Taxonomy is part of Biology. Below are notes on 11 sub-topics, followed by practice MCQs from State PSC and UPSC papers.

Chemotaxonomy and Cytotaxonomy

  • Chemotaxonomy: Classification based on chemical constituents (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, amino acids, pigments, secondary metabolites).
  • Chemoautotrophs: Organisms that synthesize organic compounds using energy derived from the oxidation of inorganic chemical compounds (electron donors), not light.
  • Chemoautotrophic energy source: Oxidation of inorganic electron donors such as hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), ammonia (NH₃), nitrites (NO₂⁻), ferrous iron (Fe²⁺), or hydrogen gas (H₂).
  • Carbon source for chemoautotrophs: Typically CO₂ (autotrophic).
  • Habitat for chemosynthetic bacteria: Common near deep-sea hydrothermal vents, where they oxidize H₂S.
  • Sulfolobus acidocaldarius: A thermoacidophilic archaeon that thrives in hot, acidic environments.
  • Litmus: A pH indicator dye obtained from lichens (e.g., Roccella, Dendrographa species).
  • Cytotaxonomy: Classification based on cytological characters, primarily chromosome number, size, morphology, banding patterns, and meiotic behavior.
  • Key aspects of Cytotaxonomy: Karyotype analysis, chromosome banding techniques (e.g., G-, C-, Q-banding), and studies of chromosome pairing during meiosis.

Concepts of Species and Other Taxa

  • A group of individual organisms with fundamental similarities is called a species.
  • A species is a natural biological unit tied together by the sharing of a common gene pool.
  • If two organisms breed to produce an infertile animal (e.g., horse and donkey producing a mule), they belong to different species.
  • Sibling species are closely related, morphologically similar sympatric populations but are reproductively isolated.
  • Human races are groups of people with more or less permanent distinguishing characteristics, identified and classified based on skin colour, stature, shape of head, face, nose, eye, and type of hair.
  • Kingdom Monera includes Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
  • Monera and Protista both consist only of unicellular organisms.
  • Kingdom Protista includes unicellular algae, diatoms, slime moulds, and protozoans.
  • Single-cell Eukaryotes are included in Protista.
  • Yeast belongs to the Kingdom Fungi.
  • Hyphae are thin threads formed by many fungi.
  • Rhizopus is a saprophyte.
  • Algae are predominantly aquatic, eukaryotic and photosynthetic microbes, unicellular/ multicellular, reproduce asexually/sexually, and perform oxygenic photosynthesis.
  • Spirogyra is a type of Algae.
  • Blue-Green Algae (BGA) are gram-negative photosynthetic cyanobacteria, have existed for about 3 billion years, and Spirulina is an edible form. Sargassum does not belong to BGA.
  • Bryophytes are commonly known as amphibians of the plant kingdom.
  • Pteridophyta includes Marsilea, Fern, and Horse-tail.
  • Gymnosperms are evergreen plants with woody stems having naked seeds.
  • 'Chilgoza' (Pinus gerardiana) is a Gymnosperm.
  • The most advanced order in Gymnosperms is Gnetales.
  • Historically, Thallophyta broadly included Algae and Fungi, while Tracheophyta includes all vascular plants.
  • Viruses, Viroids, and Lichens are generally not included in the five-kingdom system of classification.
  • Viruses are non-cellular organisms.
  • The phylum whose organisms are called sponges is Porifera.
  • Protochordata are marine, bilaterally symmetrical, have a coelom and a notochord, but never form a vertebral column.
  • Insects have jointed legs.
  • Insects contribute the maximum number of species to the biosphere.
  • Termites are social insects.
  • Oysters are harvested for pearls.
  • The largest quantity of cichlids in India is found in the Backwaters of Kerala.
  • Pethia Atra is a new fish species discovered recently in the Tunga River near Kudremukh National Park.
  • Katla is a surface food eater fish in water bodies.
  • Rohu is suitable for fish farming.
  • Sea horse is a true fish.
  • Whales, Bats, Dolphins, Porpoises, and Duck-billed platypus are mammals.
  • Tortoise is a reptile, not a mammal.
  • Great Indian Bustard, Eagle, Sparrow, and Pigeon are birds.
  • Kiwi is a flightless bird found only in New Zealand.
  • Greater adjutant is a stork.
  • Olive ridley is a type of turtle.
  • The Asiatic Cheetah is an example of an extinct species.
  • Spiders produce Gossamer silk.
  • The Benthos biotic community includes organisms like Starfish and Oysters.
  • The botanical name of opium is Papaver somniferum.
  • The scientific name of bread wheat is Triticum aestivum.
  • Cuscuta (Doder/Akashbel) is a parasitic plant.
  • Lichens are composite organisms made up of Fungi and Algae in a symbiotic association.
  • Litmus is obtained from Lichen.
  • Plants growing on rocks are called Shellodbhidd (Lithophytes).
  • All Chinese, American, and Black African people belong to the same species (Homo sapiens).
  • Kadaknath is a breed of Fowl.
  • Nali, Kheri, and Lohi are breeds of Sheep.
  • Correct animal breed matches include: Cow Deoni, Goat - Barbari, Buffalo - Bhadawari, Cow - Sindhi, Goat - Jamunapari.
  • Incorrect animal breed matches include: Sheep - Gir (Gir is a cattle breed), Sheep Tharparkar (Tharparkar is a cattle breed).
  • Symbiosis is a mutually beneficial association between organisms.
  • Hysterophyta is an odd one out among Fillicophyta, Lycophyta, and Psilophyta (which are plant divisions).
  • Among Elephant, Tiger, Leopard, Lion, the Elephant is the odd one out (based on diet/ family grouping).

Definition, Aims, and Scope of Taxonomy and Systematics

  • Taxonomy: Science of classifying organisms. Involves three main components: Identification, Nomenclature, and Classification.
  • Identification: Determining an organism's identity and assigning it to a known taxonomic group.
  • Nomenclature: Providing scientific names to organisms according to established rules (e.g., Binomial Nomenclature).
  • Classification: Arranging organisms into hierarchical groups (taxa) based on similarities and evolutionary relationships.
  • A.P. de Candolle: Coined the term "Taxonomy."
  • Carolus Linnaeus: "Father of Taxonomy/Systematics." Developed binomial nomenclature and hierarchical classification.
  • Systematics: Broader field than taxonomy, encompassing taxonomy plus the study of evolutionary relationships (phylogeny) among organisms. Focuses on the diversification of life and relationships through time.
  • Aims of Taxonomy & Systematics:
    • To identify and name all living organisms.
    • To provide a basis for classifying organisms into hierarchical groups.
    • To describe and document global biodiversity.
    • To establish evolutionary relationships (phylogeny) among organisms.
    • To provide a universal system for communication among biologists.
  • Scope of Taxonomy & Systematics: Encompasses all forms of life (microbes, plants, animals). Essential for biodiversity conservation, agriculture, medicine, ecology, and evolutionary studies.
  • Mycology: Scientific study of Fungi.
  • Ornithology: Scientific study of Birds.

