Pre-Medieval Period is part of Ancient History of India. Below are notes on 13 sub-topics, followed by practice MCQs from State PSC and UPSC papers.

Agrarian Structure and the Growth of Feudal Tendencies

  • Hundi (post-Harsha period): A bill of exchange.
  • Bijolia Peasant Movement:
    • Vijay Singh Pathik met Gandhiji in Wardha to provide information.
    • News published in Prayag's Abhyudaya and Calcutta's Bharat Mitra.
  • Bijolia inscription: Chauhan ruler Vasudeva built Sambhar lake.
  • "Tamaso Ma Jyotirgamaya": Famous statement from the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad.
  • "Satyameva Jayate": National motto of India, taken from the Mundaka Upanishad.
  • "Sarvam Khalvidam Brahma": Statement found in the Chandogya Upanishad.
  • Yagyavalkya and Gargi Dialogue: Mentioned in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad.
  • Shruti Literature: Includes Vedas (Samhitas), Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and Upanishads (considered revealed texts).
  • Smriti Literature: Includes Vedangas, Sutras, Epics, Puranas, and Dharmashastras (considered remembered/composed texts).
  • Vedangas: Six auxiliary disciplines for proper understanding of the Vedas: Shiksha (phonetics), Kalpa (rituals), Vyakarana (grammar), Nirukta (etymology), Chhanda (metre), and Jyotisha (astronomy). Smriti is a category of literature, not a Vedang.
  • Ancient Education System: Learned Brahmins personally imparted education in a stereotyped (gurukul) system; education was not only theological but included various subjects.
  • Ancient Units of Measurement:
    • Muhurta: Measure of time.
    • Raktika: Measure of weight.
    • Angula: Measure of length.
    • Pada: Metre of poetry (a unit or foot of verse).
  • Chronological order of revolts: Sanyasi (late 18th C) → Kuka (1840s) → Indigo (1859-60) → Pabna (1873-76).
  • Dudhwakhara Peasant Movement: Related to Bikaner state.
  • Nanak Bhil: Died during Bundi Peasant Movement.
  • Khond Movement (1846-55): Triggered by British abolition of human sacrifice (Merriah/ Mariah).
  • First Grass Conservation Center: Established near Ranikhet, Uttarakhand.
  • Comprehensive land settlement in Garhwal: Responsible person was Beckett.
  • Land Revenue Systems (British India):
    • Permanent Settlement: Bengal.
    • Taluqdari System: Prominent in Oudh/ Awadh (not Bombay/Mumbai).
    • Mahalwari System: North-West Provinces.
    • Ryotwari System: Madras.
  • First session of All India Kisan Sabha: Organised at Lucknow.

Changes in Trade Routes and Urban Centers

  • Widespread adoption of iron technology, with the oldest evidence in Rajasthan linked to Black and Red Ware (B & R) pottery culture, significantly boosted agricultural output and craft production, facilitating urban growth.
  • Urban centers developed sophisticated infrastructure; ancient cities like Nagari (Rajasthan) show evidence of canal systems for irrigation.
  • Key urban centers from the Pre-Medieval to Early Medieval periods include:
    • Koil (ancient name for Aligarh).
    • Mahotsav Nagar (ancient name for Mahoba).
    • Mahoday Shree (ancient name for Kannauj).
    • Jaijakbhukti (ancient name for the Bundelkhand region, associated with Chandela dynasty, not Kaushambi).
  • Expansion of trade routes, particularly the Eastern Sea Route, connected India with East Asian ports like Kan-Fu (Canton).
  • Al-Masudi, a 10th-century Arab historian and geographer, documented the flourishing trade between India and Kan-Fu (Canton) via this Eastern Sea Route.

Cultural Syncretism and the Formation of Regional Identities

  • Gypsies (Roma people) are of Indian origin; their language, Romani, is an Indo-Aryan language.
  • St. Thomas first introduced Christian faith to South India.
  • Suvarna Dvipa refers to Southeast Asia.
  • Ratna Dvipa refers to Sri Lanka.
  • Folk Deities & Associated Places: Gogaji Dadrewa; Tejaji - Khadnal; Pabuji - Kolu; Ramdevji - Undu-Kashmeer.
  • "Jhamtya" and "Khatkadya" characters are related to the Gavari folk dance.
  • Ratwai is a musical form of Folk Drama Tradition in Alwar.
  • 'Pabuji ra Pawada' is mainly sung by people of the Thori caste.
  • In Mewar, songs sung by girls 15 days before Deepavali are called Harni.
  • Govind Guru belonged to the Banjara caste.
  • Sambhala Bahi mentions pictures of Bikaner Rulers, Mughal Emperors, and Barahmasa.
  • Rawaj is not an aerophonic (wind) instrument. Morchang, Nad, and Mashak are aerophones.
  • Jaipur style of painting was most influenced by Mughal paintings.
  • Sufi Saint Hamiduddin Nagori is known as 'Sultan-ut-Tarikin'.
  • 'Gaghula' is an ornament worn on the wrist in Uttarakhand.
  • Paonta Sahib Gurudwara is not in Uttarakhand. Reetha Sahib, Nanak Matta, and Hemkund Sahib are in Uttarakhand.
  • The Government Defensive Institute (Rajkiya Rakshalaya Sansthan) by British administration was at Mukteshwar.
  • The sequence of British Commissioners of Kumaon is Gardner, Traill, Lushington, Batten.
  • The painting 'Vipralabdha Nayika' is a work by Mola Ram of Garhwal Kalam.
  • The first Tuberculosis Asylum in Kumaon was established in Bhowali.
  • Bhil tribe is not found in Uttarakhand. Tharu, Buksa, and Jaunsari tribes are found there.
  • Gavri dance is not related to the Garasia tribe. Walar, Mandal, and Loor are Garasia dance forms.
  • Rathi is not a sub-dialect of Dhundari. Toravati, Rajavati, and Nagarchol are subdialects of Dhundari.
  • Jaspal Rana is associated with Shooting, not Boxing.
  • Navarathri is celebrated as Saraswathi Pooja in Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.
  • The ancient Kiratas are identified with the Rajis tribe.
  • The Bhojpuri poem “Firangiya” against British Colonialism was written by Ranjan Prasad.
  • Sheikh Bahauddin Zakaria laid the foundation of the Suhrawardi Silsilah in India.
  • Rath Yatra is not associated with harvesting. Bihu and Vaisakhi are harvest festivals.
  • Ahom Kings and their alternate names: Suhngmung (Dihingia Roja); Sukhamphaa (Khora Roja); Sutingphaa (Noriya Roja); Suramphaa (Bhoga Roja).
  • Pandavani is a folk singing drama style.
  • Moplahs (Mappila) are Muslims of Kerala.

Developments in Religious Movements: Early Bhakti Traditions (Alvars and Nayanars)

  • Balaputradeva, the Sailendra ruler of Suvarnabhumi, founded a Buddhist monastery at Nalanda and requested Pala ruler Devapala to grant five villages for its maintenance.
  • Vikramshila University was established by Dharmapala.
  • Adi Shankaracharya, a prominent religious thinker and philosopher, was born in Kaladi, Kerala.
  • Guru Nanak declared Lehna (who later became Guru Angad Dev) as his successor.
  • Madhavdev met Sankardev at Dhuwaha, where he accepted Sankardev as his Guru; this event is known as Mani-Kanchan Sanyog.
  • The battle between Guru Govind Singh and Fateh Shah at Bhangani is described in Bichitra Natak.

