Plant: Economic Importance: notes and MCQs for State PSC prelims

Plant: Economic Importance is part of Biology. Below are notes on 15 sub-topics, followed by practice MCQs from State PSC and UPSC papers.

Aromatic Plants and Essential Oils

Vetiver (Khus) dry aromatic roots are used for making mats, curtains, and fads.
Vetiver is propagated by clump division.
Lemongrass essential oil is used as a natural mosquito repellent.
Rosa damascena (Damask rose) essential oil yield is extremely low, typically 0.01% to 0.05%.

Beverage Crops (Tea, Coffee, Cocoa)

Tea (Camellia sinensis):

Family: Theaceae.
Primary alkaloid: Caffeine.
Processed from young leaves and leaf buds.

Coffee (Coffea spp.):

Family: Rubiaceae.
Primary alkaloid: Caffeine.
Main species: Coffea arabica (Arabica), Coffea robusta (Robusta), Coffea liberica (Liberica).
Liberica excelsa (also known as Coffea excelsa) is a variety of Coffea liberica.
Processed from roasted seeds (beans).

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao):

Family: Malvaceae.
Primary alkaloid: Theobromine, with a small amount of caffeine.
Processed from fermented, dried, roasted, and ground seeds.

Biofuel and Energy Crops

Biofuels: Fuels derived from biomass (recently living organisms or metabolic byproducts).
Energy Crops / Petro Crops: Plants cultivated specifically for biofuel production, characterized by being rich in hydrocarbons and lipids.
Jatropha curcas: A prominent plant species and a major source for biodiesel production.
Pongamia pinnata (Karanja): A leguminous plant and a known petro-plant used for biodiesel.
Aak (Calotropis spp.): An example of a petroplant.
Maize (Corn): A versatile energy crop used for:

Starch production.
Oil extraction (feedstock for biodiesel).
Production of alcoholic beverages (e.g., ethanol).

Mustard: Oil from mustard seeds can be used for biodiesel.
2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid): Recognized as the first synthetic herbicide.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt): A bacterium widely used as a biological insecticide.

Cereal and Millet Crops

Cereals: Major cereal crops include Wheat, Rice, Barley, and Maize.
Rice (Oryza sativa):

Origin: South-East Asia.
Improved varieties: Jaya, Ratna, Padma, Krishna.
'Jaya' and 'Ratna' were instrumental in India's Green Revolution.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum):

Variety: Sharbati Sonora.
Hybrid varieties developed by Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya (IGKV), Raipur: Kanishka, Ratan, Indira Sona. (Arpa is not an IGKV Raipur hybrid variety).
Gene bank in India: Located at Karnal.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare):

Variety: NABI MG.

Maize (Zea mays):

Flint corn, commonly cultivated in India, is botanically known as Zea Mays Indurata.

Kuttu (Buckwheat): Flour obtained from Fagopyrum, which is a pseudocereal, not a true cereal.
Mustard: Not a cereal; it is an oilseed crop.
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR): Situated in New Delhi.
Correct order of agricultural practices: Soil preparation → Sowing → Irrigation → Harvesting.

Dyes and Tannins

Dyes: Natural pigments derived from plant parts like flowers, leaves, bark, roots, or fruits.
Butea monosperma: Commonly known as "Flame of the Forest." Its vibrant orange-red flowers are a source of dye.
Tannins: Astringent, bitter polyphenolic compounds widely present in plants, often concentrated in bark, leaves, and fruits.
Tannins uses: Primarily used in leather tanning, ink production, and as an astringent in medicine.
Quinine: Obtained from the bark of the Cinchona tree.
Cinnamon: Derived from the inner bark of the Cinnamomum verum tree.
Bhang: Prepared from the leaves and flowering tops of the Cannabis sativa plant.

Fibre-Yielding Plants (Cotton, Jute, Flax)

Plant Fibres:

Cotton: Obtained from epidermal outgrowths of the seed coat. Botanical name: Gossypium.
Cotton Hybrid Breeds: Virnar, Varalakshmi.
Jute: A bast fibre obtained from the stem of Corchorus species.
Jute Fibre Extraction: Retting is the process used to separate jute fibres from the stem, involving microbial decomposition.
Flax: A bast fibre obtained from the stem of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum).
Linen: Textile fibre produced from flax plant fibres.
Coir: Obtained from the husk (fruit wall) of the coconut plant (Cocos nucifera).
Sun Hemp: A bast fibre obtained from the stem.
Kapok: Fibres obtained from the inner wall of the fruit capsule/seed pod.
Bast Fibres: Botanically, these are phloem fibres of plants.
Tapa Cloth: Obtained from plants of the Moraceae family (e.g., paper mulberry).
Paper Manufacturing: Fibrous plants are a key raw material for the paper manufacturing industry.

Animal Fibres:

Silk: Produced by silkworms (larvae of moths). Rearing of silkworms for raw silk is called Sericulture.
Mulberry Silk: Produced by Bombyx mori silkworm, which feeds on mulberry leaves.
Tasar Silk: Produced by Antheraea mylitta.
Eri Silk: Produced by Philosomia ricini.
Muga Silk: Produced by Antheraea assamensis.
Silk Secretion: Silk is secreted by the larva stage to form a cocoon.
Silk Protein: Sericin protein gives silk fibre its lustrous, shiny appearance.
Reeling: Process of extracting silk from cocoons.
Wool:

Angora Wool: Extracted from Angora rabbit.
Mohair: Obtained from Angora goat.
Pashmina: Obtained from Cashmere goat.
Shearing: Process of removing wool from an animal's body.
Scouring: Washing raw, sheared wool to remove grease, dirt, and dust.