History and Evolution of Taxonomic Thought

  • Panchanan Maheshwari popularized the use of embryological characters in taxonomy.
  • J.D. Watson is associated with Molecular Biology.
  • Louis Pasteur is associated with Microbiology.
  • Carl Linnaeus is associated with Taxonomy.
  • Charles Darwin is associated with Evolution.

Methods of Classification: Artificial, Natural, Phylogenetic Systems

  • Artificial System of Classification:
    • Basis: Superficial morphological characters (e.g., habit, color, number, shape of leaves).
    • Proponents: Carolus Linnaeus (sexual system, based on stamen and pistil characteristics).
    • Limitation: Ignores natural relationships, gives equal weight to vegetative & sexual characters.
  • Natural System of Classification:
    • Basis: Natural affinities among organisms, considering both external (morphology) and internal features (ultrastructure, anatomy, embryology, phytochemistry).
    • Proponents: George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker (for flowering plants).
    • Aim: To establish natural relationships between organisms.
  • Phylogenetic System of Classification:
    • Basis: Evolutionary relationships (phylogeny) among organisms.
    • Proponents: Engler and Prantl, Hutchinson, Takhtajan, Cronquist.
    • Aim: To classify organisms based on their common evolutionary descent.
    • Utilizes: Fossil records, genetic data, and other phylogenetic evidence.

Molecular Taxonomy and Phylogenetics (DNA Barcoding, Molecular Markers)

  • Molecular Taxonomy: Field classifying organisms and inferring evolutionary relationships using molecular data (DNA, RNA, proteins).
  • Phylogenetics: Study of evolutionary relationships among biological entities using molecular data to construct phylogenetic trees.
  • DNA Barcoding: A molecular method using a short, standardized gene sequence to identify species.
  • Standard Barcode Regions:
    • Animals: Mitochondrial Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI or COX1) gene.
    • Plants: Chloroplast genes rbcL and matK.
    • Fungi: Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA.
  • Applications of DNA Barcoding:
    • Distinguishing morphologically similar or cryptic species.
    • Identifying species from incomplete or processed samples (e.g., larvae, fragments).
    • Food authentication and detection of adulteration or contamination in processed foods.
    • Biodiversity assessment, monitoring, and discovery of new species.
    • Identification of invasive species and agricultural pests.
    • Wildlife forensics and monitoring illegal trade.
  • DNA Barcoding is not typically used to assess the age of a plant or animal.
  • Molecular Markers: Specific DNA sequences used as genetic tags for various purposes.
  • Types of Molecular Markers: RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, SSR (microsatellites), SNP.
  • Applications of Molecular Markers: Phylogenetics, population genetics, genetic diversity analysis, gene mapping, forensic science.

Principles and Rules of Biological Nomenclature (Binomial, ICBN, ICZN)

  • Binomial Nomenclature: A system of naming organisms using two parts (Genus and species epithet).
  • Binomial nomenclature was introduced by Carolus Linnaeus.
  • Rules for writing biological/scientific names (as per ICBN/ICZN principles):
    • Names are typically Latin and written in italics when typed, or underlined separately when handwritten.
    • The first word denotes the Genus, starting with a capital letter.
    • The second word denotes the species epithet, starting with a small letter.
    • Example: Panthera pardus (Leopard).
  • Scientific Names of Organisms:
    • Leopard: Panthera pardus
    • Tiger: Panthera tigris (Note: Panthera leo is Lion).
    • Banyan: Ficus benghalensis
    • Bombay Locust: Nomadacris succincta
    • Catfish (e.g., Wallago attu is a type of catfish).
    • Domestic Cat: Felis catus

Significance and Applications of Taxonomy (Biodiversity Assessment, Conservation)

  • Biodiversity Assessment & Species Identification:
    • Beetles have the maximum population/ species globally among reptiles, fishes, and birds.
    • India hosts over 18,000 types of fishes, contributing to global aquatic biodiversity.
    • Ganges river dolphin is designated as India's national aquatic animal.
  • Conservation:
    • Taxonomy aids in specific species conservation efforts, e.g., the first tagging of Ganges river dolphin in India was conducted in Assam (referencing the December 2024 context from the MCQ).
    • Traditional practices, such as the worship of 'चोमू’ देवता for `पशुधन` (livestock) conservation, demonstrate community-level biodiversity protection.
  • Applied Fields:
    • Forensics: Diatoms are crucial for diagnosing death by drowning, enabling forensic scientists to determine the water body involved.
    • Aquaculture:
      • Knowledge of taxonomic groups and their ecological niches is vital for successful composite fish culture (e.g., Catla, Rohu, Mrigal, Grass carp, Silver carp, Common carp).
      • MS-222 (Tricaine methanesulfonate) is a commonly approved anesthetic for fish sedation in aquaculture.
      • Critical factors for fish seed survival during transportation are stocking density and oxygen levels, requiring specific species management.
      • India ranks second globally in freshwater fish production, highlighting the economic significance of aquaculture based on taxonomic understanding.

Taxonomic

Characters

and

Evidence

(Morphological, Anatomical, Cytological,

Molecular)