Developments in Sanskrit Literature and Sciences (Post-Gupta Period)

  • Shankaracharya (9th century AD) wrote commentaries on the Uttar Mimansa (Vedanta) system of Hindu Philosophy, specifically on the Brahma Sutras.
  • 'Ghatikas' (7th-8th centuries) were educational institutions primarily attached to temples, particularly in South India, serving as centers for Vedic learning and higher education.
  • The University of Vikramasila (late 8th/early 9th century, Pala dynasty) was a major Buddhist learning center located in Anga (modern-day Bhagalpur district, Bihar).
  • Jayapasenani's work "Nrittaratnavali" refers to a dance form called Kollata, which was performed by Dommaras in Telangana.
  • Mitakshara vs. Dayabhaga Systems of Hindu Law:
    • Mitakshara: A son acquires right to ancestral property by birth (coparcenary) during the lifetime of the father. It prevailed almost everywhere in India except Bengal and Assam.
    • Dayabhaga: A son can claim right to the property only after the death of the father. It prevailed in Bengal and Assam.
  • By the 13th century, India had established a strong reputation for advanced metallurgy, particularly in zinc-lead production (e.g., the unique zinc distillation process at Zawar mines).
  • The 'Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act' was enacted in 1958 and came into force on October 15, 1959 AD.
  • Festivals in Vikram Samvat (from beginning to end of a calendar year): Gangaur (Chaitra) → Krishna Janmashtami (Bhadrapada) → Ganesh Chaturthi (Bhadrapada) → Dipawali (Kartik).
  • Sachindra Nath Sanyal received lifelong imprisonment (transportation for life) in the Kakori Conspiracy Case (1925).
  • Jonathan Duncan founded the Sanskrit College in Banaras (Varanasi) in 1791.
  • The first Krishnashram in British-era Kumaon was established in Lohaghat.
  • Harsil is known for its natural beauty and is not primarily associated with water sports (जल क्रीडा).
  • The first month of the Indian National Calendar (Saka calendar), adopted in 1957, is Chaitra.
  • Eulogistic inscriptions issued by Indian rulers from the 6th century onwards are known as Prashastis.

Emergence of Early Regional Powers in Deccan: Chalukyas of Badami

  • Founder of Karnata dynasty (of Mithila) was Nanyadev.
  • The remains of the Vijayanagara empire are found in Hampi.
  • Information about King Mahashivgupta Balarjun is found in the Kuraspal Inscription.
  • Kollipara and Kuruvagatta inscriptions provide information about the history of Vemulavada Chalukyas.
  • The Hoysala dynasty emerged around the 10th century AD.
  • The Gahadavala dynasty emerged around the 11th century AD.
  • The Kakatiya dynasty emerged around the 12th century AD.
  • The Yadava dynasty emerged around the 9th century AD.
  • None of the Hoysala, Gahadavala, Kakatiya, or Yadava dynasties established their kingdoms in the early eighth century AD.
  • The first Nizam of Hyderabad was Asaf Jah I (Qamar-ud-din Khan Siddiqi).

Evolution of Temple Architecture: Early Dravidian and Nagara Styles, Rock-cut Caves

Nagara Style (North Indian Temple Architec1. ture): Characterized by a curvilinear Shikhara (tower); prominent examples include Khajuraho (Chandela dynasty, e.g., Kandariya Mahadeva Temple), Odisha (e.g., Lingaraja, Konark Sun Temple), and Gujarat/ Rajasthan (Solanki period). Dravidian Style (South Indian Temple Archi2. tecture): Features a pyramidal Vimana (tower); later phases emphasized prominent Gopurams (gateways) and elaborate prakaras (enclosures). The Pallava period saw the evolution from rock-cut structures to monolithic rathas and then to structural temples. Pallava Architecture Evolution: Started with 3. rock-cut caves (Mahendravarman I style), progressed to monolithic rathas (Narasimhavarman I, e.g., Pancha Rathas at Mahabalipuram), and culminated in structural temples (Rajasimha style, e.g., Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram, Kailasanathar Temple at Kanchipuram). Rock-cut Caves: Early examples include 4. Mauryan (Barabar caves), and Buddhist chaityas and viharas (Ajanta, Karla, Bhaja). The Ellora Caves are notable for housing Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain rock-cut architecture, including the massive monolithic Kailasa Temple (Cave 16) carved from topdown. Samadhishwar Temple, Chittor: Renovated 5. by Mewar ruler Mokal, contributing to the preservation of early Medieval sculpture art. Kameshwar Temple, Auwa: Represents the 6. art style of the Gurjar-Pratihar period. Gyanvapi Mosque: Located in Varanasi, built 7. on the site of an earlier Vishweshwar temple. ‘Ek Hathiya Naula’: An historical rock-cut 8. step-well/cistern situated in Champawat district, Uttarakhand.

Harsha's Administration, Society, Economy, and Patronage of Buddhism

  • Administration:
    • Key officials and their duties (based on specific interpretation to align with MCQ):
      • Talar: Village Tax Collector
      • Pattakola: Officer of Night
      • Sahsadhipati: Guard of Octroi
      • Baladhip: Officer of cases of theft/robbery
    • Administrative hierarchy: Kingdom divided into Bhuktis (provinces), Vishayas (districts), Pathakas (tahsils), and Gramas (villages).
    • Other important officers: Mahasamanta (feudatory chiefs), Gramakshapatala (village accountant), Mahapratihara (chief of palace guards), Avanti (minister for war and peace).
    • Revenue sources: Primarily land tax (1/6th of the produce), also transit duties, ferries, and mines.
    • Justice: Punishments included imprisonment, mutilation, and fines; law and order observed by Xuanzang were less stringent than during the Gupta period.
  • Society:
    • Caste system was prevalent, though perhaps with less rigidity compared to later periods.
    • Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras constituted the main varnas.
    • Position of women declined: Sati (widow immolation) was practiced, and the dowry system began to emerge.
    • Joint family system was a common social structure.
    • Xuanzang noted the general simplicity, cleanliness, and respect for elders among the people.
  • Economy:
    • Agrarian economy was dominant: Land tax (1/6th of produce) was the primary source of state revenue.
    • Trade: Both internal and external trade flourished, with ports like Bharuch being significant trade hubs.
    • Guilds (Shrenis): Organized various crafts and trades, playing a vital role in economic activities.
    • Currency: Gold and silver coins were less abundant than in the Gupta era; barter system and cowries were also in use.
    • Land grants (agraharas): Given to Brahmins and Buddhist monasteries, forming a significant aspect of land tenure.
  • Patronage of Buddhism:
    • Personal conversion: Harsha, initially a Shaiva, later converted to Mahayana Buddhism, heavily influenced by Divakaramitra and Xuanzang.
    • Kannauj Assembly (643 CE): Convened to honor Xuanzang and propagate the doctrines of Mahayana Buddhism.
    • Prayag (Mahamoksha Parishad): Harsha regularly organized quinquennial religious assemblies where he distributed all his accumulated wealth.
    • Construction: Numerous stupas and viharas (monasteries) were built under his patronage.
    • Prohibition: Banned animal slaughter throughout his kingdom as per Buddhist tenets.
    • Nalanda University: Provided generous grants and support to Nalanda, a premier Mahayana Buddhist learning center.

Huna Invasions and their Socio-Political Impact

  • Hunas: Central Asian nomadic tribes (Hepthalites in India).
  • First appearance/invasion attempts: During Kumaragupta I's reign (Gupta Empire).
  • Skandagupta (c. 455-467 CE): Successfully repelled first major Huna invasion, earning the title 'Vikramaditya'.
  • Renewed Invasions (late 5th/early 6th CE): Led to the establishment of Huna rule in parts of India.
  • Toramana: First prominent Huna ruler in India; conquered parts of Punjab, Rajasthan, Malwa. Adopted title 'Maharajadhiraja'.
  • Mihirakula: Son of Toramana; known for extreme cruelty, persecution of Buddhists; capital at Sakala (Sialkot).
  • Mihirakula's defeat:
    • By Yasodharman of Malwa (c. 528 CE), as recorded in the Mandasor Pillar Inscription.
    • Also defeated by Narasimhagupta Baladitya (Gupta ruler).
  • Socio-Political Impact:
    • Political: Severely weakened the Gupta Empire, contributing significantly to its decline and eventual fragmentation. Led to the rise of numerous independent regional kingdoms (feudalization).
    • Economic: Disrupted trade routes (especially land routes), plundered cities, destroyed infrastructure, leading to economic decline and urban decay in affected regions.
    • Social: Gradual assimilation of Huna chiefs/clans into Indian society, often as new Rajput clans, contributing to the complex caste structure. Destabilization of social order.
    • Cultural/Religious: Mihirakula's persecution led to destruction of Buddhist monasteries and stupas, contributing to Buddhism's decline in North India. Shift in patronage towards Brahmanical religions (Shaivism).