Down: Soft feathers from the undercoating of ducks and geese.

Synthetic Fibres:

Nylon: A synthetic fibre known for very high breaking strength and high abrasion resistance, useful in fishing nets.

Related Terms & Processes:

Apiculture: Rearing of honey bees.
Pisciculture: Rearing of fish.
Horticulture: Cultivation of flowers, fruits, and vegetables.
Moulting: Process of shedding an outer layer (e.g., skin, feathers, exoskeleton).
Beneficial Insects: Bombyx mori (silkworm), Apis mellifera (honey bee), Laccifer lacca (lac insect).
Pest: Helicoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm) is a pest, not a beneficial insect.

Forage and Fodder Crops

Forage & Fodder Crops: Plants cultivated specifically to feed livestock (e.g., grasses, legumes).
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata): A versatile leguminous crop grown for multiple purposes: as a vegetable, as fodder, and for green manuring (due to its nitrogen-fixing ability).
Apiculture (Beekeeping): Most successful in regions with high floral biodiversity, which ensures a continuous and varied supply of nectar and pollen for honeybees.
Livestock Breeds (Economic Importance):

Sheep: Magra (also known as Bikaneri, Bikaneri Chokhla, Chakri) is a prominent breed of sheep.
Cattle: Malvi, Rathii, and Kankrej are recognized Indian cattle breeds. Bagri is not a breed of cattle.

Bamboo Flowering: Gregarious flowering of bamboo is associated with subsequent famines. The massive seed fall attracts and sustains a dramatic increase in the rat population, which then consumes stored grains and crops, leading to food scarcity.

Latex, Gums, and Resins

Natural Rubber: Derived from latex.
Main source of natural rubber: Hevea brasiliensis (Rubber tree).
Oleo-resins: Example is Canada balsam.
Oleo-gum-resins: Example is Asafoetida (Hing).
Asafoetida source: Obtained from roots of Ferula species (plants/trees).
Lac: A resinous secretion produced by lac insects.
Trees useful for Lac-culture (host trees): Palas and Ber trees.
Cocaine: An alkaloid, not a hard resin.
Asafoetida: An oleo-gum-resin, not an alkaloid.

Medicinal Plants and their Pharmacological Uses

Quinine, an antimalarial drug, is obtained from the bark of the Cinchona tree (Yellow Cinchona).
Iodine is obtained from seaweeds, specifically brown algae like Laminaria.
Colchicine alkaloid is obtained from Glory lily (or Colchicum autumnale).
Taxol, an anticancer drug, is isolated from the Yew tree (e.g., Pacific Yew, Himalayan Yew).
Rotenone, obtained from Derris elliptica, was traditionally used to paralyze fish.
Isabgol, used for stomach disorders, is obtained from Plantago ovata.
Turmeric is believed to boost the production of red blood cells and promote overall blood health.
L-DoPa, a drug for Parkinson's disease, is obtained from Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens).
Penicillin is an antibiotic obtained from Penicillium fungi.
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is used for nervous weakness.
Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina) is used to treat high blood pressure (due to Reserpine).
Nela usiri (Phyllanthus niruri) is used for jaundice/liver disorders.
Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) is known to improve memory.
Opium is obtained from the unripe fruit (capsule) of the poppy plant (Papaver somniferum).
Hing (Asafoetida) is an oleo-gum-resin obtained from the root of Ferula assa-foetida.
Rubber is obtained as latex from the stem bark of the rubber tree.
Heroin, Morphine, and Noscapine are alkaloids obtained from the Opium poppy.
Pyrethrin (Pyrethrum), used in mosquito coils and as a repellent/insecticide, is obtained from the seed plant Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium.
Arteether and Artemisinin, antimalarial drugs, are obtained from the seed plant Artemisia annua.
Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) is a source of biopesticides, anti-fertility compounds (from neem oil/cake), and biofertilizers (neem cake). Neem oil also has pharmaceutical applications.
Algin is produced by brown algae.
Agar-agar is produced from red algae like Gracilaria and Gelidium.
Chlorella (alga) is used as space food.
Mannitol is a food reserve in brown algae. Floridean starch is a food reserve in red algae.
Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) has medicinal values due to the presence of phenols and flavonoids.
Salicylic acid, a precursor to aspirin (Acetyl salicylic acid), was originally derived from the bark of the Willow plant (Salix species).

Oil-Yielding Plants (Edible and Industrial)

Canola oil: Special mustard variety oil bred for human consumption; characterized by very low Erucic acid content.
Edible oils: Sesame oil, Ricebran oil, Palm oil.
Non-edible oil (industrial use): Castor oil.
Mohua oil-cake: Contains 2-4% Saponin (mowrin).

Pulses and Legumes

Pulses are edible seeds of leguminous plants.
Leguminous plants belong to the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family.
Key characteristic: Ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen through root nodules containing symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria.
RMG-62 is a variety of Moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia).

Spices and Condiments

Clove: Obtained from the dried flower bud of the plant.
Saffron: Obtained from the stigma and style of the flower.
Turmeric: Obtained from the rhizome, which is an underground stem.
Asafoetida: Obtained from the dried latex exudation from the tap roots of the plant.
X-235: A variety suitable for the extraction of capsiciene (from chili).

