
    4. Statement I is false but Statement II is correct.
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Both statements I and II are true.

    - Statement I: The Arthashastra is an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy. It is traditionally attributed to Kautilya (also known as Chanakya or Vishnugupta), who was the chief advisor and prime minister to Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Mauryan Empire in the 3rd century B.C. - Statement II: The Mauryan economy, particularly in North India, was indeed predominantly agrarian during the 3rd century B.C. Land revenue (Bhaga and other taxes) was the principal source of income for the state. The Arthashastra elaborately describes the state's involvement in land management, taxation methods, and the collection of various revenues, indicating that land tax and its administration were a direct concern of the ruler and the state bureaucracy.

  7. Read statements (A) and (B) and choose appropriate option from the answer options : (A) Megasthenes mentions seven castes into which the Indian society was divided. (B) Megasthenes confused castes with professions.

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2014

    1. Both (A) and (B) are true, and (B) is the correct explanation of (A).
    2. Both (A) and (B) are true, but (B) is not the correct explanation of (A).
    3. (A) is true, but (B) is false.
    4. (A) is false, but (B) is true.
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Both (A) and (B) are true, and (B) is the correct explanation of (A).

    Megasthenes listed seven divisions of Indian society based primarily on occupation. His understanding was based on observable professional groups, not the socio-religious hierarchy of the Indian caste system.

  8. Consider the following statements: Statement I: James Prinsep, an officer in the mint of the East India Company, deciphered Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts which were used in the earliest inscriptions and coins Statement II: James Prinsep found that most of the scripts mentioned a king referred to as Piyadassi - meaning 'pleasant to behold'

    Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2014

    1. Both the statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I
    2. Both the statements are individually true but Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement I
    3. Statement I is true but Statement II is false
    4. Statement I is false but Statement II is true
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Both the statements are individually true but Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement I

    - Statement I is true. James Prinsep (1799-1840), a scholar and officer in the mint of the East India Company in Calcutta, is credited with deciphering the Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts in the 1830s. These scripts were used in ancient Indian inscriptions, most notably the rock and pillar edicts of Emperor Ashoka. - Statement II is true. While deciphering these inscriptions, Prinsep found that many of them referred to a ruler using titles like 'Devanampiya' (beloved of the gods) and 'Piyadassi' (pleasant to behold). It was later confirmed that this 'Piyadassi' was Emperor Ashoka Maurya. - Statement I describes the historical achievement of deciphering the scripts. Statement II describes a significant discovery made as a result of that deciphering process. Statement II does not explain how Prinsep deciphered the scripts or why he was able to do it; it merely states one of the key findings from the deciphered texts. Therefore, Statement II is not the explanation for Statement I.