  • Monotremes: Egg-laying mammals (e.g., Platypus, Echidna).
  • Mammals: Bat (flying), Sea cow, Sea lion (marine), Hedgehog, Kangaroo (viviparous). Kharai camel (Gujarat) swims up to 3km in seawater, grazes on mangroves, is domesticated. Smallest man-like ape: Gibbon. Dhole: Asiatic wild dog.
  • Birds (Aves): Warm-blooded. Examples: Indian Nightjar, Spoonbill, White Ibis, Ostrich, Peacock. Bat is a mammal, not a bird.
  • Reptiles: Cold-blooded, have scales, breathe through lungs (e.g., Snakes, Turtles, Crocodiles). Some snakes are viviparous. Tortoise is a reptile.
  • Amphibians: Cold-blooded, live both in air (outside water) and water (e.g., Frogs).
  • Fishes: Cold-blooded. True fish include Flying fish, Sea horse, Golden Mahseer. Not true fish: Silverfish (insect), Jellyfish (Cnidarian), Cuttlefish (Mollusc), Starfish (Echinoderm).
    • Bony fishes usually have a swim bladder. Cartilaginous fishes have internal fertilization.
    • Wallago attu: Freshwater shark.
    • Column feeder fishes: Labeo rohita, Catla catla.
    • Psammophils: Fishes depositing eggs on sand in running water.
    • Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) breeds in confined water; stomach not differentiated, intestine long and coiled.
    • Dragon Fish: Arowana.
    • Algae-cleaning aquarium fish: Hypostomus plecostomus.
    • Blue-green algae control in fish ponds: Simazine.
    • Predatory fish: Channa gachua.
    • Labeo calbasu: Has more than eleven undivided dorsal fin rays.
    • Ctenopharyngodon Idella (Grass carp): Has pharyngeal teeth formula 2, 5/4, 2.
    • Feather back fish (e.g., Notopterus): Laterally compressed deep body, small slender dorsal fin, long anal fin.
  • Insects: Have 6 legs. Examples: Silverfish, Grasshopper, Honeybee, Butterfly (e.g., Paintbrush swift), Dragonfly, Cricket, Termites, Wasps, Cicada, Froghopper, Pond skater, Beetles.
    • Grub: Larva of Beetles.
    • Pheromones: Chemical signals generally produced by insects.
    • Honeybees perform waggle dance to indicate food source; capable of telling odd/even numbers.
    • Parasitoid species: Found in Wasps and Flies.
    • Silkworm yields fibre (silk) at the Pupa stage.
    • Book Beetle (pupa/larva) and Termites create tunnels in books.
    • Gerris (water strider) is a predatory insect known as 'water spider'.
  • Arachnids: Have 8 legs. Examples: Mite, Scorpion, Spider. Spiders differ from insects by having 8 legs.
  • Mollusca: Oyster (bivalve) is a filter feeder. Holothuria (Sea cucumber) is Echinoderm, not Mollusca.
  • Cnidaria (Coelenterata): Radial symmetry. Examples: Hydra, Sea anemone, Jellyfish. Can establish symbiotic relationships (e.g., corals with algae).
  • Platyhelminthes (Flatworms): Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, acoelomate (no true body cavity). Examples: Planaria, Liverfluke.
  • Annelida (Segmented worms): Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, true coelom, metameric segmentation. Examples: Earthworm, Leech, Nereis.
    • Earthworm: Geophage ("Ploughers of the soil"), saprophage. Nereis uses parapodia for locomotion.
  • Echinodermata: Exclusively marine. Adults typically have radial (often pentamerous) symmetry. Lack notochord. Examples: Starfish (Asterias), Sea urchin (Echinus), Sea cucumber (Holothuria). Not all are viviparous.
  • Porifera (Sponges): Asymmetrical or radially symmetrical. Found in marine and freshwater. Examples: Euplectella, Sycon.
  • Nekton: Free-swimming macroscopic aquatic animals (e.g., Sharks, Cuttlefish). Jellyfish are often planktonic. Lobsters are benthos.
  • General Animal Characteristics:
    • Symmetry: Asymmetry (sponges), Radial symmetry (Cnidarians, adult Echinoderms), Bilateral symmetry (Platyhelminthes, Annelids, most advanced animals).
    • Body Cavity: Acoelomate (Platyhelminthes), Pseudocoelomate (Roundworms/Nematodes), Coelomate (Annelids, Molluscs, Arthropods, Chordates).
    • Germ layers: Diploblastic (Cnidarians), Triploblastic (Platyhelminthes onwards).
    • Notochord: Present in chordates (e.g., Herdmania, Exocoetus, Salamander). Not present in Holothuria (Echinoderm).
    • Locomotion: Flagellum (Euglena), Cilia (Paramecium), Tubefeet (Starfish). Nereis uses parapodia.
    • Warm-blooded (Homeothermic): Mammals, Birds.
    • Cold-blooded (Poikilothermic/Stenothermal): Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles.
    • Echolocation: Bat, Dolphin, Whale.
    • Defensive rolling: Hedgehog, Pangolin.
    • Nocturnal: Malabar Civet, Sambar Deer (also crepuscular). Lion-tailed Macaque is diurnal.
    • Coprophagy: Rabbits, some rodents, squirrels.
    • Acid in bee sting: Formic acid.
    • Loricifera: Latest animal phylum discovered (1983).
  • Plants:
    • Gymnosperms: Pine, Fir, Spruce, Cedar, Larch, Cypress (timber-yielding).
    • Bryophytes (e.g., Funaria): "Amphibians of plant kingdom." Gametophyte dominant plant body attached by rhizoids. Lack specialized waterconducting tissues.
    • Pteridophytes (e.g., Marsilea, Salvinia): Have vascular tissues. Salvinia is an aquatic fern.
    • Thallophytes (e.g., Algae, Fungi): Undifferentiated body design.
    • Autotrophs: Organisms using CO2 as principal carbon source (e.g., plants, algae, some bacteria).
    • Hydrophyte: An aquatic plant (e.g., Acorus gramineus - Japanese dwarf rush, Utricularia - free floating submerged weed).
    • Deciduous trees: Mahua, Teak. Jackfruit is evergreen.
    • Carnivorous plants: Sundew, Venus fly trap, Pitcher plant, Bladderwort.
    • Pea Family (Fabaceae): Groundnut, Horse-gram, Soybean.
    • Wild cabbage derivatives: Broccoli, Cauliflower, Kohlrabi. Spinach is not derived from wild cabbage.
    • Macaroni wheat: Triticum durum.
    • 'Varuna': Variety of Mustard.
    • 'Triticale': Cross between Wheat and Rye.
    • Red gram (pigeon pea): Origin is India.
    • Gynobasic style: Present in Labiatae (Lamiaceae) family.
  • Fungi: Lack chlorophyll. Heterotrophic (saprotrophs/decomposers). Cell wall made of chitin. Filamentous mycelium. Produce asexual spores. Can be cultured in artificial/ synthetic media.
    • Mushrooms are fungi (e.g., Oyster mushroom genus Pleurotus).
    • Candolleomyces albosquamosus: New mushroom species discovered in Kerala.
    • Gucchi: Fungus growing in Himalayan forest areas (not commercially cultivated in NE India foothills).
    • Some mushrooms have medicinal, psychoactive, insecticidal, or bioluminescent properties.
    • Fungi are decomposers; responsible for decomposition of cellulose.
  • Algae: Autotrophic (chlorophyll-containing). Anabaena is a filamentous blue-green algae (cyanobacterium), belongs to Kingdom Monera. Spirogyra and Ulothrix are freshwater algae (not typically found in both freshwater and oceans).
  • Bacteria: Prokaryotic. Contain cytoplasm, ribosomes (no mitochondria). Can be cultured in artificial/synthetic media. Decomposers.
    • Methanogens: Methane-producing bacteria, present in anaerobic environments (rumen of cattle, anaerobic sludge, cattle excreta), not aerobic.
  • Viruses: Acellular. Obligate intracellular parasites (require living host cells). No cell membrane, cytoplasm, or mitochondria. Cannot be cultured in artificial media. Not decomposers.
  • Lichens: Symbiotic association of algae (phycobiont) and fungi (mycobiont). Algae component is autotrophic; fungal component is saprotrophic/heterotrophic.
    • Good bioindicators for SO2 (sulfur dioxide) air pollution.
    • Capable of initiating ecological succession on bare rock.
    • Litmus dye is extracted from lichens.
    • Reindeer moss is a lichen.
    • Known algal partners include Nostoc, Stigonema, Trentepohlia. Vaucheria is not a commonly identified partner.
  • Microorganisms (General):
    • Hyperthermophiles: Grow best above 80°C (e.g., deep sea floors). Find <60°C too cold.
    • Psychrophiles: Grow best at 0-15°C.
    • Halophiles: Organisms preferring high salt concentrations.
    • Some microorganisms can grow in extreme environments (e.g., above boiling point, below freezing point, pH <3).
  • Animal Husbandry/Breeds:
    • Pashmina goats & Angora rabbits: Yield fine quality wool.
    • Aseel: Game purpose chicken breed.
    • Sahiwal cattle: 'Lola' is a synonym.
    • Jamunapari: Breed of Goat.
    • Sonari & Nali: Sheep breeds.
    • Weeding: Term for removing uneconomical animals from a herd.
    • Most milch breeds of cattle in India belong to the North-West region.
  • Ecosystem Roles:
    • Autotrophs: Produce their own food (e.g., plants).
    • Heterotrophs: Consume other organisms or organic matter. Humans are top order heterotrophs.
    • Decomposers: Break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients (e.g., Fungi, Bacteria).
  • Physiology/Behavior:
    • Circadian rhythms: Daily biological responses/cycles (e.g., to light conditions).
    • Chameleon: Can look ahead with one eye and behind with the other simultaneously.
  • Zoological Classification: Scolopendra (Centipede) is an Arthropod.