Sugar-Yielding Plants (Sugarcane, Sugar Beet)

Sugarcane: Major cash crop; primary sugar yielded is sucrose.
Sugar Beet: Important source of sucrose (table sugar).
Honey: Natural sweetener, mainly composed of glucose and fructose.
Cotton: Plant fiber, primarily cellulose.
Milk: Contains lactose (milk sugar).

Timber and Wood Products

Palash (Butea monosperma) is known as 'Flame of the Forest'.
Himalayan Birch (Betula utilis) yields Bhojpatra.

Vegetable and Fruit Crops

Mariculture is a specialized branch of Aquaculture, involving cultivation of marine plants and animals, often in water bodies with tidal influences.
Vegetables derived from wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea) include Broccoli, Cauliflower, and Kohlrabi. Spinach is not derived from wild cabbage.
Flowers are increasingly valued for human consumption due to natural antioxidants, reactive oxygen radical scavenging activity, richness in anthocyanins, and as a source of vitamins and minerals. Their role in pollination is not a value for human consumption.
Among Cashew, Papaya, and Red Sanders, only Red Sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus) is native to India. Cashew (Brazil) and Papaya (Mesoamerica) are not native.
In plants and their edible parts: Ginger is Rhizome, Onion is Fleshy Leaves, Coconut is Endosperm. Potato's edible part is a Tuber (modified stem), not Roots.
Onion is cultivated by transplanting seedlings. Maize, Sorghum, and Soyabean are typically directly sown.
Buffaloes contribute the maximum to total milk production in India.
The recommended acid percentage in jam is
"Flaming Sunset" is a variety of Chrysanthemum.
During pond dyke construction, a minimum free board of 0.3 m is required for small ponds and 0.5 m for large ponds.
Monk structure and Sluice gate are integral parts of a pond dyke for water management.
Gill net is commonly used fishing gear in deep waters of inland reservoirs.
A medium reservoir is typically classified as having an area between > 1000 to 5000 hectares.
Small reservoirs are biologically more productive per unit area.
Ready-to-serve fish products are packed in Retort Pouches. These pouches are commonly formed of Polyester / Aluminium / Cast Polypropylene, where the Aluminium layer makes the product invisible. Examples include Rohu & Prawn curry and fish sausage.
The Central Institute of Fisheries Technology (CIFT) has developed surgical sutures from fish gut collagen in India.
For a shelf life of one year for frozen shrimp or lean fish, the recommended storage temperature is -24°C.
During live fish transportation, seed mortality mainly occurs due to Asphyxiation (lack of oxygen).
Sauerkraut is generally prepared from Cabbage.
Agaricus bisporus is a common edible mushroom, thus a foodstuff.
The botanical name of cherry tomato is Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiformae.
The edible portion of the coconut is the endosperm (both liquid and solid).
Ethylene and Acetylene are the gases commonly used for artificial ripening of fruits.
"Kashi Lalima" is a variety of Carrot.
"Pusa Seedless" is a well-known variety of Grape.

23. Diseases and Treatment

Practice MCQs: Plant: Economic Importance

Aromatic Plants and Essential Oils

The dry aromatic roots of which of the following crops are used to make mats, curtains and fads etc. ? (1) Mint (2) Vetiver (3) Palmarosa grass (4) Patchouli
1. 1 & 3
2. 2 only
3. 3 only
4. 2 & 4
Show answer
Answer: B. 2 only
What is the term for the formation of new individuals from vegetative parts in plants?
Asked in: lower devision clerk 2025
1. Parthenogenesis
2. Vegetative propagation
3. Binary fission
4. Sporulation
Show answer
Answer: B. Vegetative propagation
Vegetative propagation is the formation of new individuals from the vegetative parts (roots, stems, leaves) of plants, representing asexual reproduction.
The practice of gootee in plants is used for the purpose of - (a) Control of insects (b) For vegetative propagation (c) Germination of seeds (d) Weed control
Asked in: RO ARO pre 2021 · TSPSC Group 1 Prelims 2022
1. Control of insects
2. For vegetative propagation
3. Germination of seeds
4. Weed control
Show answer
Answer: B. For vegetative propagation
Gootee is a horticultural technique used to induce root formation on a stem while it is still attached to the parent plant. This allows for the propagation of a new plant from a cutting that has a higher chance of survival due to the continuous supply of nutrients and water from the mother plant. Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides), also known as Khus, is a perennial grass whose roots are well-known for their strong, pleasant aroma and fibrous nature. The dried roots are traditionally woven into mats, curtains (often hung in doorways and sprayed with water to cool the air), fans, and cooling pads (fads or tatties) for evaporative coolers. The aroma is released when moistened, providing a cooling and fragrant effect.
Which one of the following is used in preparing a natural mosquito repellent?
Asked in: UPSC IAS 2021
1. Congress grass
2. Elephant grass
3. Lemongrass
4. Nut grass
Show answer
Answer: C. Lemongrass
Lemongrass contains citronella oil, a well-established natural insect repellent.
Propagation method of vetiver is –
Asked in: Agri. Officer 2020
1. Clump
2. Budding
3. Grafting
4. Corm
Show answer
Answer: A. Clump
Propagation methods are crucial for successful cultivation and commercial production of many plants, especially for those used for their roots, oils, or other specific parts. Clump division is a common method for perennial grasses and certain other herbaceous plants.
The oil present in Rosa damascena is
Asked in: Food Safety Officer 2022
1. 0.5%
2. 0.1%
3. 0.01%
4. 0.05%
Show answer
Answer: D. 0.05%
The oil content in Rosa damascena is typically

Beverage Crops (Tea, Coffee, Cocoa)

The alkaloid caffeine is present in
Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2016
1. Tea only
2. Coffee only
3. Tea and coffee both
4. Lemon water
Show answer
Answer: C. Tea and coffee both
Caffeine is a natural component of both coffee and tea plants.
Liberica excelsa, which was seen in the news, belongs to which species?
Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 4 2023
1. Tea
2. Coffee
3. Rice
4. Wheat
Show answer
Answer: B. Coffee
It is considered a variant of the Liberica species of coffee plants (Coffea liberica) and is noted for its robust growth and distinct flavour profile.