Political Fragmentation Post-Gupta Empire

  • The decline of the Gupta Empire (mid-6th century CE) led to significant political fragmentation across India.
  • This period saw the rise of numerous independent regional kingdoms and dynasties.
  • North India:
    • Hunas: Established their authority in parts of North-West and Central India under Toramana and Mihirakula, severely weakening Gupta power.
    • Maukharis: Emerged in the Gangetic plains with Kannauj as their capital (e.g., Ishanavarman, Grahavarman).
    • Later Guptas of Magadha: Ruled in Magadha, often in conflict with Maukharis.
    • Pushyabhutis (Vardhanas) of Thanesar: Rose to prominence under Prabhakaravardhana. Harsha (Harshavardhana, 606-647 CE) briefly unified much of North India, making Kannauj his capital.
    • Gauda Kingdom: Shashanka (early 7th century CE) was a powerful ruler of Bengal, a contemporary and rival of Harsha.
  • West India:
    • Maitrakas of Valabhi: Established a strong kingdom in Saurashtra (modern Gujarat), known for their administrative efficiency and patronage of education.
  • Deccan and South India:
    • Chalukyas of Badami: Rose as a dominant power in the Deccan (e.g., Pulakeshin II, a contemporary who defeated Harsha).
    • Pallavas of Kanchi: Consolidated their rule in Southern India, often clashing with the Chalukyas.
  • Harsha's death (647 CE) marked the end of the last major attempt to unify North India before the early medieval period's tripartite struggle (Palas, Pratiharas, Rashtrakutas).

Precursors to the Tripartite Struggle: Rise of Palas, Pratiharas, and Rashtrakutas

  • Tripartite Struggle for Kannauj (c. 8th-10th Century CE):
    • Contest for political dominance over North India, centered on the city of Kannauj.
    • Main contenders: Palas (Eastern India), Gurjara-Pratiharas (North/West India), Rashtrakutas (Deccan).
    • Cholas were NOT a part of the Tripartite Struggle.
    • North Indian dynasties confronting the Rashtrakutas were the Pratiharas and the Palas.
  • Pala Dynasty (Eastern India):
    • Founded by Gopala (c. 750 CE).
    • Gopala was chosen/elected by the people/chiefs to end a period of anarchy (Matsyanyaya).
  • Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty (North/West India):
    • Key ruler: Mihir Bhoja (Bhoja I) (reigned c. 836-885 CE).
    • Rajjil was associated with the Mandore branch of Pratiharas.
    • They were a key Rajput dynasty involved in the Tripartite Struggle.
  • Rashtrakuta Dynasty (Deccan):
    • Engaged in frequent conflicts with Palas and Pratiharas, aspiring for control over Kannauj.
  • Chronological Order of Events (from earliest): Establishment of Pallava power under 1. Mahendravarman I (c. 600-630 CE). Pala dynasty founded by Gopala (c. 2. 750 CE). Rise of Pratiharas under King Mihir 3. Bhoja (Bhoja I) (c. 836-885 CE). Establishment of Chola power by 4. Parantaka I (c. 907-955 CE).
  • Rulers Elected by Public/Chiefs:
    • Gopala (Pala Dynasty).
    • Nandivarman Pallavamalla (Pallava Dynasty).
  • Other Important Rulers/Events (from MCQs - primarily later Medieval Period):
    • Bhoja Paramara (Paramara dynasty, Malwa, 11th century): A poet lamented "Niralamba Saraswati" at his demise.
    • Ranthambhore Fort: Abul Fazl wrote that "All other forts are unclad, while this fort is armoured".
    • Kanhad Dev: Defeated due to the betrayal of Dahiya Rajput Bika (Jalore, early 14th century).
    • Rao Chandrasen: Gave Pokaran to the Bhati s to gain their support against Akbar (16th century).
    • Pajjun Rai: Appointed administrator of Mahoba by Prithviraj III after its conquest (12th century).
    • Songara Chauhan dynasty of Jalore: Ended by Alauddin Khilji (early 14th century).
    • Someshwar (Chauhan ruler, 12th century): Adopted the title "Pratap Lankeshwar".
    • Uday Singh (Chauhan ruler of Jalore): Ruled during Sultan Iltutmish's campaign (early 13th century).
    • Vigrahraj IV (Chauhan, 12th century): Follower of Shaivism; banned animal slaughter on 'Ekadashi' (as per Prithviraj Vijaya).
    • Maharana Sanga: Defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the Battle of Khatoli (1517 CE).
    • Paramardin (Chandela ruler): Defeated by Prithviraj Chauhan (Prithviraj III, Battle of Mahoba, c. 1182 CE).
    • Chauhan Associated Places: Nadol, Jalore, Ranthambore were associated with Chauhans; Lodrva was NOT.

Pushyabhuti Dynasty and the Empire of Harsha-Vardhana

  • Pushyabhuti dynasty was founded by Pushyabhuti, with its initial capital at Thanesar.
  • Prabhakaravardhana was a significant ruler; father of Rajyavardhana and Harshavardhana.
  • Harshavardhana (606-647 CE) was the most powerful ruler of the Pushyabhuti dynasty.
  • Harsha is considered the "last Hindu emperor of northern India."
  • Harsha shifted his capital from Thanesar to Kannauj.
  • Harsha avenged his brother Rajyavardhana's death by defeating Sasanka, the king of Gauda.
  • Harsha entered into a treaty of friendship/ alliance with Bhaskaravarman, the king of Kamarupa (Assam).
  • Harsha was defeated by the Chalukya king Pulakesin II in a battle on the banks of the Narmada River.
  • Harsha was a patron of learning and is credited with writing plays: Priyadarshika, Ratnavali, and Nagananda.
  • His court poet, Banabhatta, authored Harshacharita (biography of Harsha) and Kadambari.
  • The Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Hiuen Tsang (Xuanzang) visited India during Harsha's reign.
  • Harsha held Quinquennial Assemblies (Mahamoksha Parishad) at Prayag.
  • Vikramashila University was founded by Dharmapala of the Pala dynasty.

Rise of Northern Indian Kingdoms: Maukharis, Later Guptas, Gaudas

  • Arunashva usurped power in Kanyakubja after Harshavardhana's demise.
  • Chavda Dynasty: Panchasar was the capital of ruler Jayasekhara; Vanaraja ruled for 60 years (Prabandha-Chintamani).
  • Santhal Pargana region was called Narikhand in ancient times.
  • Geographical locations: Bhilsa (Vidisha) is in Madhya Pradesh; Girinagar (Girnar) is in Gujarat; Mahodaya is an old name for Kannauj.
  • Senas identified themselves as ‘BrahmaKshatriya’.
  • Kumaradevi, queen of Govinda Chandra Gahadavala, constructed Dharma-ChakraJinaVihara at Sarnath.
  • Colonel Tod first propounded the theory of the foreign origin of Rajputs.
  • Chauhan Dynasty:
    • Vigrahraj IV defeated the Tomars of Delhi.
    • Vigrahraj IV built the Sanskrit Pathshala at Ajmer, later converted into Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra by Aibak.
    • Ajayaraja (Ajaydev) established the city of Ajmer (Ajayameru) and defeated the 'Gajana Matanga'. His queen was Somala Devi.
    • Bijolia Inscription is a key source for the early history of Shakambhari Chauhan.
  • Chandella King Rahil built the Rahilya Sagar tank near Mahoba, temples at Ajaiygarh and Mahoba, and the city of Rajavasini.
  • Katyuri rule in Garhwal: First power-centre was Joshimath; chief officer to provide justice was called Mahadandnayak.
  • Chand Dynasty of Kumaun: Jagatchand's reign is termed the ‘Golden Period’; Baz Bahadur Chand was honored with 'Bahadur' and 'Zamindar' titles by Mughal emperor Shahjahan; Mahendra Chand was the last king.
  • Ahom Kings & Calendar:
    • Alternate names: Suhungmung (Dihingia Roja), Sukhamphaa (Khora Roja), Sutingphaa (Noriya Roja), Suramphaa (Bhoga Roja).
    • Ahom Calendar: Tungkhungia calculates the year in Tao-singa; 60 years make a Tao-singa; Din-sip-sang is an Ahom month; Dap-Mao is a year name in Tao-singa (4th year).
  • Rao Chunda of Marwar obtained Mandore in dowry.
  • "Rao-Jetsi-Ro-Chhanda" records that Rao Jaitsi of Bikaner defeated Kamran.
  • Mewar ruler Maharana Raj Singh assumed the title of 'Vijay Katkatu'.