Taxonomic Hierarchy and Categories

  • Taxonomic Hierarchy (Descending): Kingdom → Phylum/Division → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species.
  • Taxonomic Hierarchy (Ascending, common units): Variety → Species → Genus → Family → Order → Class → Phylum/Division → Kingdom.
  • Spider: An Arachnid (8 legs, 2 body parts), not an Insect (6 legs, 3 body parts). Ticks and mites are also Arachnids.
  • Bat: A Mammal.
  • Insects: Mosquito, House fly, Bed-bug.
  • Polworth, Corriedole, Blackpace, Bingi: Varieties of Sheep.
  • Kharai camels: Found in Kutch, Gujarat. Name from 'Khara' (saline). Swim long distances in sea for grazing.
  • Conchology: Study of shells of Mollusca.
  • Phylum Mollusca: Second largest phylum. Generally bilaterally symmetrical. Aquatic (marine/freshwater) or terrestrial. Possess a muscular foot.
  • Botanical Family Synonyms:
    • Labiatae = Lamiaceae
    • Palmae = Arecaceae
    • Compositae = Asteraceae (NOT Clusiaceae)
    • Umbelliferae = Apiaceae
  • Pisces (True Fish): Dogfish (a type of shark). Jellyfish (Cnidarian), Silverfish (Insect), Starfish (Echinoderm) are not fish.
  • Bryophytes: Called 'amphibians of plant kingdom' due to reliance on water for sexual reproduction.
  • Animal Kingdom Characteristics: Cannot make their own food (heterotrophic). Body cells lack cellulose walls. Do not have chlorophyll. Many migrate.
  • Malarial parasite: A Protozoan (Plasmodium).
  • Organism-Order Matches:
    • Apis (Honeybee) - Hymenoptera
    • Leech - Hirudinea (Class)
    • Earthworm - Haplotaxida (Order, often listed as Haplotaxidea in some contexts)
    • Taenia (Tapeworm) - Cyclophyllidea
  • R. Whittaker's Kingdom Plantae: Comprises Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms.
  • Fungi: Eukaryotic, multicellular (mostly), non-photosynthetic (heterotrophic).
  • Neelgai: Belongs to Bovidae family (Antelope), related to cows, goats, sheep; not deer (Cervidae).
  • High Milk Yielding Cow Variety: Holstein (also Jersey is a foreign breed). Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Mewati are Indian breeds. Nili is a buffalo breed.
  • Marsupials: Characteristic feature of Australia (and parts of South America).
  • Octopus: A Mollusc (specifically a cephalopod).
  • Monogamous Animal: Wolf.
  • Indian Fauna Facts:
    • Pangolins (toothless mammals) are found in India.
    • Gibbon (Hoolock Gibbon) is the only ape found in India.
  • Largest Phylum of Animal Kingdom: Arthropoda.
  • Starfish: Can turn its stomach inside out (evert stomach) to digest prey.
  • Pashmina: Obtained from Cashmere goats, not sheep.
  • Smallest Flower in the World: Wolffia.
  • Kiwi: Both a bird (flightless, New Zealand) and a fruit.
  • Fastest Running Terrestrial Animal: Cheetah.
  • Waggle Dance in Honeybees: Signal for communication, specifically to indicate the location of food sources.
  • Whale: A Mammal. Snake, Crocodile, Lizard are Reptiles.

Tools and Aids for Identification and Classification (Keys, Herbaria, Museums, Botanical Gardens)

  • Herbaria: Storehouse of collected, dried, pressed, and preserved plant specimens mounted on sheets.
  • Herbarium Sheets: Provide information on date and place of collection, English, local and botanical names, family, and collector's name.
  • Purpose of Herbaria: Serve as quick reference systems in taxonomic studies for identification.
  • Botanical Gardens: Collections of living plants for reference, identification, and exsitu conservation.
  • Plants in Botanical Gardens: Labeled with their botanical/scientific name and family.
  • Museums: Collections of preserved plant and animal specimens for study and reference.
  • Museum Specimens: Include preserved specimens in jars (using preservative solutions), dried specimens (plants, animals), insect boxes, and skeletons.
  • Zoological Parks (Zoos): Places where wild animals are kept in protected environments under human care, enabling study of their food habits and behavior, and ex-situ conservation.
  • Keys: Analytical tools used for identification of organisms based on similarities and dissimilarities.
  • Dichotomous Keys: Most common type, based on contrasting characters generally in a pair called a 'couplet'.
  • Lead: Each statement within a couplet.
  • Taxonomic Categories: Separate keys are required for each taxonomic category (e.g., family, genus, species).
  • Flora: Contains the actual account of habitat and distribution of plants of a given area, providing an index to the plant species found.
  • Manuals: Useful in providing information for identification of species found in a particular area.
  • Monographs: Provide comprehensive information on any one taxon.
  • National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR): Located in New Delhi, India.

4. Cell

Practice MCQs: Taxonomy

Chemotaxonomy and Cytotaxonomy

  1. Chemosynthetic bacteria found near sub- marine volcanic vents feed on:

    Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2020

    1. Hydrogen sulphide (H₂S).
    2. Organic matter.
    3. Deep sea tube worms.
    4. Inorganic carbon.
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Hydrogen sulphide (H₂S).

    Deep-sea hydrothermal vents release various chemicals, including high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). Chemosynthetic bacteria utilize the energy released from the oxidation of H₂S and other reduced inorganic compounds to synthesize organic molecules, forming the base of the food web in these aphotic environments.

  2. Who propounded the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?

    Asked in: LAW OFFICER CUM JUNIOR DRAFTSMAN 2018

    1. Copernicus
    2. Gregor Mendel
    3. George Orwell
    4. Charles Darwin
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Charles Darwin

    Natural selection is the core mechanism proposed by Darwin for evolutionary change.

  3. Which of the following is the correct pair

    Asked in: TOURIST INFORMATION OFFICER(TIO) 2017

    1. de Vries : Mutation theory
    2. Darwin : Use and disuse of organs
    3. Haldane : Law of heredity
    4. Lamarck : Origin of life
    Show answer

    Answer: A. de Vries : Mutation theory

    de Vries is associated with the Mutation theory.