Biofuel and Energy Crops

First herbicide produced in the world is :
Asked in: JPSC CS Prelims 2021
1. 2, 4-D
2. 2, 4, 5-T
3. Pendimethalin
4. Semazin
Show answer
Answer: A. 2, 4-D
2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) is widely considered the first synthetic herbicide to be produced and used on a large scale. It was developed during the 1940s.
Bacillus thuringiensis is used as :
Asked in: UKPSC CS Prelims 2012
1. Biofertilizer
2. Biological insecticide
3. Chemical fertilizer
4. Chemical insecticide
Show answer
Answer: B. Biological insecticide
Different strains of Bt produce different toxins that target specific groups of insects, such as lepidopterans (moths and butterflies), dipterans (flies and mosquitoes), and coleopterans (beetles). The toxins are also used in genetically modified crops (Bt crops) to make them resistant to insect pests.
Consider the following statements: 1. Maize can be used for the production of starch. 2. Oil extracted from maize can be a feedstock for biodiesel. 3. Alcoholic beverages can be produced by using maize. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Asked in: UPSC IAS 2014
1. 1 only
2. 1 and 2 only
3. 2 and 3 only
4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: D. 1, 2 and 3
Maize can be used for the production of starch: Corn starch is a major product derived from maize and is used in food processing, paper manufacturing, textiles, and adhesives. 2. Oil extracted from maize can be a feedstock for biodiesel: Corn oil is extracted from the germ of the maize kernel and is used as cooking oil and in various industrial applications, including as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. 3. Alcoholic beverages can be produced by using maize: Maize is fermented to produce ethanol, which is used in alcoholic beverages (like Bourbon whiskey) and as a biofuel. 10. Which of the following leguminous plant is also a petro-plant?
Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2010
1. Pigeon-pea
2. Pea
3. Gram
4. Pongam
Show answer
Answer: D. Pongam
Petro-plants are plants that produce high amounts of hydrocarbons or oils that can potentially be used as biofuels or sources of petrochemicals. Leguminous plants are characterized by their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic bacteria in root nodules. Pongam (Pongamia pinnata), also known as Karanj, is a leguminous tree native to India. Its seeds are rich in oil (up to 40% by weight), which can be processed into biodiesel, making it a promising petro-plant.
Which of the following is/are a petro plant ?
Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2008
1. Jatropha
2. Pongamia
3. Aak
4. All the above
Show answer
Answer: D. All the above
Petro plants, or hydrocarbon plants, are plants that naturally produce significant amounts of hydrocarbons or other energy-rich compounds that can be used as fuels or chemical feedstocks.
The plants which are popularly known as "petro crops" are rich in 1. Carbohydrates 2. Hydrocarbons 3. Proteins 4. Lipids Choose your answer from given codes : Codes :
Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2009
1. I. 2 and 3
2. 2 and 4
3. 1,3 and 4
4. 2, 3 and 4
Show answer
Answer: B. 2 and 4
"Petro crops" are plants that produce hydrocarbons or significant amounts of lipids (oils) that can be converted into liquid fuels or chemicals, similar to petroleum products. The term reflects their potential to serve as renewable alternatives to fossil fuels. Plants like Euphorbia species are known to produce hydrocarbon-rich latex, while oilseed crops like Jatropha are rich in lipids (triglycerides) that can be processed into biodiesel.

Cereal and Millet Crops

Which of the following is not a hybrid variety of wheat developed by the Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur ?
Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2024
1. Kanishka
2. Ratan
3. Indira Sona
4. Arpa
Show answer
Answer: C. Indira Sona
IGKV Raipur is a leading agricultural university in Chhattisgarh, primarily known for developing varieties of paddy and other crops suitable for the state's agro-climatic conditions. They have also developed some wheat varieties.
'Jaya' and 'Ratna', developed for green revolution in India are the varieties of
Asked in: PPSC CS Prelims 2015
1. Rice
2. Wheat
3. Bajra
4. Pulses
Show answer
Answer: A. Rice
- The Green Revolution in India, starting in the 1960s, focused on developing and adopting high- yielding varieties (HYVs) of wheat and rice, along with improved agricultural practices (irrigation, fertilizers, pesticides). - 'Jaya' and 'Ratna' were among the early successful HYVs of rice developed in India, contributing significantly to the increase in rice production. - 'Jaya' was derived from a cross involving the famous IR8 variety (developed at the International Rice Research Institute, IRRI, Philippines) and a local Indian variety T-141. It was released in 1968. - 'Ratna' was another significant early Indian HYV rice, released later.
“NABI MG” is -
Asked in: RPSC RAS Prelims 2021
1. A variety of Maize
2. A variety of Barley
3. A variety of Millet
4. A variety of Wheat
Show answer
Answer: C. A variety of Millet
NABI is a premier institute focusing on agricultural biotechnology research. "NABI MG" refers to a pearl millet variety developed or associated with the institute.
"Kuttu" flour is obtained from
Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2010
1. Tapioca
2. Fagopyrum
3. Plantago
4. Eleusine
Show answer
Answer: B. Fagopyrum
Despite its name, buckwheat is not a type of wheat and is not a cereal grain (member of the grass family Poaceae). It is a pseudocereal belonging to the Polygonaceae family.
Rice originated in
Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2015
1. Europe
2. South-East Asia
3. South America
4. None of the above
Show answer
Answer: B. South-East Asia
- Domestication of wild rice is believed to have occurred independently in different regions, leading to the two main subspecies: Japonica and Indica. - South-East Asia and parts of East Asia are considered primary centers of origin and domestication for Oryza sativa. - Archaeological and genetic studies support the origin in this region.
“National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources is situated at
Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2013
1. New Delhi
2. Kolkata
3. Mumbai
4. Chennai
Show answer
Answer: A. New Delhi
The headquarters of the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) is located in Pusa, New Delhi.