Practice MCQs: Pre-Medieval Period

Agrarian Structure and the Growth of Feudal Tendencies

  1. Which of the following phrases defines the nature of the 'Hundi' generally referred to in the sources of the post-Harsha period ?

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2020

    1. An advisory issued by the king to his subor‐ dinates
    2. A diary to be maintained for daily accounts
    3. A bill of exchange
    4. An order from the feudal lord to his subordin‐ ates
    Show answer

    Answer: C. A bill of exchange

    A Hundi is essentially an indigenous form of a bill of exchange used for transferring funds or credit.

  2. Consider the following statements related to Bijolia Peasant Movement : A. Vijay Singh Pathik had gone to Wardha to meet Gandhiji to give information regarding the Bijolia Peasant Movement. B. Prayag's Abhyudaya and Calcutta's Bharat Mitra newspaper regularly published news related to the Bijolia Peasant Movement. Select the correct answer using the codes given below : - Question not attempted

    Asked in: ras 2025 2025

    1. Only A is correct.
    2. Only B is correct.
    3. Both A and B are correct.
    4. Neither A nor B is correct.
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Both A and B are correct.

    Vijay Singh Pathik was a prominent leader of the Bijolia Peasant Movement, and his efforts to garner support and inform national leaders like Gandhi were crucial. The role of the press in disseminating ted, such as the Puranas, Itihasas, and Dharmashastras, which are distinct from the Vedangas. information about the movement was also vital in raising awareness and garnering wider support.

  3. Consider the following revolts and arrange them in correct chronological order. 1. Pabna 2. Indigo 3. Kuka 4. Sanyasi Select the correct answer from the code given below : Code :

    Asked in: uppsc 2025 2025

    1. 4, 3, 2, 1
    2. 3, 4, 2, 1
    3. 3, 4, 1, 2
    4. 4, 2, 3, 1
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 4, 2, 3, 1

    Accurate dating of historical events and movements is crucial for establishing their chronological sequence. This question tests the knowledge of the timeline of major peasant and social revolts in India.

  4. According to Bijolia inscription which ruler of Chauhan dynasty built Sambhar lake?

    Asked in: Agri. Officer 2020

    1. Vigraharaj I
    2. Vasudeva
    3. Durlabhraj I
    4. Vakpatiraj
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Vasudeva

    The Bijolia inscription attributes the founding of the Chauhan dynasty and the origin of Sambhar lake to Vasudeva.

  5. Dudhwakhara Peasant Movement was related to which state?

    Asked in: Head Master Praveshika School (Sanskrit Edu.) 2021

    1. Jodhpur
    2. Jaisalmer
    3. Bikaner
    4. Jaipur
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Bikaner

    The Dudhwakhara Peasant Movement was a significant agrarian uprising that took place in the princely state of Bikaner in Rajasthan. It was part of the broader peasant movements that emerged across India during the colonial period, protesting against oppressive land revenue policies and feudal exploitation.

  6. The farmer Nanak Bhil died during which of the following Peasant Movement?

    Asked in: School Lecturer (Sanskrit Edu.) 2022 6 2022

    1. Begun Peasant Movement
    2. Bundi Peasant Movement
    3. Bijoliya Peasant Movement
    4. Bikaner Peasant Movement
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Begun Peasant Movement

    Peasant movements were a significant part of India's struggle for independence and social justice. Remembering key figures and incidents, especially martyrdoms, is important for understanding the sacrifices made during these movements.

  7. Khond Movement (1846 – 55) was triggered due to the British Government's forceful abolition of which traditional practice of tribes?

    Asked in: COMBINED STATE ENGINEERING SERVICES 2024

    1. Human Sacrifice
    2. Animal Sacrifice
    3. Infant Sacrifice
    4. None of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Human Sacrifice

    The Khond Movement and its cause, the abolition of human sacrifice.

Changes in Trade Routes and Urban Centers

  1. Which of the following is not a classical dance form of India?

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 4 2022

    1. Kathak
    2. Odissi
    3. Bhangra
    4. Manipuri
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Bhangra

    - India has several recognized classical dance forms, characterized by specific theoretical foundations, training methodologies, and performance traditions. - Folk dances are diverse, often tied to regional customs, festivals, and community celebrations, and lack the codified structure of classical dances. - The commonly recognized classical dances include Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Odissi, Sattriya, Manipuri, and Mohiniyattam.

  2. From which pottery culture the oldest evidence of Iron metal found in Rajasthan ?

    Asked in: Agri. Officer 2020

    1. Ochre coloured pottery (OCP)
    2. Black and Red ware (B & R)
    3. Painted Grey ware (PGW)
    4. Northern Black Polished Ware (NBP)
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Painted Grey ware (PGW)

    The Painted Grey Ware (PGW) culture is the earliest known culture in Rajasthan to show significant evidence of iron metallurgy.

  3. In which of the following ancient cities the remains of the canal have been found?

    Asked in: Agri. Officer 2020

    1. Karkot nagar
    2. Rangmahal
    3. Nagari
    4. Nandsa
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Rangmahal

    Rangmahal is an ancient site in Rajasthan where the remains of a canal have been discovered, indicating ancient irrigation systems.

  4. Which of the following is not correctly matched? Early Medieval Cities of Uttar Pradesh Present Status (a) Koil - Aligarh (b) Mahotsav Nagar - Mahoba (c) Mahoday Shree - Kannauj (d) Jaijakbhukti - Kaushambi

    Asked in: RO ARO pre 2021

    1. Koil - Aligarh
    2. Mahotsav Nagar - Mahoba
    3. Mahoday Shree - Kannauj
    4. Jaijakbhukti - Kaushambi
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Jaijakbhukti - Kaushambi

    The question tests knowledge of early medieval cities in Uttar Pradesh and their present-day equivalents or associated regions. The mismatch lies in the territorial extent and specific association of Jaijakbhukti.

  5. Who among the following has mentioned the trade between India and Kan-Fu (Canton) through the Eastern Sea route ?

    Asked in: UPPSC ACF RFO gs 1 2021

    1. Al-Beruni
    2. Al-Masudi
    3. Ibn-Rasteha
    4. Ibn-Khaldun
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Al-Masudi

    Al-Masudi documented the trade between India and Canton (Kan-Fu) via the Eastern Sea route.

Cultural Syncretism and the Formation of Regional Identities

  1. Why are the Gypsies regarded as of Indian origin? 1. They follow Indian religious practices. 2. Their language, called Romani, is an Indo-Aryan language. 3. They believe that they came from India. 4. Epigraphic evidence locates their original home in Uttar Pradesh. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2016

    1. 1 and 4 only
    2. 2 only
    3. 1, 2 and 4
    4. 2 and 3
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 2 only

    Statement 2 is true. Linguistic analysis shows that Romani shares a common ancestor with languages like Hindi, Punjabi, etc., and contains vocabulary and grammatical structures indicating its origin from North India. Statement 1 is generally false; Roma people have adopted the religions of their host countries and do not typically follow traditional Indian religious practices in their diaspora. Statement 3 is partially true for some communities but not a universal belief and is not the primary scholarly evidence. Statement 4 is false; there is no known significant epigraphic evidence locating their origin in Uttar Pradesh; the evidence is primarily linguistic and genetic.

  2. Who first brought Christian faith into South India?

    Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2021

    1. Martin Luther
    2. Ignatius Loyola
    3. St. Francis Xavier
    4. St. Thomas
    Show answer

    Answer: D. St. Thomas

    St. Thomas, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ, is traditionally believed to have travelled to India in 52 AD, landing at Muziris on the Malabar Coast (modern-day Kerala). He is considered the founder of the Saint Thomas Christians (also known as Nasranis) in India.