  4. Chemoautotrophs are those organisms which obtain energy:

    Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2020

    1. from the oxidation of organic electron donors in the presence of light.
    2. solely from the oxidation of inorganic electron donors in the presence of light.
    3. from the oxidation of organic electron donors in the absence of light.
    4. solely from the oxidation of inorganic electron donors in the absence of light.
    Show answer

    Answer: D. solely from the oxidation of inorganic electron donors in the absence of light.

    Chemoautotrophs are distinct from photoautotrophs (which use light energy) and obtain energy from inorganic chemical bonds without requiring light.

  5. Which one among the following is likely to be the most 'acidic' in its environment?

    Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2014

    1. Pyrrolobus fumarii
    2. Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
    3. Methanopyrus Kandleri
    4. Thermus thermophilus
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

    This question tests knowledge of extremophiles, specifically acidophiles (organisms thriving in acidic environments).

  6. Litmus, the pH indicator, is obtained from which of the following source ?

    Asked in: ASO 2025

    1. A lichen
    2. A brown alga
    3. A red alga
    4. A fungi
    Show answer

    Answer: A. A lichen

    Lichens are composite organisms that arise from algae or cyanobacteria living among the filaments of fungi in a symbiotic relationship. Many natural dyes and indicators are derived from lichens.

Concepts of Species and Other Taxa

  1. Yeast, which is used to make bread, belongs to the group :

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2022

    1. Protista
    2. Fungi
    3. Monera
    4. Protozoa
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Fungi

    Yeast are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms. They are classified within the Kingdom Fungi. The most common species used in bread making is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

  2. Hyphae are :

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2022

    1. produced by yeast.
    2. thin threads formed by many fungi.
    3. reproductive cells.
    4. responsible for preventing the cell from losing water in wet conditions.
    Show answer

    Answer: B. thin threads formed by many fungi.

    Hyphae are the fundamental structural units of most multicellular fungi. They are long, branching filamentous structures that make up the body of the fungus, known as the mycelium. They are responsible for nutrient absorption and growth.

  3. Where are the largest quantity of cichlids found in India ?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2019

    1. Backwaters of Kerala
    2. Sunderbans
    3. Narmada
    4. Godavari
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Backwaters of Kerala

    Specific aquatic environments often support high concentrations of certain fish families based on habitat suitability.

  4. Marsilea, Fern and Horse-tail are examples of which one of the following plant groups ?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2019

    1. Pteridophyta
    2. Bryophyta
    3. Gymnosperms
    4. Angiosperms
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Pteridophyta

    Pteridophytes are vascular plants (having xylem and phloem for transport) that reproduce via spores, not seeds. They show alternation of generations, with the sporophyte being the dominant, conspicuous plant. Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts) are non- vascular spore-producing plants. Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are seed-bearing plants, with Angiosperms also producing flowers and fruits.

  5. Under the Kingdom Plantae, which of the following individuals are predominantly aquatic?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2020

    1. Bryophytes
    2. Algae
    3. Pteridophyta
    4. Gymnosperms
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Algae

    While taxonomic classifications can vary, in the context of comparing these groups, Algae are overwhelmingly found in aquatic environments (freshwater, marine, brackish). Bryophytes are primarily terrestrial but require moist habitats and water for reproduction. Pteridophyta (ferns) are also mostly terrestrial, although some species are aquatic. Gymnosperms (like conifers) are exclusively terrestrial plants. Therefore, Algae represent the group that is predominantly aquatic.

  6. All the individuals of a particular organism, such as rose plants, belong to a taxonomic category called

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2020

    1. species
    2. genus
    3. family
    4. order
    Show answer

    Answer: A. species

    In biological classification, the species is the fundamental taxonomic rank. A species is typically defined as a group of organisms that can interbreed naturally and produce fertile offspring. All individuals of a specific type of organism, like a particular species of rose plant (e.g., Rosa gallica), belong to that single species. A genus is a group of closely related species, a family is a group of related genera, and an order is a group of related families.

  7. Pearls are harvested from

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2020

    1. Prawn
    2. Pila
    3. Tuna
    4. Oyster
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Oyster

    Pearls are natural or cultured gems produced by certain molluscs, most commonly bivalves like oysters (specifically pearl oysters). They form when an irritant, such as a parasite or a piece of shell, enters the mollusc and is covered by layers of nacre (mother-of-pearl) as a defense mechanism. While other molluscs can produce calcareous concretions, true pearls of commercial value are primarily associated with oysters and sometimes mussels. Prawns are crustaceans, Pila is a gastropod snail, and Tuna is a fish; none of these produce pearls.

  8. Rupa and Sachin observed an animal in their school garden. Rupa called it an insect while Sachin identified it as an earthworm. Which one of the following characteristics confirms that it is an insect?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2021

    1. The animal had jointed legs.
    2. Body of the animal had very little segmenta‐ tion.
    3. Body of the animal was cylindrical.
    4. Body of the animal was bilaterally symmetric‐ al.
    Show answer

    Answer: A. The animal had jointed legs.

  9. Animals which are marine, bilaterally symmetrical, have a coelom and a notochord, but never form a vertebral column are placed under which one of the following groups?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2021

    1. Chordata
    2. Protochordata
    3. Vertebrata
    4. Mammalia
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Protochordata

Definition, Aims, and Scope of Taxonomy and Systematics

  1. Mycology is the scientific study of (a) Virus (b) Algae (c) Fungi (d) Bacteria

    Asked in: DENTAL SURGEON (SCREENING) EXAMINATION 2023

    1. Virus
    2. Algae
    3. Fungi
    4. Bacteria
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Fungi

    The question asks for the definition of "Mycology." This is a straightforward vocabulary question testing knowledge of scientific terminology.

  2. The study of the birds is known as

    Asked in: ECONOMIC INVESTIGATOR(EO) 2019

    1. oology
    2. entomology
    3. herpetology
    4. ornithology
    Show answer

    Answer: D. ornithology

    Ornithology is the branch of zoology that concerns the study of birds.

History and Evolution of Taxonomic Thought

  1. Who among the following popularized the use of embryological characters in taxonomy ?

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 2 2019

    1. Carl Linnaeus
    2. Panchanan Maheshwari
    3. Birbal Sahni
    4. Bentham and Hooker
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Panchanan Maheshwari

    Panchanan Maheshwari was a renowned Indian botanist who made significant contributions to the study of angiosperm embryology. He extensively studied the embryological features of plants and emphasized their importance in understanding plant relationships and classification (taxonomy).

Methods of Classification: Artificial, Natural, Phylogenetic Systems

  1. Who proposed natural system of plant's classification ?

    Asked in: Assistant Engineer (AE) Exam 2013

    1. Carolus Linnaeus
    2. Bentham and Hooker
    3. Engler and Prantl
    4. Hutchinson
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Bentham and Hooker

    Bentham and Hooker's "Genera Plantarum" is a monumental work that provided a comprehensive natural classification of seed plants.