Dyes and Tannins

Which one is known as "Flame of the Forest" is:
Asked in: RPSC RAS Prelims 2010
1. Butea monosperma
2. Bauhinia variegata
3. Jacaranda mimosifolia
4. Tectona grandis
Show answer
Answer: A. Butea monosperma
Butea monosperma is widely known as the Palash tree in India. Its spectacular bright orange-red flowers that bloom in clusters during late winter or early spring give the appearance of flames, hence the common name "Flame of the Forest".
Which is not obtained from the bark of the tree?
Asked in: APPSC Draughtman 2008
1. Quinine
2. tannin
3. Bhang
4. Cinnamon
Show answer
Answer: C. Bhang
Bhang is derived from the leaves and flowers of the cannabis plant, unlike Quinine, tannin, and Cinnamon which are sourced from tree bark.

Fibre-Yielding Plants (Cotton, Jute, Flax)

Match List-I with List-II : List-I List-II (Cloth) (Origin) a. Linen 1. Coconut plant b. Coir 2. Flax plant c. Mohair 3. Feathers of duck and geese d. Down 4. Angora goat Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 69th
1. a-1, b-3, c-2, d-4
2. a-3, b-2, c-1, d-2
3. a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3
4. a-4, b-1, c-3, d-2
Show answer
Answer: C. a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3
Matching the types of cloth/fiber with their origin: a. Linen is a textile made from the fibers of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum). This matches 2. Flax plant. b. Coir is a natural fiber extracted from the husk of coconut (Cocos nucifera). This matches 1. Coconut plant. c. Mohair is a fabric or yarn made from the fleece of the Angora goat. This matches 4. Angora goat. d. Down is a layer of fine feathers found underneath the tougher exterior feathers of ducks, geese, and other waterfowl. It is used for insulation in items like jackets and bedding. This matches 3. Feathers of duck and geese. Thus, the correct match is a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3.
Which one of the following proteins gives lustrous shiny appearance to silk fibre?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2017
1. Fibrin
2. Sericin
3. Collagen
4. Nectin
Show answer
Answer: B. Sericin
- Silk is composed mainly of fibroin (core filament) and sericin (gum coating). - Sericin is removed (degumming) to produce shiny, lustrous silk. - Fibroin is scientifically responsible for the inherent lustre of the degummed silk fiber. - Among the given options, Sericin is a protein present in silk fiber. Fibrin, Collagen, and Nectin are not directly involved in silk production.
Angora wool is extracted from which of the following animals?
Asked in: JPSC CS Prelims 2024
1. Sheep
2. Goat
3. Rabbit
4. Fox
Show answer
Answer: C. Rabbit
Angora wool is known for its softness, fineness, and fluffy texture. It is one of the most expensive natural fibers because Angora rabbits are shed or plucked, not sheared like sheep, making collection more labour-intensive.
Botanically fibre plants gives bast fibres.
Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2013
1. Phloem
2. Xylem
3. Roots
4. Leaves
Show answer
Answer: A. Phloem
These are actually which of the following parts of the plants ? - Bast fibres are derived from the phloem tissue of plants. - Phloem is one of the two main transport tissues in vascular plants, the other being xylem. - Phloem transports sugars and other organic nutrients from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
Which one of the following is useful in the paper manufacturing industry?
Asked in: UPSC NDA 2 2015
1. Fibrous plants
2. Orchids
3. Non-flowering plants
4. Plants growing in high altitude
Show answer
Answer: A. Fibrous plants
Paper production relies on extracting cellulose fibers from plant sources.
Tapa cloth is obtained from the plants of which one of the following family?
Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2021
1. Asclepiadaceae
2. Moraceae
3. Graminae
4. Malvaceae
Show answer
Answer: B. Moraceae
Common sources of bark for tapa cloth include the Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera), Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), and Fig (Ficus species), all of which are members of the Moraceae family. The bark is harvested, soaked, and beaten into flat sheets.