  3. Consider the following and choose the correct answer from below – Old Name A. Suvarna Dvipa B. Ratna Dvipa (1) Both are False (3) Both are True (5) Question not attempted New Name Southeast Asia Sri Lanka (2) A is True, B is False (4) A is False, B is True

    Asked in: Archaeology and Museums Dept. Exam 2023 (Curator) 2023

    1. Both are False
    2. A is True, B is False
    3. Both are True
    4. A is False, B is True
    Show answer

    Answer: D. A is False, B is True

    Suvarna Dvipa is the ancient name for Sumatra (part of Southeast Asia), not Southeast Asia in its entirety. Ratna Dvipa is an ancient name for Sri Lanka.

  4. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by using the code given below the list – List-I (A) Gogaji (B) Tejaji (C) Pabuji (D) Ramdevji List-II (a) Undukasmer (b) Kolu (c) Khadnal (d) Dadrewa Code -

    Asked in: Archaeology and Museums Dept. Exam 2023 (Exploration and Excavation Officer) 2023

    1. A-a, B-d, C-c, D-b
    2. A-d, B-c, C-b, D-a
    3. A-d, B-a, C-b, D-c
    4. A-a, B-b, C-c, D-d
    Show answer

    Answer: B. A-d, B-c, C-b, D-a

    Gogaji - Dadrewa, Tejaji - Khadnal, Pabuji - Kolu, Ramdevji - Undukasmer (Ramdevra).

  5. From which folk dance “Jhamtya” and “Khatkadya” characters are related?

    Asked in: Archaeology and Museums Dept. Exam 2023 (Exploration and Excavation Officer) 2023

    1. Swang
    2. Gavari
    3. Gair
    4. Khayal
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Khayal

    "Jhamtya" and "Khatkadya" are specific characters or figures prominent in the "Khayal" folk drama tradition.

  6. Musical form of Folk Drama Tradition in Alwar is -

    Asked in: Archaeology and Museums Dept. Exam 2023 (Exploration and Excavation Officer) 2023

    1. Kehrwa
    2. Turra Kilangi
    3. Ratwai
    4. Thumri
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Ratwai

    Ratwai is a musical form of folk drama specific to Alwar.

  7. People of which caste mainly sing 'Pabuji ra Pawada'? - (5) Question not attempted

    Asked in: Asst. Director (Sci. and Tech. Dept.) 2024

    1. Mer
    2. Jat
    3. Gurjar
    4. Thori
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Thori

    'Pabuji ra Pawada' is a folk ballad sung by the Thori caste. This tradition is deeply rooted in the cultural landscape of Rajasthan.

Developments in Religious Movements: Early Bhakti Traditions (Alvars and Nayanars)

  1. The ruler of Suvarnabhumi, who founded a Buddhist monastery at Nalanda and requested Devapala through his ambassador to grant five villages for its maintenance, was

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 64th

    1. Dharanindra
    2. Sangramadhananjaya
    3. Balaputradeva
    4. Chudamanivarmana
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Balaputradeva

    This event highlights the cultural and religious connections between the Pala Empire in India and the Srivijaya kingdom in Southeast Asia.

  2. The Vikramshila University was established by

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 68th

    1. Dharmapala
    2. Devapala
    3. Gopala
    4. More than one of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Dharmapala

    Vikramshila was one of the two most important centres of Buddhist learning in India during the Pala dynasty, along with Nalanda University. It was founded by King Dharmapala, who ruled from around 783 to 820 AD. It was located near modern Bhagalpur in Bihar.

  3. The great religious thinker and philosopher Shankaracharya was born in

    Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2024

    1. Kaladi, Kerala
    2. Kanchipuram, Tamilnadu
    3. Kasi, Uttarpradesh
    4. Kolkatta, West Bengal
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Kaladi, Kerala

    Shankaracharya established four major मठ (monasteries) in the four corners of India: Sringeri in Karnataka, Dwarka in Gujarat, Puri in Odisha, and Jyotirmath (Badrinath) in Uttarakhand, to propagate his philosophy.

  4. Which of the following was declared as his successor by Guru Nanak?

    Asked in: RO ARO pre 2021

    1. Bala
    2. Lehna
    3. Mardana
    4. Sri Chand
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Lehna

    This question pertains to the succession of Gurus in Sikhism and tests knowledge of the teachings and history of Sikhism, specifically the transition of leadership from Guru Nanak.

  5. Where did Madhavdev met Sankardev and after a fierce debate, he accepted Sankardev as his Guru—the incident which is known as Mani- Kanchan Sanyog?

    Asked in: GS 32 2023 IS DEEO 1505 2024

    1. Ghiladhari
    2. Kamalabari
    3. Bordowa
    4. Dhuwaha
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Dhuwaha

    The Mani-Kanchan Sanyog (union of gold and emerald) is a significant event in the history of Neo- Vaishnavism in Assam. It marks the meeting of the two prominent saints, Mahapurush Damodardev and Mahapurush Madhavdev, where Madhavdev accepted Damodardev as his Guru after a spiritual debate. The question incorrectly states Sankardev met Madhavdev at Dhuwaha for this event; it was Damodardev who met Madhavdev. However, among the given options, Dhuwaha is associated with this significant spiritual encounter. If the question implies the meeting of Sankardev and Madhavdev, it's crucial to note that Madhavdev was a principal disciple of Sankardev, and their association was foundational. The term "Mani-Kanchan Sanyog" is most famously associated with the meeting of Sankardev and Madhavdev, though the location mentioned here points to a specific narrative. Historical accounts generally place the significant meeting and acceptance of Guru by Madhavdev at Dhuwaha with Sankardev.

  6. In which of the following texts the description of the battle between Guru Govind Singh and Fateh Shah at Bhangani is mentioned?

    Asked in: Lower Subordinate Services Examination 2024

    1. Akal Ustat
    2. Vrit Vichar
    3. Bichitra Natak
    4. Guru Vilas
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Bichitra Natak

    'Akal Ustat' and 'Vrit Vichar' are also important compositions by Guru Gobind Singh, but they do not specifically detail the battle of Bhangani. 'Guru Vilas' are historical chronicles of Sikh Gurus written by various authors in Punjabi.

Developments in Sanskrit Literature and Sciences (Post-Gupta Period)

  1. On which of the following systems of Hindu Philosophy, Shankaracharya wrote commentary in 9th century AD?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2024

    1. Sankhya
    2. Vaisheshika
    3. Yoga
    4. Uttar Mimansa
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Uttar Mimansa

    Shankaracharya is the principal proponent of the Advaita Vedanta school of philosophy, which is a sub-school of Uttar Mimansa. His major works include commentaries (Bhashyas) on the principal Upanishads, the Brahma Sutras, and the Bhagavad Gita. The Brahma Sutras form the foundational text of the Uttar Mimansa (Vedanta) school.

  2. In the seventh and eighth centuries, 'ghatikas' were

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2024

    1. Royal decrees passed with the consent of the citizens
    2. Guards of religious shrines
    3. Time keeping devices kept at astronomical houses
    4. Educational institutions attached to the temples
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Educational institutions attached to the temples

    'Ghatikas' or 'Ghatikasthanas' were centres of learning, particularly prominent in South India during the Pallava and Chola periods, where Vedic and other studies were pursued.

  3. In which modern day's State, the University of Vikramasila was located?

    Asked in: JPSC CS Prelims 2015

    1. Madhya Pradesh
    2. Odisha
    3. Bihar
    4. Jharkhand
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Bihar

    Vikramasila, along with Nalanda, was one of the most important centres of learning, especially Vajrayana Buddhism, in eastern India during the Pala dynasty period.

  4. Consider the following statements :

    Asked in: TSPSC Group 1 Prelims 2024

    1. Jayapasenani referred to a dance form called Kollata in his work “Nrittarat‐ navali”.
    2. This dance was performed by Dommaras in Telangana. Which of the above statements is/are correct ? A. A only B. B only
    3. Both A and B
    4. Neither A nor B
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Both A and B

    - Jayapasenani's Nrittaratnavali is an important source for dance forms during the Kakatiya period. - The treatise describes Kollata dance. - The text mentions various performing communities, including Dommaras, who performed folk dances in the region.

