Government Policies for Inclusive Growth

Government Policies for Inclusive Growth is part of Economic and Social Development. Below are notes on 93 sub-topics, followed by practice MCQs from State PSC and UPSC papers (coming soon).

FAME India Scheme

Promotes environment-friendly vehicles.

PM VIKAS Initiative Scheme (PM Vishwakarma Kaushal Samman)

Aims to support traditional artisans and craftspeople. *Note: Not for North-Eastern village development.*

NIPUN (National Initiative for Proficiency in Reading with Understanding and Numeracy)

Reading

with

Understanding and Numeracy) Focuses on improving foundational literacy and numeracy skills in children.

Nishtha (National Initiative for School Heads' and Teachers' Holistic Advancement)

Teachers'

Holistic

Advancement) Program for holistic progress of school heads and teachers.

Pradhan Mantri Saubhagya Yojana (Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana)

Aims for universal household electrification, providing electricity to poor and deprived households.

Radio Advertisements

Accessible across states, generally affordable, familiar to a wide audience, and effective for social awareness campaigns.

Objective

Install solar plants on one crore houses.

• Industrialization, particularly through technological advancements, can render several people jobless by making certain skills obsolete or tasks automated.
• Growth of per capita income is generally an indicator of economic development, not a cause of unemployment.

Benefit

Provides up to 300 units of free electricity every month.

Subsidy

60% for first 2 kW, 40% for the next 1 kW (for 2-3 kW systems). *Note: Not a flat 30%.*

Process

100% online system for registration, application, approval, and grant.

Loan Provision

Facilitates collateral-free, low-interest bank loans (approx. 7-8%, not 4%).

Nudges in Policy Making

• People's behavior *is* influenced by social and religious norms.
• Beneficial norms can be used as positive influencers (e.g., role models).
• Changing 'default' options can be an effective policy tool.
• Reminders and repeated reinforcements help sustain behavioral changes.

Common Service Centres (CSCs) Scheme

An initiative by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), GoI.

Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan

Announced in May 2020, subsequent packages through November 2020.

PM-WANI (Prime Minister Wi-Fi Access Network Interface)

Approved December 2020, to enhance Wi-Fi availability across the country.

PM-KUSUM (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan)

evam

Utthaan

Mahabhiyan) Launched in 2019 (Cabinet approval Feb 2019), for solarization of agricultural pumps.

Ayushman Bharat (Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana - PMJAY)

Launched September 2018, providing health insurance cover.

Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) scheme

Launched in 2013.

One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) scheme

Related to providing access to scholarly research articles and journal publications from prominent international publishers.

Employment

Generation

and

Skill

Development Initiatives

• National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA): Enacted in 2005.
• Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY): Launched in 2014.
• Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS): Launched in 1993.
• Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY): Launched in 2000.
• National Youth Corps (NYC): Formed by amalgamating the National Service Volunteer Scheme (NSVS) and the Rashtriya Sadbhawana Yojana (RSY).
• Atal Innovation Mission (AIM): Established by NITI Aayog to promote innovation and entrepreneurship.

Union Budget FY 2023-24 'Saptarishi' (7 priorities for 'Amrit Kaal')

Inclusive Development, Reaching the Last Mile, Infrastructure & Investment, Unleashing the Potential, Green Growth, Youth Power, Financial Sector. 'Population Control' is NOT one of these priorities.

Interim Union Budget 2024 (FM's 4 focus groups)

Poor, Women, Youth, Farmers. 'Entrepreneur' is NOT among these four specific groups.

• 'Chakmak

Abhiyan

aur

Sajag

Karyakrama' Scheme of the Department of School Education.

Stand Up India Scheme eligibility

Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Women Entrepreneurs.

Pradhan Mantri Aadārsh Gram Yojana (PMAGY)

• Aims at integrated development of villages where the population of Scheduled Castes (SC) is above 50%.
• Lists 50 Monitorable Indicators under 10 domains.
• Ensures villages have necessary infrastructure and residents have access to basic services for dignified living.
• Provides a total of Rs. 1 crore for each selected village.

Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) / Scheduled Tribe Component (STC)

• TSP came into existence in 1974–75.
• After the merger of Plan and NonPlan, TSP was renamed as Scheduled Tribe Component (STC) by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
• State Governments earmark STC funds in proportion to ST population (Census 2011) from the Total State Plan.
• Monitoring of STC plan was given to the Ministry of Tribal Affairs in FY 2018–19.

Department of Science & Technology (DST) programmes to support Science & Technology

• Strengthening, Upscaling and Nurturing Local Innovations for Livelihood (SUNI).
• Technology Interventions for Disabled and Elderly (TIDE).
• Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE).
• 'Tribal Science Plan' is not a specific program name in this context.

Ujjwala Sanitary Napkins

Launched by Indian Oil, Bharat Petroleum, and Hindustan Petroleum.

Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram (PMJVK)

• Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS).
• Implemented by the Ministry of Minority Affairs.
• Objective: Developing infrastructure projects in identified minority areas for their socio-economic development.

PAHAL (Pratyaksh Hanstantarit Labh)

Transfers LPG subsidy via Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) directly into customer bank accounts. Considered first variety of JAM (Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile) trinity implementation.

Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)

Launched Aug 28, 2014. Aim: National Mission for Financial Inclusion.

Make in India

Launched Sep 25, 2014. Aim: Promote manufacturing, attract investment.

Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY)

Launched Jan 22, 2015. Aim: Small deposit scheme for girl child.

Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) / Mudra Bank

Launched Apr 8, 2015. Aim: Provide credit for non-corporate, non-farm small/micro enterprises (Shishu, Kishor, Tarun loans).

Atal Pension Yojana (APY)

Launched May 9, 2015. Aim: Social security scheme (pension) for workers in unorganised sector.

Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY)

Launched May 9, 2015. Aim: Accidental death and disability insurance.

Digital Gender Atlas for Advancing Girls Education in India

Launched July 2015 by MHRD (now Ministry of Education).

WaterCredit

• An initiative by Water.org (a non-governmental organization).
• Applies microfinance tools to the water and sanitation sector.
• Aims to enable poor people to meet their water and sanitation needs through small, affordable loans, thereby reducing dependency on subsidies.
• Not a global initiative launched under the aegis of the World Health Organization and the World Bank.

Human Capital Development

Requires investment in Health, Nutrition, and Education.

Social Infrastructure

Includes Literacy Programs, Education, Public Health, Housing, Drinking Water, and Sanitation.

Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007-2012)

• Largest allocation was for social service.
• Theme for education sector was "Education for All."

Social Sector Spending (2014-19)

Stagnation in spending on education as a percentage of GDP was observed.

Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009

• Prohibits physical punishment and mental harassment.
• Prohibits capitation fees.
• Provides for the establishment of national and state advisory councils.
• The bill for free and compulsory education (recommended by the National Knowledge Commission) was presented to Parliament in 2008.

Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA)

• Acronym for Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan.
• Formulated for funding higher education, including State universities and affiliated colleges.
• Objectives: Improve overall quality of State educational institutions; ensure reforms in affiliation, academic, and examination systems; correct regional imbalances in access to higher education; create an enabling atmosphere for research and innovations.

Not an objective: Improve the overall quality of private educational institutions.

• T.S.R. Subramanian Committee (May 2016) Chaired by Late Shri T.S.R. Subramanian, recommended raising the outlay on education to at least 6% of GDP.

New Education Policy (NEP), 2020

• Replaces the 10+2 system with a new curricular structure of

5+3+3+4.

• Aims to bring the uncovered age group of 3-6 years under the school curriculum (Early Childhood Care and Education - ECCE).
• Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in Higher Education to be raised to 50% by 2035.
• Envisages setting up a Gender Inclusion Fund.
• The National Educational Technology Forum (NETF) to be created.
• Teaching up to Grade 5 (and preferably till Grade 8) will be in mother tongue or regional language.
• Reiterates the target of spending 6% of GDP on education, does not make 4% compulsory.
• NIPUN Bharat Mission
• Launched by the Ministry of Education.
• Aims to enable every child to achieve essential reading, writing, and mathematical skills by the end of Class II by 2026-27.
• Works for the promotion of education in mother tongue.

Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan

• Scheme for school education extending from Pre-primary to Class XII.
• Objectives: Bridging Social and Gender Gaps in School Education, Promoting professionalism in Education, Provision of quality Education.