Forage and Fodder Crops

What for is a cowpea crop grown ?
Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2012
1. Vegetable
2. Fodder
3. Green manuring
4. All the above
Show answer
Answer: D. All the above
Cowpea is a multipurpose legume offering benefits for human consumption, animal feed, and soil health improvement.
Where is 'Apiculture' more successful ?
Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2012
1. Floral biodiversity is high
2. Honeybees are more
3. Cereal crops are more
4. None of these
Show answer
Answer: A. Floral biodiversity is high
- Apiculture depends on the availability of nectar and pollen. - Floral biodiversity provides a continuous and varied food source for bees. - Higher floral diversity supports healthier and more productive bee colonies.
Magra, formerly known as Bikaneri; also known as Bikaneri Chokhla and Chakri is a breed of : - Question not attempted
Asked in: Deputy Jailor 2024
1. Sheep
2. Goat
3. Cow
4. Buffalo
Show answer
Answer: A. Sheep
Magra is a breed of sheep. It is a native breed of Rajasthan, India.
Which of the following is not a breed of cattle?
Asked in: Sr. Teacher Gr II Comp. Exam 2
1. Malvi
2. Rathii
3. Kankrej
4. Bagri
Show answer
Answer: D. Bagri
Bagri is not a breed of cattle.
Bamboo flowering is known to be associated with a subsequent famine. Which of the following is caused by bamboo flowering?
Asked in: Extension officer (EO) 2019
1. Rainfall decreases
2. Pest and insects increase
3. Land becomes infertile
4. Population of rats increases
Show answer
Answer: D. Population of rats increases
Bamboo flowering events have ecological consequences that can impact human populations, primarily through the increase in rodent populations.

Latex, Gums, and Resins

Which trees are useful for Lac-culture ?
Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2012
1. Palas trees
2. Ber trees
3. 1 and 2
4. None of these
Show answer
Answer: C. 1 and 2
Lac is a natural resin secreted by the lac insect (Kerria lacca). The insects are reared on specific host trees from which the lac resin is harvested. Major host trees include Kusum (Schleichera oleosa), Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana), and Palas (Butea monosperma).
Which of the following is/are correctly matched? I. Hard resin - Cocaine II. Oleo resin - Canada balsam III. Latex - Rubber IV. Alkaloid - Asafoetida
Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2014
1. I only
2. II and III
3. III only
4. I and IV
Show answer
Answer: B. II and III
- II. Oleo resin - Canada balsam: Canada balsam is indeed an oleoresin derived from the balsam fir tree (Abies balsamea). - III. Latex - Rubber: Natural rubber is produced from latex, a milky sap found in rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis). - I. Hard resin - Cocaine: Cocaine is an alkaloid extracted from the coca plant (Erythroxylum coca), not a hard resin. - IV. Alkaloid - Asafoetida: Asafoetida is an oleo- gum-resin obtained from the roots of Ferula species, not primarily an alkaloid.
Which of the following substances is obtained from a tree?
Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2020
1. Asafoetida
2. Bitumen
3. Tincal
4. None of the above
Show answer
Answer: A. Asafoetida
- Asafoetida is a resin obtained from Ferula plants (large herbaceous perennials/shrubs). - Bitumen is a petroleum product. - Tincal is a mineral. - Asafoetida is the only substance of plant origin among the choices.
The main source of natural rubber from the tree know as?
Asked in: APPSC Gazated Posts 2012
1. Haveabrasiliensis
2. IPC Cacuanha
3. NUX-Vomica
4. Tell-Cherry
Show answer
Answer: A. Haveabrasiliensis
Natural rubber is primarily obtained from the latex produced by the rubber tree, whose scientific name is Hevea brasiliensis. This species is native to the Amazon basin.

Medicinal Plants and their Pharmacological Uses

Antimalarial drug quinine is obtained from which plant source?
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2023
1. Thorn apple
2. Wild yams
3. Velvet bean
4. Cinchona tree
Show answer
Answer: D. Cinchona tree
Quinine is an alkaloid known for its antimalarial properties and is historically derived from the bark of the Cinchona tree (genus Cinchona), native to the Andes mountains of South America.
Iodine is obtained from :
Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2010
1. Gracilaria
2. Laminaria
3. Oedogonium
4. Spirogyra
Show answer
Answer: B. Laminaria
Laminaria is a genus of brown algae (kelp) found in cold waters. Seaweed, particularly brown algae like Laminaria, is a well-known natural source of iodine. These algae absorb iodine from seawater and concentrate it in their tissues.
Colchicine alkaloid is obtained from _________.
Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2017
1. Opium
2. Pyrethrum
3. Glory lily
4. Sarpagandha
Show answer
Answer: C. Glory lily
Colchicine is a toxic alkaloid used as a medication for gout and familial Mediterranean fever. It is primarily obtained from plants of the genus Colchicum (such as autumn crocus) and Gloriosa superba, commonly known as Glory lily or flame lily.
List of the species useful for the treatment of diseases : (a) Willow plant (b) Yew tree (c) Dog fish (d) Wine (Ancistrocladus korupensis) (e) Frog (Epidobates tricolor) Which species is/are used for the isolation of 'taxol' which is used for the treatment of cancer ?
Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2013
1. (a)
2. (b)
3. (c) and (e)
4. (d)
Show answer
Answer: B. (b)
Taxol, also known as Paclitaxel, is a well-known chemotherapy drug used in cancer treatment. Its original source identified was the Pacific yew tree (Taxus brevifolia). Other species of the Taxus genus (yew trees) are also sources of this compound.
List of bioactive compounds obtained from plants : (a) Nicotine - from tobacco plant (b) Nibidinc - from neem plant (c) Rotenone - from derris elliptica (d) Pyrethrum - from chrysanthemum cincrariefolium The bioactive compound extracted from plant was used by primitive people for paralysing the fish. Which of the above options was resorted to by them ?
Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2013
1. (a)
2. (b)
3. (c)
4. (d)
Show answer
Answer: C. (c)
Rotenone, derived from plants like Derris elliptica, is a natural piscicide traditionally used by indigenous people to stun or paralyse fish.
Plants have been used as healers and health rejuvenators since times immemorial. More than half the drugs under clinical use owe their origin to plants. The Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants lists 3000 plants. Which part of the plants is used most for medicinal properties ?
Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2015
1. Roots
2. Bark
3. Leaves
4. Seeds
Show answer
Answer: C. Leaves
Leaves are a highly diverse and often easily accessible part of plants, frequently used for their medicinal compounds.