  5. With reference to the history of ancient India, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. Mitakshara was the civil law for upper castes and Dayabhaga was the civil law for lower castes. 2. In the Mitakshara system, the sons can claim right to the property during the lifetime of the father, whereas in the Dayabhaga system, it is only after the death of the father that the sons can claim right to the property. 3. The Mitakshara system deals with the matters related to the property held by male members only of a family, whereas the Dayabhaga system deals with the matters related to the property held by both male and female members of a family. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2021

    1. 1 and 2
    2. 2 only
    3. 1 and 3
    4. 3 only
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 2 only

    Statement 1 is incorrect: The Mitakshara and Dayabhaga systems were schools of Hindu law primarily dealing with inheritance and property rights, based on different interpretations of ancient Dharmasastras. They were geographically relevant (Mitakshara prevalent across most of India, Dayabhaga primarily in Bengal and Assam) and based on differing legal principles regarding joint family property and inheritance, not on caste distinctions. Statement 2 is correct: This statement accurately describes a key difference. Under the Mitakshara system, a son acquires a right by birth in the ancestral property of the joint family (coparcenary). Under the Dayabhaga system, the son does not acquire any right in the father's property during the father's lifetime; inheritance occurs only after the father's death, when the property becomes divisible. Statement 3 is incorrect: Both systems traditionally dealt with coparcenary property, which primarily consisted of property held by male members in a joint family. While the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 (and its 2005 amendment) significantly reformed this by giving daughters equal rights in ancestral property, the traditional systems as originally conceived did not deal equally with property held by both male and female members in the manner implied.

  6. By the 13th century, India had established its reputation in which metal work?

    Asked in: Archaeology and Museums Dept. Exam 2023 (Curator) 2023

    1. Silver
    2. Copper
    3. Iron
    4. Zinc-Lead
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Iron

    India's expertise in metallurgy, especially in iron and steel production, was well-recognized internationally during the medieval period.

  7. When was the ‘Ancient Monuments and Remains Act’ implemented in India? - (5) Question not attempted

    Asked in: Archaeology and Museums Dept. Exam 2023 (Exploration and Excavation Officer) 2023

    1. 15 August, 1947 AD
    2. 26 January, 1950 AD
    3. 15 October, 1959 AD
    4. 25 June, 1953 AD
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 25 June, 1953 AD

    This question relates to the legal framework established in India for the protection and preservation of its cultural heritage.

Emergence of Early Regional Powers in Deccan: Chalukyas of Badami

  1. Who was the founder of Karnata dynasty?

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 60 62rd

    1. Nanyadev
    2. Narsimhadev
    3. Vijaydev
    4. Haridev
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Nanyadev

    The Karnata dynasty is significant for ruling the Mithila region for over two centuries, contributing to the cultural and administrative history of the area.

  2. The remains of Vijayanagara empire are found in

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 63rd

    1. Bijapur
    2. Golconda
    3. Hampi
    4. Baroda
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Hampi

    Hampi was the capital of the Vijayanagara empire and its ruins are the main site representing the empire's legacy.

  3. Information about which king is found in the ‘Kuraspal Inscription’?

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2020

    1. Harsha Gupta
    2. Mahapravar Raj
    3. Someshwar I
    4. Mahashivgupta Balarjun
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Someshwar I

    The Kuraspal inscription, found in the Bastar region, is an important historical source for the Nagvanshi dynasty of Chakrakota. It specifically pertains to the reign of Someshwaradeva I.

  4. Kollipara and Kuruvagatta inscriptions tell us about :

    Asked in: TSPSC Group 1 Prelims 2022

    1. History of Vemulavada Chalukyas
    2. History of Satavahanas
    3. History of Kakatiyas
    4. Expeditions of Gautamiputra Satakarni
    Show answer

    Answer: B. History of Satavahanas

    - The Satavahana dynasty was a prominent ruling power in the Deccan region from the 1st century BCE onwards, controlling areas that included present-day Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. - Numerous inscriptions from the Satavahana period have been discovered in these regions, providing valuable insights into their administration, society, economy, and religion. - Kollipara and Kuruvagatta are locations in the Telugu-speaking region where inscriptions attributed to the Satavahana era have been found. These inscriptions typically record religious donations, grants, or administrative details related to villages and local areas under Satavahana rule.

  5. Consider the following dynasties: 1. Hoysala 2. Gahadavala 3. Kakatiya 4. Yadava How many of the above dynasties established their kingdoms in early eighth century AD?

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2023

    1. Only one
    2. Only two
    3. Only three
    4. None
    Show answer

    Answer: D. None

    None of the listed dynasties - Hoysala, Gahadavala, Kakatiya, and Yadava - established their independent kingdoms or rose to significant prominence in the early 8th century AD. They emerged much later, primarily from the 11th century onwards, often as successors to earlier imperial powers like the Rashtrakutas or Chalukyas.

  6. Who was the first Nizam of Hyderabad ? (a) Asaf Jah Bahadur (b) Muhammad Shah (c) Asaf Jah – I (d) Nasir Jung

    Asked in: Assistant Town Planner (Pre.) Exam 2023

    1. Asaf Jah Bahadur
    2. Muhammad Shah
    3. Asaf Jah – I
    4. Nasir Jung
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Asaf Jah – I

    This question tests historical knowledge about the rulers of the princely states in pre-independent India.

Evolution of Temple Architecture: Early Dravidian and Nagara Styles, Rock-cut Caves

  1. Name the ruler of Mewar who kept the early Medieval sculpture art alive by renovating the Samadhishwar temple in Chittor. (1) Lakshya Singh (3) Kshetra Singh (5) Question not attempted (2) Hammir (4) Mokal

    Asked in: Department Recruitment 2024 (Assistant Archivist) 2024

    1. Lakshya Singh
    2. Hammir
    3. Kshetra Singh
    4. Mokal
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Mokal

    The Samadhishwar temple in Chittor holds significance for early medieval sculpture art. Rana Mokal's renovation of this temple ensured its continued existence and preservation, thereby keeping the art form alive. This highlights the role of rulers in patronizing and safeguarding cultural heritage.

  2. Which period of art represents the Kameshwar temple of Auwa ?

    Asked in: Food Safety Officer 2019

    1. Gupta period
    2. Gurjar-Pratihar period
    3. Chauhan period
    4. Parmar period
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Gurjar-Pratihar period

    The Kameshwar temple at Auwa exhibits architectural and artistic characteristics typical of the Gurjar-Pratihar era (roughly 8th to 10th centuries CE).

  3. The 'Gyanvapi Mosque' is found in which one of the following places?

    Asked in: Civil Engg GA 24 2023 CO 1505 2024

    1. Sarnath
    2. Murshidabad
    3. Varanasi
    4. Prayagraj
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Varanasi

    The Gyanvapi Mosque is a prominent historical and religious site located in Varanasi.

  4. उत्तराखिण्ड के ͩकस जनिपद में ऐǓतहाͧसक ‘एक हͬथया निौलिा’ ǔस्थत है ?

    Asked in: Data Entry Operator 2023

    1. अल्मोड़ा
    2. चंपावत
    3. चमोली
    4. बागेĵर
    Show answer

    Answer: A. अल्मोड़ा

    The question asks for the district in Uttarakhand where the 'Ek Hathiya Naula' is situated. The correct answer is Almora.

Harsha's Administration, Society, Economy, and Patronage of Buddhism

  1. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the code given below the lists. List-I List-II (Officer) (Duty)

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2022

    1. Talar 1. Guard fo Octroi
    2. Pattakola 2. Officer of cases of
    3. Sahsadhipati 3. Officer of Night
    4. Baladhip 4. Village Tax Collector A. 1 2 3 4 B. 2 1 4 3 C. 4 3 1 2 D. 3 4 1 1
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Baladhip 4. Village Tax Collector A. 1 2 3 4 B. 2 1 4 3 C. 4 3 1 2 D. 3 4 1 1

    The question requires specific knowledge of historical administrative terminology. These terms often relate to village or local administration roles in medieval Indian kingdoms.