Molecular Taxonomy and Phylogenetics (DNA Barcoding, Molecular Markers)

  1. Consider the following statements : DNA Barcoding can be a tool to : assess the age of a plant or animal distinguish among species that look alike. identify undesirable animal or plant materials in processed foods. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2022

    1. 1 only
    2. 3 only
    3. 1 and 2
    4. 2 and 3
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 2 and 3

    Statement 1 is incorrect. DNA barcoding is a method for identifying species using a short, standardized sequence of DNA. It provides a "barcode" that is unique to a species, but it does not provide information about the age of an individual plant or animal. Statement 2 is correct. DNA barcoding is highly effective at distinguishing among species, even those that are morphologically similar or difficult to identify using traditional methods. The barcode sequence provides a clear genetic signature for differentiation. Statement 3 is correct. DNA barcoding can be used to identify the species composition of biological materials in processed foods, allowing detection of adulteration, mislabeling, or the presence of undesirable or allergenic plant or animal materials.

Principles and Rules of Biological Nomenclature (Binomial, ICBN, ICZN)

  1. What is the scientific name of Leopard ?

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2024

    1. Panthera leo
    2. Panthera pardus
    3. Panthera tigris
    4. Panthera uncia
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Panthera pardus

    cgpsc 2025-2025 In binomial nomenclature, each species is given a unique two-part name, consisting of the genus name followed by the species name. Panthera is the genus for big cats like lions, tigers, leopards, and jaguars.

  2. Which Botanist introduced the 'Binomial' nomenclature to the plants ?

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2014

    1. Bessey
    2. Bentham and Hooker
    3. Carolus Linnaeus
    4. Theophrastus
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Carolus Linnaeus

    - Binomial nomenclature is the system of naming organisms by two names: the genus name followed by the species name. - This system was formally established and widely popularized by the Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist Carolus Linnaeus in his works like Species Plantarum (1753) and Systema Naturae.

  3. The binomial system of classification was given by

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2018

    1. Carolus Linnaeus
    2. Bentham and Hooker
    3. Theophrastus
    4. Hutchinson
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Carolus Linnaeus

    Binomial nomenclature uses a two-part name (Genus species) to uniquely identify each species, providing a universal standard for naming organisms.

  4. As per the code of the nomenclature, which one of the following is the correct way of writing a biological name?

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 1 2019

    1. Amoeba Proteus
    2. Amoeba proteus
    3. amoeba proteus
    4. Amoeba Proteus
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Amoeba proteus

    In binomial nomenclature, the genus name starts with a capital letter, and the species name starts with a small letter. Both names are typically italicized or underlined.

  5. 'Ficus benghalensis' is the scientific name of :

    Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2020

    1. Brinjal
    2. Banana
    3. Peepal
    4. Banyan
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Banyan

    - Scientific names are binomial names consisting of the genus and species, used for unique identification of organisms. - 'Ficus benghalensis' is the binomial nomenclature for the Banyan tree.

  6. Binomial nomenclature means

    Asked in: UPSC CISF AC EXE 2018

    1. Biological names are generally in Latin and written in italics. The first word is the genus and the second word is the species.
    2. Biological names are generally taken from father and mother.
    3. Biological name originates from order and genus.
    4. Biological name originates from phylum and genus.
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Biological names are generally in Latin and written in italics. The first word is the genus and the second word is the species.

    - Binomial nomenclature is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. - The first part of the name is the genus name, and the second part is the specific epithet (often called the species name). - The genus name is always capitalized, and the specific epithet is not. - Both parts are italicized when printed (e.g., Homo sapiens) or underlined when handwritten. - This system was largely standardized by Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century. - Options B, C, and D describe incorrect origins or structures for biological names.

  7. The scientific name of Bombay locust is

    Asked in: Agri. Officer 2020

    1. Nomadacris succincta
    2. Locusta migratoria
    3. Schistocerca gregaria
    4. Chortoicetes terminifera
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Schistocerca gregaria

    Schistocerca gregaria is the correct scientific name for the Bombay locust (also known as the desert locust). Nomadacris succincta is the Red locust, Locusta migratoria is the migratory locust, and Chortoicetes terminifera is the Australian plague locust.

  8. Which one of the following is the scientific name of cat fish ?

    Asked in: Food Safety Officer 2019

    1. Catla catla
    2. Labeo rohita
    3. Cirrihina mrigala
    4. Wallago attu
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Wallago attu

    Wallago attu is the scientific name for a type of catfish.

  9. The scientific name of tiger is

    Asked in: Economic Investigator(EI) 2018

    1. Panthera leo
    2. Felis catus
    3. Cervidae
    4. None of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: D. None of the above

    ECONOMIC INVESTIGATOR(EO) -2019 The scientific name of the tiger is Panthera tigris.

Significance and Applications of Taxonomy (Biodiversity Assessment, Conservation)

  1. Which one of the following group of organism has significance in diagnosing the death by drowning:

    Asked in: RPSC RAS Prelims 2008

    1. Lichens
    2. Protozoa
    3. Cyanobacteria
    4. Diatoms
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Diatoms

    Diatoms are microscopic algae with hard, siliceous cell walls (frustules) that are abundant in most types of water bodies (freshwater, brackish, and marine). In cases of death by drowning, if the person was alive when entering the water, diatoms are inhaled into the lungs and can enter the bloodstream, circulating to various organs like bone marrow, liver, kidney, and brain. Their presence in distant organs is a strong indicator of vital drowning, as opposed to post-mortem submersion.

  2. Which of the following combinations of species is most suitable for composite fish culture in India ? - Question not attempted

    Asked in: Asst. Fisheries Development Officer 2024

    1. Catla, Rohu, Mrigal, Grass carp, Silver carp, Common carp
    2. Catla, Tilapia, Pangas, Rohu
    3. Tilapia, Pangas, Grass carp, Mrigal
    4. Rohu, Mrigal, Black carp, Tilapia
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Catla, Rohu, Mrigal, Grass carp, Silver carp, Common carp

    This combination represents a classic polyculture or composite fish culture model for India. It includes Indian Major Carps (Catla, Rohu, Mrigal) which occupy different feeding niches, along with exotic carps (Grass carp, Silver carp, Common carp). This ensures efficient utilization of all available food resources in the pond, from surface to bottom. Catla are surface feeders, Rohu are column feeders, Mrigal are bottom feeders, Grass carp are herbivores feeding on macrophytes, Silver carp are surface plankton feeders, and Common carp are omnivores that feed on detritus and benthos.

  3. Which of the following anaesthetics is commonly used and approved for fish sedation in aquaculture ?

    Asked in: Asst. Fisheries Development Officer 2024

    1. Ethanol
    2. MS-222 (Tricaine methanesulfonate)
    3. Hydrogen Peroxide
    4. Potassium Permanganate
    Show answer

    Answer: B. MS-222 (Tricaine methanesulfonate)

    This question asks to identify a commonly used and approved anesthetic for fish in aquaculture. It tests knowledge of aquaculture practices and chemicals.