Oil-Yielding Plants (Edible and Industrial)

Canola refers to special type of oil seed mustard varieties bred for human consumption. The main characteristic of these varieties is that the
Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2000
1. seeds have very high oil content
2. oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids
3. oil has long shelf life
4. oil has very low Erucic acid content
Show answer
Answer: D. oil has very low Erucic acid content
Canola refers to specific varieties of rapeseed (Brassica species) that were developed through traditional breeding to produce oil with significantly lower levels of erucic acid and glucosinolates compared to traditional rapeseed oil. Erucic acid is a fatty acid that was found to have adverse health effects in animal studies. The name "Canola" stands for "Canadian Oil, Low Acid". This low erucic acid content is the defining characteristic that makes canola oil suitable for human consumption on a large scale.
Which one of the following is not consumed as an edible oil?
Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 4 2022
1. Sesame oil
2. Ricebran oil
3. Palm oil
4. Castor oil
Show answer
Answer: D. Castor oil
- Sesame oil, rice bran oil, and palm oil are widely used as edible oils in various cuisines around the world. - Castor oil is known for its medicinal properties (primarily as a laxative) and industrial uses. - Castor beans contain ricin, a toxic substance, which is removed during processing to produce castor oil. However, the oil itself has a distinct composition (rich in ricinoleic acid) that makes it unsuitable for regular culinary use compared to other vegetable oils.
How much is the Saponin (mowrin) content in mohua oil-cake ? - Question not attempted
Asked in: Asst. Fisheries Development Officer 2024
1. 2 to 4%
2. 4 to 6%
3. 6 to 8%
4. 8 to 10%
Show answer
Answer: C. 6 to 8%
The Saponin (mowrin) content in mohua oil-cake is typically between 6% and 8%.

Pulses and Legumes

RMG-62 is a variety of which crop?
Asked in: Food Safety Officer 2022
1. Cowpea
2. Moth bean
3. Urd bean
4. Moong bean
Show answer
Answer: B. Moth bean
This question requires specific knowledge about crop varieties. Moth bean is an important pulse crop, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of India.
Which of the following is a leguminous plant?
Asked in: J.E (Electrical 2020) 2020
1. Potato
2. Lemon
3. Daruharidra
4. Pulses
Show answer
Answer: D. Pulses
Leguminous plants are significant for their role in nitrogen fixation, enriching soil fertility. Pulses are a direct product of these plants and are an important source of protein in diets.

Spices and Condiments

Clove, a spice, is obtained from which part of the plant?
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 66th
1. Fruit
2. Stem
3. Root
4. Flower bud
Show answer
Answer: D. Flower bud
Clove is the dried flower bud of the clove tree.
Saffron is obtained from ___________ of plant.
Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2019
1. Leaves
2. Stem
3. Anther and whole flower
4. Stigma and style
Show answer
Answer: D. Stigma and style
- The stigma is the part of the pistil (female reproductive organ of a flower) which receives the pollen. - The style is the stalk that connects the stigma to the ovary. - Each saffron crocus flower typically produces three stigmas, which, along with a short portion of their styles, are carefully harvested and dried to produce saffron spice.
Which one of the following spices is afloral bud ?
Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2011
1. Cumin
2. Clove
3. Pepper
4. Turmeric
Show answer
Answer: B. Clove
Clove is derived from the dried flower buds of the clove tree.
Which variety among the following is suitable for extraction of capsiciene ?
Asked in: Agri. Officer 2020
1. Aparna
2. Muslabadi
3. Pusa Jwala
4. X-235
Show answer
Answer: D. X-235
Different varieties of a crop species often possess distinct genetic makeup that influences their biochemical composition. Identifying varieties rich in specific compounds is important for industries that utilize these compounds for various applications.
The spice ‘clove’ is obtained from A) bud B) stem C) root D) fruit
Asked in: Assistant Engineer (Civil) 2018 19 2018
1. bud
2. stem
3. root
4. fruit
Show answer
Answer: A. bud
Many spices are derived from different parts of plants, including roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds. It is important to know the specific plant part from which a spice is obtained.
Asafoetida is obtained from
Asked in: RO ARO 2020
1. Exudation from the stem
2. Extraction from roots
3. Extraction from fruits
4. Extraction from leaves
Show answer
Answer: A. Exudation from the stem
Asafoetida is a resinous gum extracted from the roots of Ferula species.

Sugar-Yielding Plants (Sugarcane, Sugar Beet)

Sugarcane is one of the important cash crops in India. It is grown to obtain
Asked in: UPSC NDA 1 2017
1. Starch
2. Glucose
3. Fructose
4. Sucrose
Show answer
Answer: D. Sucrose
Sugarcane juice is rich in sucrose, which is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose. Sucrose is extracted and refined from sugarcane to produce table sugar. While sugarcane juice also contains small amounts of glucose and fructose, the main sugar produced is sucrose. Starch is a polysaccharide found in tubers and grains, not the main product from sugarcane.
Which of the following pair/s is/are correctly matched? (1) Beet - Sugar (2) Honey - Glucose and Fructose (3) Cotton - Cellulose (4) Milk - Lactose Select the correct answer using the code given below - Code -
Asked in: RO ARO pre 2021
1. Only (1), (2) and (3)
2. Only (2), (3) and (4)
3. Only (1), (2) and (4)
4. (1), (2), (3) and (4)
Show answer
Answer: D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)
All the listed pairings of natural products and their primary components/sources are correct.