Huna Invasions and their Socio-Political Impact

  1. Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R). Assertion (A) : Buland Darwaja was constructed at Fatehpur Sikri by the Mughal emperor Akbar. Reason (R) : Akbar built this monument to commemorate the birth of his son Jahangir. Select the correct answer from the code given below : Code :

    Asked in: uppsc 2025 2025

    1. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
    2. (A) is true, but (R) is false
    3. (A) is false, but (R) is true
    4. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
    Show answer

    Answer: B. (A) is true, but (R) is false

    Assertion (A) is correct: Buland Darwaja was indeed built by Emperor Akbar at Fatehpur Sikri. Reason (R) is incorrect: Buland Darwaja was constructed to commemorate Akbar's victory over Gujarat, not the birth of his son Jahangir.

  2. Who looted the temple of Somnath in Gujarat?

    Asked in: BJS 2023

    1. Muhammad Ghori
    2. Mahmud Ghazni
    3. Ahmad Shah Abdali
    4. Tamerlane
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Mahmud Ghazni

    Mahmud Ghazni, the Turkic ruler of the Ghaznavid dynasty, launched numerous raids into the Indian subcontinent, with the raid on Somnath in 1025 CE being one of his most infamous exploits. The Somnath temple was a wealthy and important Hindu shrine.

Political Fragmentation Post-Gupta Empire

  1. Which one of the following is not an Engine of War used by Turks against Rajput Forts? - (5) Question not attempted

    Asked in: Department Recruitment 2024 (Research Scholar) 2024

    1. Manjaniq
    2. Arrada
    3. Navak
    4. Gargach
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Gargach

    Siege warfare involved various specialized engines and weapons to breach the defenses of fortified structures. The Turks, during their invasions of India, employed a range of such technologies.

  2. Who was the first Indian Head of Archives/ Keeper of Records of Imperial Record Department? - (5) Question not attempted

    Asked in: Department Recruitment 2024 (Research Scholar) 2024

    1. Tapan Raychaudhury
    2. Abdul Faiz Muhammad Abdul Ali
    3. S.N. Sen
    4. Jamini Mohan Mitra
    Show answer

    Answer: C. S.N. Sen

    S.N. Sen was the first Indian Head of Archives/ Keeper of Records of the Imperial Record Department.

  3. The first princely state to legally abolish female infanticide was -

    Asked in: Head Master Praveshika School (Sanskrit Edu.) 2021

    1. Jhalawar
    2. Jaipur
    3. Shahpura
    4. Kota
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Jhalawar

    Female infanticide was a deeply rooted social evil in many parts of India. Various social reformers and administrative efforts were made to curb this practice. Jhalawar, under its ruler Jhala Zalim Singh II, took a pioneering step in enacting laws against female infanticide.

  4. Which historian has called the battle of Haldighati as the battle of Gogunda?

    Asked in: Sr. Teacher Gr II (Sec. Edu.) Comp. Exam 2022

    1. Abdul Qadir Badaoni
    2. Col. James Tod
    3. Abul Fazl
    4. Nizamuddin Ahmad
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Abdul Qadir Badaoni

    (G.K. Group A)-2022 This question focuses on historical interpretations and naming conventions of significant battles.

  5. With which one of the following mountain tribes did the British first come into contact with after the grant of Diwani in the year 1765?

    Asked in: Extension officer (EO) 2019

    1. Garos
    2. Khasis
    3. Kukis
    4. Tipperrahs
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Garos

    The Garos were one of the first mountain tribes the British encountered after gaining Diwani in 1765.

  6. Consider the following events and arrange them is chronological order: I. Establishment of 'Gadar Party' by Lala Hardayal. II. Establishment of 'Servants of India Society' by Gopal Krishna Gokhale. III. Publication of Hicky's 'Bengal Gazette'. IV. Establishment of 'Bengal Asiatic Society' by Sir William Jones. Select the correct answer using the code given below : Code - - If the question has multiple statements, format using ... - For Assertion/Reason, retain 'Statement-I' and 'Statement-II' clearly. - For matching pairs, use HTML

    Asked in: RO ARO pre 2021

    1. II, I, III and IV
    2. III, IV, II and I
    3. IV, III, I and II
    4. III, IV, I and II
    Show answer

    Answer: B. III, IV, II and I

    The question tests knowledge of the timeline of significant historical events and institutions in India, focusing on the late 18th century and early 20th century. Understanding the establishment dates of these entities is crucial for answering correctly.

  7. The famous Battle of Haldighati between Akbar and Maharana Pratap was fought in the year:

    Asked in: RO ARO pre 2023

    1. 1579 A.D.
    2. 1575 A.D.
    3. 1597 A.D.
    4. 1576 A.D.
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 1576 A.D.

    The Battle of Haldighati took place in 1576 A.D.

Precursors to the Tripartite Struggle: Rise of Palas, Pratiharas, and Rashtrakutas

  1. 42 Consider the following events in the history of India : 1. Rise of Pratiharas under King Mihir Bhoja (Bhoja I) 2. Establishment of Pallava power under Mahendravarman 3. Pala dynasty founded by Gopal 4. Establishment of Chola power by Prantaka - I What is the correct chronological order of the above events, starting from the earliest times?

    Asked in: HAS Prelims 2021

    1. 2-1-4-3
    2. 3-1-4-2
    3. 2-3-1-4
    4. 3-4-1-2
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 2-3-1-4

    - Event 2: Establishment of Pallava power under Mahendravarman I (c. 600-630 CE). Mahendravarman I was a significant ruler who marked a strong period for the Pallavas. - Event 3: Pala dynasty founded by Gopal (c. 750 CE). Gopal is credited with establishing the Pala dynasty in Bengal and Bihar. - Event 1: Rise of Pratiharas under King Mihir Bhoja (Bhoja I) (c. 836-885 CE). Mihir Bhoja was one of the most powerful rulers of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty. - Event 4: Establishment of Chola power by Parantaka I (c. 907-955 CE). While the Cholas existed earlier, Parantaka I significantly expanded and consolidated their power after defeating the Pallavas and Pandyas, marking their rise to imperial status.

  2. Consider the following events in the history of India : Rise of Pratiharas under King Bhoja 1. Establishment of Pallava power under 2. Mahendravarman - I Establishment of Chola power by 3. Parantaka - I Pala dynasty founded by Gopala 4. What is the correct chronological order of the above events, starting from the earliest time ?

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2020

    1. 2-1-4-3
    2. 3-1-4-2
    3. 2-4-1-3
    4. 3-4-1-2
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 2-4-1-3

    The correct chronological order of the rulers/ dynasties mentioned is Pallavas (Mahendravarman I), Palas (Gopala), Pratiharas (Bhoja), and Cholas (Parantaka I).

  3. The North Indian Dynasties that confronted the Rashtrakutas were—

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2009

    1. The Pratiharas and the Paramaras
    2. The Palas and the Chandelas
    3. The Pratiharas and the Palas
    4. The Chalukyas and the Chahamanas
    Show answer

    Answer: C. The Pratiharas and the Palas

    The period between the 8th and 10th centuries witnessed a struggle for supremacy over North India, particularly the control of Kannauj and the fertile Ganga valley, among three major powers: the Rashtrakutas of the Deccan, the Gurjara-Pratiharas of North India, and the Palas of Bengal. This conflict is known as the Tripartite Struggle.

  4. ‘Niralamba Saraswati (Saraswati is now without support)’ thus lamented a poet at the demise of—

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2009

    1. Chahmana Visaladeva
    2. Chandela Kirtivarma
    3. Mihira Bhoja
    4. Bhoja Paramara
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Bhoja Paramara

    Bhoja Paramara was a renowned king of the Paramara dynasty of Malwa, ruling from Dhar. He was not only a capable ruler and military leader but also a celebrated scholar, author, and great patron of art, literature, and science. His court attracted many learned individuals. His death was seen as a great loss to the world of learning and arts, hence the lament comparing the goddess of learning, Saraswati, as being left without her greatest patron.

  5. The first ruler of the Pala Dynasty was

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 3 2022

    1. Devpala
    2. Dharmapal
    3. Gopal
    4. Tejpal
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Gopal

    - Gopal I founded the Pala dynasty in the 8th century CE in Bengal. - He was elected by the people to end the state of 'Matsyanyaya' (anarchy) prevalent after the death of the Gauda ruler Shashanka. - The Pala dynasty ruled over Bengal and Bihar for about four centuries.

  6. Impressed by strong natural security system of which famous fort, Abul Fazl wrote that "All other forts are unclad, while this fort is armoured"?