  4. Which of the following factor is most critical for the survival of fish seed during transportation ?

    Asked in: Asst. Fisheries Development Officer 2024

    1. pH of water
    2. Temperature fluctuation
    3. Stocking density and oxygen level
    4. Salinity of water
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Stocking density and oxygen level

    This question highlights the most crucial environmental parameter influencing the survival rate of fish seed during transport.

  5. Consider the following statements: (i) Ganges river dolphin is India's national aquatic animal. (ii) In December 2024, the first ever tagging of Ganges river dolphin in India was conducted in Assam. (iii) It is funded and implemented by the Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India. Select the correct statement(s) using the codes given below.

    Asked in: Agricultural Development Officer, Agriculture Department

    1. Only (i) and (ii)
    2. Only (ii) and (iii)
    3. Only (i) and (iii)
    4. Only (ii)
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Only (i) and (ii)

    This question requires knowledge of national symbols, current environmental initiatives, and the responsible government ministries. It tests the accuracy of specific details regarding the Ganges River Dolphin conservation efforts.

  6. Consider the following statements: Assertion (A): India's position is second in the world in fresh water fish production. Reason (R): In India there are more than 18000 types of fishes found. Choose the correct answer from the codes given below: Code:

    Asked in: Civil Judge 2018

    1. (A) and (R) both are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
    2. (A) and (R) both are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
    3. (A) is correct and (R) is false.
    4. (A) is false and (R) is correct.
    Show answer

    Answer: C. (A) is correct and (R) is false.

    India is a major producer of fish, particularly freshwater fish, but the claim about the number of fish species is an overestimation.

  7. The population of which of the following is maximum on the earth?

    Asked in: ASSISTANT ENGINEER(ELECTRICAL) 2016

    1. Reptiles
    2. Fishes
    3. Birds
    4. Beetles
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Beetles

    Understanding basic biological classification and the diversity of life, particularly concerning insect populations, is important for ecology and zoology.

  8. ‘चोमू’ देवता की उपासना Ǔनम्न में से ͩकसके संरक्षण हेतु की जाती है ?

    Asked in: Data Entry Operator 2023

    1. विन
    2. फसलि
    3. जलि के स्रोत
    4. पशुधन
    Show answer

    Answer: D. पशुधन

    Worship of Chomu deity is associated with the protection of domestic animals.

Taxonomic Characters and Evidence (Morphological, Anatomical, Cytological, Molecular)

  1. Which of the following is an egg-laying mammal?

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2020

    1. Platypus
    2. Bat
    3. Whale
    4. Seal
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Platypus

    While most mammals are viviparous (give birth to live young), monotremes are a unique order of mammals that reproduce by laying eggs.

  2. The interaction between algae and fungi to form lichen is called

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 65th

    1. parasitism
    2. mutualism
    3. commensalism
    4. conversion
    Show answer

    Answer: B. mutualism

    The mutually beneficial relationship between algae and fungi in lichens is a classic example of mutualism.

  3. Fungi are plants that lack

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 67th Re Exam

    1. carbon dioxide
    2. chlorophyll
    3. sunlight
    4. oxygen
    Show answer

    Answer: B. chlorophyll

    Unlike plants, which are autotrophs that produce their own food through photosynthesis, fungi are heterotrophs. They obtain nutrients by absorbing organic matter from their environment. This fundamental difference in nutrition stems from the absence of chlorophyll, the pigment necessary for capturing light energy for photosynthesis.

  4. Pine, Fir, Spruce, Cedar, Larch and Cypress are the famous timber-yielding plants of which several also occur widely in the hilly regions of India. All these belong to

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 67th Re Exam

    1. gymnosperm
    2. monocotyledons
    3. dicotyledons
    4. angiosperm
    Show answer

    Answer: A. gymnosperm

    The listed plants are all conifers, which are a major group within the gymnosperms. Gymnosperms are seed-bearing plants that are characterized by having "naked seeds" (seeds not enclosed within an ovary/ fruit) and typically producing cones. Angiosperms, in contrast, are flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed within fruits; monocotyledons and dicotyledons are subgroups of angiosperms.

  5. In lichen, a chlorophyll-containing partner, _______ live together.

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 68th

    1. fungus and a bacterium
    2. alga and a virus
    3. alga and a fungus
    4. More than one of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: C. alga and a fungus

    Lichens are symbiotic relationships between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism, usually an alga or cyanobacterium.

  6. Which one of the following is a true fish as per the biological system of classification?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2018

    1. Silverfish
    2. Jellyfish
    3. Cuttlefish
    4. Flying fish
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Flying fish

    In everyday language, 'fish' is often used loosely, but in biology, a 'true fish' refers to aquatic vertebrates with gills that lack limbs with digits, typically belonging to the superclass Pisces.

  7. Which one of the following pairs about organ/part that helps in locomotion is not correctly matched?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2018

    1. Euglena : Flagellum
    2. Paramecium : Cilia
    3. Nereis : Pseudopodia
    4. Starfish : Tubefeet
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Nereis : Pseudopodia

    Different organisms have evolved diverse structures for locomotion depending on their environment and body plan.

  8. Which one of the following has a bilateral symmetry in its body organization?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2019

    1. Asterias
    2. Sea anemone
    3. Nereis
    4. Echinus
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Nereis

    Bilateral symmetry divides an organism into two symmetrical halves (left and right).

  9. Which one of the following pairs of animals is warm-blooded?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2019

    1. Crocodile and Ostrich
    2. Hagfish and Dogfish
    3. Tortoise and Ostrich
    4. Peacock and Camel
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Peacock and Camel

    Birds and Mammals are warm-blooded (endothermic).

Taxonomic Hierarchy and Categories

  1. Which one of the following represents the correct hierarchical sequence of taxonomic categories in ascending order?

    Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2020

    1. Species $\rightarrow$ Genus $\rightarrow$ Order $\rightarrow$ Family $\rightarrow$ Class
    2. Genus $\rightarrow$ Species $\rightarrow$ Order $\rightarrow$ Family $\rightarrow$ Class
    3. Species $\rightarrow$ Genus $\rightarrow$ Family $\rightarrow$ Order $\rightarrow$ Class
    4. Species $\rightarrow$ Genus $\rightarrow$ Order $\rightarrow$ Family $\rightarrow$ Class
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Species $\rightarrow$ Genus $\rightarrow$ Family $\rightarrow$ Order $\rightarrow$ Class

    The standard taxonomic hierarchy, from the lowest rank to the highest, is: Species $\rightarrow$ Genus $\rightarrow$ Family $\rightarrow$ Order $\rightarrow$ Class $\rightarrow$ Phylum $\rightarrow$ Kingdom $\rightarrow$ Domain. Ascending order means moving from lower to higher ranks.