Timber and Wood Products

Which of the following, is known as 'Flame of the Forest' ?
Asked in: Assistant Engineer (AE) Exam 2012
1. Rosewood
2. Champa
3. Palash
4. Semul
Show answer
Answer: C. Palash
The Palash tree is popularly referred to as the 'Flame of the Forest' due to its vibrant floral display.
Which of the following trees yield Bhojpatra ?
Asked in: Chief Fire Officer Exam 2021
1. Rhododendron
2. Himalayan Birch
3. Poplar
4. Oak
Show answer
Answer: B. Himalayan Birch
Bhojpatra is obtained from the bark of the Himalayan Birch tree.

Vegetable and Fruit Crops

What do you mean by Mariculture ?
Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2018
1. It is a specialized branch of Aquaculture
2. It involves cultivation of massive plants and animals
3. It is related to water bodies having tidal influ‐ ences
4. All of the above
Show answer
Answer: A. It is a specialized branch of Aquaculture
Mariculture is a specific type of aquaculture that involves the cultivation of marine organisms (fish, shellfish, algae, etc.) in the marine environment, such as in the open ocean, coastal waters, or in tanks filled with seawater.
Which of the following is not derived from wild cabbage ?
Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2018
1. Brocoli
2. Cauliflower
3. Kohrabi
4. Spinach
Show answer
Answer: D. Spinach
- Brocoli, Cauliflower, and Kohrabi are all cultivated varieties (cultivars) developed from the wild mustard plant, Brassica oleracea, through selective breeding. Other cultivars of Brassica oleracea include cabbage, kale, and Brussels sprouts. - Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) belongs to a different plant family, Amaranthaceae (formerly Chenopodiaceae), and is not derived from wild cabbage.
"Currently there is increased demand for fresh and good quality flowers for human consumption worldwide". The above statement is based on the following potential values of flowers. Which one is not appropriate with the context of above statement.
Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2020
1. Flowers are endowed with natural antioxidants and scavenging activity of reactive oxygen radic‐ als.
2. Flowers are rich source of Anthocyanins.
3. Flowers are attractive and help in pollination mechanism.
4. Flowers are important source of vitamins and minerals.
Show answer
Answer: C. Flowers are attractive and help in pollination mechanism.
- The question focuses on the value of flowers for human consumption. - Potential values related to consumption include nutritional content (vitamins, minerals), beneficial compounds (antioxidants, anthocyanins), or other health-related properties. - Ecological roles like pollination are not related to consumption value.
Consider the following : Cashew Papaya Red sanders How many of the above trees are actually native to India ?
Asked in: UPSC IAS 2024
1. Only one
2. Only two
3. All three
4. None
Show answer
Answer: A. Only one
- Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) is native to Brazil and was introduced to India by the Portuguese. - Papaya (Carica papaya) is native to tropical America (southern Mexico and Central America) and was later spread globally. - Red Sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus) is endemic to a specific geographical region in India, namely the Eastern Ghats mountain range in the southern part of the Indian peninsula.
In the following pairs of plants and their edible parts, which pair Is not correctly matched ?
Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2011
1. Ginger - Rhizome
2. Onion - Fleshy Leaves
3. Potato - Roots
4. Coconut - Endosperm
Show answer
Answer: C. Potato - Roots
A potato is a tuber, which is a modified stem, not a root.
Which one of the following is cultivated by transplanting seedlings?
Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 1997
1. Maize
2. Sorghum
3. Onion
4. Soyabean
Show answer
Answer: C. Onion
Transplanting involves growing seedlings in a nursery bed and then moving them to the main field for further growth. This method is used for certain crops to ensure better germination, initial growth control, and efficient use of space and time in the main field.

Aromatic Plants and Essential Oils

Beverage Crops (Tea, Coffee, Cocoa)

Biofuel and Energy Crops

Cereal and Millet Crops

Dyes and Tannins

Fibre-Yielding Plants (Cotton, Jute, Flax)

Forage and Fodder Crops

Latex, Gums, and Resins

Medicinal Plants and their Pharmacological Uses

Oil-Yielding Plants (Edible and Industrial)

Pulses and Legumes

Spices and Condiments

Sugar-Yielding Plants (Sugarcane, Sugar Beet)

Timber and Wood Products

Vegetable and Fruit Crops

23. Diseases and Treatment

Practice MCQs: Plant: Economic Importance

Aromatic Plants and Essential Oils

Beverage Crops (Tea, Coffee, Cocoa)

Biofuel and Energy Crops

Cereal and Millet Crops

Dyes and Tannins

Fibre-Yielding Plants (Cotton, Jute, Flax)

Forage and Fodder Crops

Latex, Gums, and Resins

Medicinal Plants and their Pharmacological Uses

Oil-Yielding Plants (Edible and Industrial)

Pulses and Legumes

Spices and Condiments

Sugar-Yielding Plants (Sugarcane, Sugar Beet)

Timber and Wood Products

Vegetable and Fruit Crops

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