    Asked in: Asst. Agriculture Officer 2018

    1. Ranthambhore
    2. Chittor
    3. Mehrangarh
    4. Amer
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Ranthambhore

    Abul Fazl's description of a fort as "armoured" due to its natural defenses refers to Ranthambhore fort.

  7. The betrayal of Dahiya Rajput Bika led to the defeat of which of the following rulers? - (5) Question not attempted

    Asked in: Asst. Director (Sci. and Tech. Dept.) 2024

    1. Chandrasen
    2. Maldeo
    3. Kanhad Dev
    4. Hammir
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Chandrasen

    Rao Chandrasen's reign was marked by continuous struggles against the Mughal emperor Akbar. The betrayal by Dahiya Rajput Bika was a critical turning point that contributed to his eventual displacement from power.

Pushyabhuti Dynasty and the Empire of Harsha-Vardhana

  1. Match the epigraphs in List-I with the rulers who issued them in List-II : List-I List-II a. Barganga 1. Bhaskaravarman b. Nidhanpur 2. Bhutivarman c. Hayunthal 3. Gopalavarman d. Gachtal 4. Harjaravarman Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2022

    1. a-4, b-3, c-1, d-2
    2. a-4, b-2, c-3, d-1
    3. a-2, b-1, c-3, d-4
    4. a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3
    Show answer

    Answer: D. a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3

    Each epigraph is correctly paired with the specific ruler from the history of Kamarupa who issued it.

  2. Who was the last Hindu emperor of northern India?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2024

    1. Harsha
    2. Pulakesin II
    3. Rajyavardhana
    4. Skandagupta
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Harsha

    Harshavardhana (c. 590–647 CE), ruler of Thanesar and Kannauj, is often considered the last major Hindu emperor who ruled over a large part of northern India before the advent of Muslim rule on a significant scale. His empire extended across Punjab, Rajasthan, Northern Odisha, and the entire Gangetic plain.

  3. The reign of Harshavardhana was marked by vigorous political activity. Which of the following statements is/are correct in this reference? I. Devagupta, the king of Malava, accepted the suzerainty of Harshavardhana. II. Bhaskaravarman, the king of Kamarupa, entered into a treaty of friendship with Harshavardhana. III. Harshavardhana defeated Sasanka, the king of Gauda.

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2021

    1. II only
    2. III only
    3. I and III only
    4. II and III only
    Show answer

    Answer: A. II only

    - Harshavardhana (ruled 606-647 CE) was the ruler of a large empire in North India with his capital at Kanauj. - The conflict with Sasanka stemmed from the killing of Harsha's brother and brother-in-law. - The alliance with Bhaskaravarman was strategically important for Harsha.

  4. Which King founded the Vikramasila University?

    Asked in: WBPSC CS Prelims 2016

    1. Dharmapala
    2. Dhruva
    3. Devapala
    4. Ballal Sen
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Dharmapala

    Vikramashila Mahavihara, one of the two most important centers of Buddhist learning in India during the Pala Empire, was founded by King Dharmapala. Dharmapala was a prominent ruler of the Pala dynasty, reigning from approximately 783 to 820 CE.

  5. Vikramsila Bihara was founded by

    Asked in: WBPSC CS Prelims 2021

    1. Devapala
    2. Dharmapala
    3. Rampala
    4. Sasanka
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Dharmapala

    Vikramasila Mahavihara was a large Buddhist monastery and university in ancient India, located in what is now Bhagalpur district, Bihar. It was founded by the Pala king Dharmapala in the late 8th or early 9th century CE. Along with Nalanda, it was one of the most important centers of learning in Eastern India during the Pala period.

  6. Who among the following was the founder of Vikramshila University?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2015

    1. Gopal
    2. Dharmapala
    3. Devapala
    4. Mahipal
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Dharmapala

    Vikramshila University, a famous ancient centre of Buddhist learning, was founded by King Dharmapala of the Pala dynasty.

  7. Who was the founder of ‘Vikramshila Vihar’?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2016

    1. Gopal
    2. Devapal
    3. Dharmapal
    4. Mahipal
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Dharmapal

    - Dharmapala was a powerful ruler of the Pala Empire who reigned from approximately 780 to 810 CE. - Vikramshila was located in modern-day Bhagalpur district, Bihar. - It became a major center of learning, particularly of Tantric Buddhism, and attracted scholars from across India and abroad.

Rise of Northern Indian Kingdoms: Maukharis, Later Guptas, Gaudas

  1. Who among the following usurped power in Kanyakubja after the death of Harshavardhana?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2022

    1. Adityasena
    2. Arunashva
    3. Shashanka
    4. Lalitaditya
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Arunashva

    The death of Harsha marked the end of a period of relative unity in northern India and was followed by fragmentation and the rise of various regional powers.

  2. Which of the following statements are correct regarding Chavda Dynasty? 1. Panchasar was the capital of the Chavda ruler Jayasekhara. 2. According to Prabandha-Chintamani, Vanaraja of Chavda dyansly ruled for 60 years. 3. The Navasari Copper plate inscription was issued by Mulraja of Chalukya Dynasty

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2022

    1. 1, 2 and 3
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1 and 2 only
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 1 and 2 only

    Panchasar was the initial capital of the Chavda dynasty under Jayasekhara. According to historical texts like Prabandha-Chintamani, Vanaraja, the son of Jayasekhara and founder of Anhilpur Patan, had a very long reign. The Navasari Copper Plate inscriptions belong to the Gurjara dynasty of Lata, who ruled the region around Navasari before the rise of the Chalukyas (Solankis) of Anhilwara.

  3. What was the Santhal Pargana region called in ancient times ?

    Asked in: JPSC CS Prelims 2016

    1. Narikhand
    2. Man-Variikah
    3. Kartasina
    4. None of these
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Narikhand

    - Ancient geographical names for regions often varied across different historical periods and sources. - Narikhand is mentioned in some historical accounts as a name for areas corresponding to parts of modern-day Santhal Pargana.

  4. With reference to the history of India, consider the following pairs : 1. Bhilsa — Madhya Pradesh 2. Dwarasamudra — Maharashtra 3. Girinagar — Gujarat 4. Sthanesvara — Uttar Pradesh Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched ?

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2020

    1. 1 and 3 only
    2. 1 and 4 only
    3. 2 and 3 only
    4. 2 and 4 only
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1 and 3 only

    Pair 1: Bhilsa, historically also known as Vidisha, is located in the present-day state of Madhya Pradesh. Pair 2: Dwarasamudra was the capital of the Hoysala dynasty, located in present-day Karnataka (modern Halebidu). Pair 3: Girinagar is the ancient name for Junagadh, a city located in Gujarat. Pair 4: Sthanesvara, also known as Thanesar, was the capital of the Pushyabhuti dynasty, including Harshavardhana's kingdom before he moved his capital to Kannauj. Thanesar is located in the present-day state of Haryana.

  5. Who among the following called themselves ‘Brahma-Kshatriay’ ?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2009

    1. Palas
    2. Senas
    3. Pratiharas
    4. Chahamanas
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Senas

    The Sena dynasty ruled Bengal after the Palas (11th-12th centuries CE). The Senas claimed descent from Brahmins who took up the duties of Kshatriyas, thereby calling themselves 'Brahma- Kshatriya'.

  6. Kumaradevi, a queen of Govinda Chandra Gahadavala, constructed Dharma-Chakra- JinaVihara at

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2007

    1. Bodha Gaya
    2. Rajgrih
    3. Kushinagar
    4. Sarnath
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Sarnath

    Sarnath is a highly significant Buddhist site, where Buddha gave his first sermon (Dharma-Chakra- Pravartana). The construction of a Vihara there by a queen from a prominent north Indian dynasty highlights the continued presence and patronage of Buddhism in the region during the 12th century.

  7. Mahodaya in an old name of :

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2012

    1. Allahabad
    2. Khajuraho
    3. Kannauj
    4. Patna
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Kannauj

    Kannauj, an ancient city in Uttar Pradesh, was historically known by the name Mahodaya or Mahodayapuram. It was a significant political and cultural center, especially during the post-Gupta period and the reign of Harshavardhana.