PARAKH Initiative

Primary objective is standardizing school board assessments nationwide.

National Policy on Education (1986)

The slogan "Education for Equality" is mentioned in Part IV.

Hunter Commission (1882)

Recommended regional language as the medium of teaching.

Performance Grading Index (PGI) 2020-2021

Published by the Ministry of Education. Top Grade A++ states/UTs included Kerala, Punjab, and Chandigarh. NCT of Delhi was not in the A++ category.

School Education Quality Index (SEQI)

Kerala topped in the NITI Aayog's 2019 report.

DISE (District Information System for Education)

Initially worked for Elementary Education.

Institute of Advance Studies in Education (IASE)

Main objectives include conducting educational research, creating awareness about educational innovations, and organizing training programmes for educational quality improvement of in-service teachers.

National Curriculum Framework, 2023 & National Translation Mission

Both initiatives work for the promotion of education in mother tongue.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)

Financial sharing ratio between Central Government and State Government during the 10th Five Year Plan was 75:25.

National Health Policy (NHP) 2017

Proposes to raise public health expenditure

Union Budget 2020-21

Allocated ₹69,000 Crores to the healthcare sector.

eSanjeevani

The free telemedicine service of the Government of India was recently integrated with the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM).

Centralized Laboratory Network (CLN)

• Works to test vaccines which can be used during pandemics.
• India is a member of CLN.
• CLN is a part of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI).

Ayushman Bharat

• Launched in 2018.
• Services of Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) include: Care in pregnancy and childbirth, Management of Communicable Diseases, Basic Oral Health Care, and Screening and basic management of mental health ailments.
• Associated Ministry: Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.

Health Missions and their Launching Years

• National Rural Health Mission (NRHM): 2005
• National AYUSH Mission: 2014
• National Mission on Medicinal Plants: 2008
• National Health Protection Mission (NHPM): 2018

AYUSH Ministry

'S' in AYUSH stands for Siddha.

15th Finance Commission

Recommended a health grant architecture focusing on urban/rural health infrastructure and primary health care strengthening.

Dietary Guidelines for Indians (2024)

Upgraded and released by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in May 2024.

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA)

Public health campaign launched to improve sanitation in India.

Open Defecation Free (ODF)

• Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh declared all cities and towns as ODF on 2nd October, 2016.
• Sikkim was one of the first states to achieve 100 percent sanitation coverage.

Jal Jeevan Mission ('Har Ghar Jal' initiative)

• Launched in 2019.
• Aims to provide all rural households with safe drinking water through taps by 2024.
• Goa became the first certified Har Ghar Jal State in August 2022.
• More than 73.7% households reported to have tap water supply as on

DMEO (Development Monitoring and Evaluation Office) of NITI Aayog

• Established in September 2015.
• Established by merging the Programme Evaluation Office and the Independent Evaluation Office.

PM Gati Shakti

Associated with the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao

Associated with the Ministry of Women & Child Development.

MGNREGS

Launched in 2006.

Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)

Launched in 2014.

State Food Safety Index (SFSI) 2020-2021

• Released by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
• Calculated on 5 parameters of food safety.
• Gujarat stood first in the large states category.
• Jammu and Kashmir stood top in the Union Territory category.

Budget 2022-23 Priorities

PM Gati Shakti, Inclusive Development, Productivity Enhancement & Investment, Sunrise Opportunities, Energy Transition, Climate Action. (Disinvestment is not listed as a priority in this context).

Saubhagya Scheme (Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana)

• Launched: 2017 by Ministry of Power.
• Objective: Universal household electrification.
• Before Saubhagya, 8 states (e.g., Kerala, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh) had >99% household electrification; Madhya Pradesh was not among them.
• By late 2018, 15 states achieved 100% household electrification under Saubhagya. (Eventually, 25 states achieved 100%).

Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)

• Objective: Provide tap water connection to every rural household by 2024.
• Goa: First state to achieve 100% household tap water connection.

Bharat Nirman Programme

• Launched: 2005.
• Objective: Develop infrastructure and connectivity in rural areas.
• Target completion: By end of 2009.
• Six components: Rural Roads, Rural Housing, Rural Water Supply, Rural Electrification, Irrigation, Rural Telephony Connectivity.
• Sanitation is not a component.