  2. Spider : Insect :: Bat : (?)

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2018

    1. Mammal
    2. Reptile
    3. Amphibian
    4. Bird
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Bird

    Let's analyze the relationship between Spider and Insect. Spider belongs to the Class Arachnida. Insect belongs to the Class Insecta. Both Arachnida and Insecta are Classes within the Phylum Arthropoda. They are distinct but related groups of invertebrates. Now, let's look at Bat and the options provided: Mammal, Reptile, Amphibian, Bird. Bat belongs to the Class Mammalia. Mammal is the name of the Class itself. Reptile belongs to Class Reptilia. Amphibian belongs to Class Amphibia. Bird belongs to Class Aves. Mammalia, Reptilia, Amphibia, and Aves are all Classes within the Subphylum Vertebrata (part of Phylum Chordata).Let's seek a parallel relationship: Spider (Class Arachnida) : Insect (Class Insecta) :: Bat (Class Mammalia) : ? (Class D). The relationship in the first pair is: Member of Class A : Member of Class B, where A and B are distinct classes within a larger group (Arthropoda). Applying this to the second pair: Member of Class C : Member of Class D, where C and D are distinct classes within a larger group (Vertebrata). Bat is a member of Class Mammalia (C). We need Class D, another distinct class within Vertebrata, represented by one of the options. Options are Mammal (same class), Reptile (different class), Amphibian (different class), Bird (different class).Consider common characteristics: Spiders and Insects are often grouped together as 'creepy-crawlies' or invertebrates, although distinct. Bats and Birds are often grouped together as flying vertebrates, although distinct. Relationship: X (Class A) is a type of animal related to Y (Class B), where A and B are distinct classes within a larger grouping. Spider (Arachnida) : Insect (Insecta) -> Distinct classes within Arthropoda. Bat (Mammalia) : Bird (Aves) -> Distinct classes within Flying Vertebrates (within Vertebrata). This analogy structure fits perfectly with option D) Bird.While "Bat is a Mammal" (Option A) is a factual statement, the analogy A:B::C:D requires the relationship between A and B to be the same as the relationship between C and D. If the relationship were "X is a Y (Class)", then Spider:Insect would imply "Spider is an Insect (Class)", which is false. The relationship based on distinct but related classes within a larger group is consistent for both pairs with D) Bird.

  3. Polworth, Corriedole, Blackpace and Bingi are varieties of :

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2014

    1. Vegetables
    2. Spices
    3. Sheep
    4. Buffaloes
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Sheep

    Animal breeding is a significant part of agriculture and livestock farming, leading to the development of numerous specific breeds suited for different purposes and environments.

  4. Which is not an insect ?

    Asked in: JPSC CS Prelims 2021

    1. Mosquito
    2. Spider
    3. House fly
    4. Bed-bug
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Spider

    - Insects have 3 body segments and 6 legs. - Spiders have 2 body segments and 8 legs. - Spiders belong to the class Arachnida, while insects belong to the class Insecta.

  5. Which of the following statements are correct regarding Kharai camels? I. It is a rare camel breed found in Ladakh. II. Their name is derived from the local word 'Khara' meaning saline. III. They swim long distance in sea to reach their grazing areas. IV. They were anciently used in the 'Silk Route' areas. Select the correct answer from the options given below:

    Asked in: JPSC CS Prelims 2024

    1. I and III only
    2. II and III only
    3. I and IV only
    4. I, II, III and IV
    Show answer

    Answer: B. II and III only

    - Statement I is incorrect. Kharai camels are a rare breed found in the coastal areas of Kutch, Gujarat, India. They are not found in Ladakh. Ladakh is known for the double-humped (Bactrian) camels. - Statement II is correct. Their name 'Kharai' is derived from the local Gujarati word 'Khara', meaning saline, referring to the saline environment and mangrove forests where they graze. - Statement III is correct. Kharai camels are unique for their ability to swim long distances (sometimes several kilometres) in the sea to reach mangrove islands for grazing, earning them the moniker "swimming camels". - Statement IV is incorrect. The camels used historically on the Silk Route were predominantly the double-humped Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus), which are adapted to cold deserts and mountainous terrain. Kharai camels are single- humped (Camelus dromedarius) and are native to the coastal and arid areas of Kutch.

  6. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of taxonomic ranks in the classification of animals?

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2022

    1. Species → Genus → Order → Class → Family → Phylum → Kingdom
    2. Kingdom → Genus → Order → Species → Phylum → Class → Family
    3. Genus → Species → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Kingdom
    4. Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species

    Biological classification uses a hierarchical system of ranks to group organisms based on shared characteristics. The standard taxonomic hierarchy, introduced by Carl Linnaeus and expanded upon, follows the order: Kingdom, Phylum (or Division for plants/fungi), Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. Each rank represents a level of classification, with organisms at lower ranks being more closely related than those at higher ranks.

  7. Conchology is the study of what?

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2023

    1. Coelenterates
    2. Mollusca
    3. Shells of Mollusca
    4. Mantle of Mollusca
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Shells of Mollusca

    - Conchology is a branch of zoology. - It focuses on the study of the shells of molluscs. - It is often considered a sub-field of malacology, which is the broader study of molluscs.

  8. Phyllum Mollusca contains soft bodied animals characterized of: a. They are second largest phyllum in animal kingdom b. They are generally bilaterally symmetrical c. They are only Terrestrial animals d. They are having muscular foot Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2023

    1. only a
    2. a, b and d
    3. a, b and c
    4. only a and b
    Show answer

    Answer: B. a, b and d

    - Statement a is correct: Mollusca is the second largest phylum in the animal kingdom after Arthropoda. - Statement b is correct: Molluscs are generally bilaterally symmetrical, although some groups, like gastropods, exhibit asymmetry due to torsion during development. - Statement c is incorrect: Molluscs inhabit diverse environments, including marine (the majority), freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. They are not exclusively terrestrial. - Statement d is correct: A muscular foot is a characteristic feature of molluscs, used for locomotion, attachment, or manipulating food.

  9. Find the wrong pair.

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2023

    1. Labiatae - Lamiaceae
    2. Palmae - Arecaceae
    3. Compositae - Clusiaceae
    4. Umbelliferae - Apiaceae
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Compositae - Clusiaceae

    Certain plant family names have been conserved or changed over time according to rules of botanical nomenclature. Common old names often have corresponding accepted new names.

Tools and Aids for Identification and Classification (Keys, Herbaria, Museums, Botanical Gardens)

  1. Collection of preserved plant specimens:

    Asked in: RPSC RAS Prelims 2010

    1. Harbarium
    2. Sanatorium
    3. Planetarium
    4. Sabhaghar
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Harbarium

    Herbarium specimens are typically dried, pressed, mounted on sheets of paper, and labeled with information such as the plant's scientific name, collection location, date, habitat, and collector's name. These collections serve as vital resources for botanical research, identification, and documentation of plant diversity.

  2. Which falling gear is used in Inland Fishing ? - (5) Question not attempted

    Asked in: Asst. Fisheries Development Officer 2024

    1. Trawl net
    2. Bag net
    3. Cast net
    4. Seine net
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Cast net

    Cast nets are a type of falling gear suitable for inland fishing.

  3. Which of the following method is used for mounting of a netting on a rope ? A. Reevving and Stapling B. Stapling and Sewing C. Hitching and Seaming D. Marling and Norselling Choose the correct option : - (5) Question not attempted

    1. A and B
    2. B and C
    3. A and D
    4. B and D
    Show answer

    Answer: C. A and D