Swadesh Darshan Scheme

• Launched: 2014-15 by Ministry of Tourism.
• Focus: Development of thematic tourism circuits, including religious tourism circuits.

PM DevINE (Prime Minister's Development Initiative for North-East Region)

• Purpose: Infrastructure creation, support industries, social development projects, and livelihood activities for youth and women in the North-East Region.

Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012)

Highest allocation was made for the Energy sector.

UJALA Scheme (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All)

Aims to promote efficient lighting by providing LED bulbs.

PMGSY (Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana)

Basic objective is to provide all-weather road connectivity to eligible unconnected habitations/villages.

• PRASHAD

Scheme

(Pilgrimage

Rejuvenation And Spiritual, Heritage

Augmentation Drive)

• Launched: 2014-15 by Ministry of Tourism.
• Focus: Integrated development of identified pilgrimage and heritage destinations.

Poverty Alleviation and Social Security Programs

Union Budget 2023-24 adopted seven priorit1. ies named "Saptarishi". Transparency International headquarters: 2. Berlin, Germany. Estimated social sector expenditure in 3. Budget 2018-19: ₹ 1.38 lakh crore. Chronological order of schemes by 4. implementation year:

• Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY): 2016
• Ayushman Bharat-PMJAY: 2018
• Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY): 2020
• Pradhan Mantri Gati Shakti Yojana: 2021 12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017) visions in5. cluded: Real GDP growth rate of 8%, Agricultural growth rate of 4%, and Head count ratio of consumption poverty reduced by 10 percentage points. Indicators of government contribution to 6. Inclusive Growth: Revenue-GDP ratio and Public Investment-GDP ratio. Achievements during the planning era 7. (1951-2011): Food production increased fourfold, diversified industrial growth, import substitution, diversified export promotion, and expansion of science and technical education. Inclusive Growth in India can be achieved 8. through a Progressive Tax. Chronological order of programmes/schemes 9. by launching year:
• Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM): 2011
• Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY): 2014
• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) (PMAY-U): 2015
• PM Street Vendor's AtmaNirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi): 2020 Enactment years of key Acts: 10.
• The Right to Information Act: 2005
• The MGNREGA Act: 2005
• The RTE Act: 2009
• The National Food Security Act: 2013 MGNREGA details: 11.
• Wage seekers are the primary stakeholders.
• Gram Sabha conducts social audit on scheme implementation. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched 12. in 2014 on M. K. Gandhi's birth anniversary. The Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) 13. was introduced during the Fifth Five Year Plan. India's Five-Year Plan details: 14.
• First Five-Year Plan emphasized agriculture.
• Second Five-Year Plan drew inspiration from the Mahalanobis model.
• The Green Revolution was initiated during the fourth Five-Year Plan period (1969-74). Chronological order of Five-Year Plan 15. objectives/targets: Rapid Industrialisation on the develop1. ment of basic and heavy industries (Second FYP). Direct attack on the problem of 2. poverty by creating conditions of an expanding economy (Sixth FYP). Quality of Life and Growth with 3. Social Justice (Ninth FYP). Rapid and inclusive growth with Re4. duction of gender inequality (Eleventh/ Twelfth FYP). In Union Budget 2020-21, the allocation for 16. MGNREGA decreased compared to Budget 2019-20. Prime Minister Modi's "Give It Up" cam17. paign encourages voluntarily giving up LPG subsidy. Key Policy/Mission facts: 18.
• Goods and Services Tax (GST) was implemented in India in 2017.
• Swachh Bharat Mission aimed to make India open defecation free by October 2, 2019.
• The National Education Policy, 2020 introduced a 5+3+3+4 structure of school education.
• The Jal Jeevan Mission aims to provide piped water supply to all households in India by 2024. Government of India started the “Twenty 19. Point Programme” (TPP) in 1975. Inclusive growth as enunciated in the Elev20. enth Five Year Plan included: Reduction of poverty, Extension of employment opportunities, and Reduction of gender inequality. (It did not explicitly list strengthening of capital market as a direct component of inclusive growth).

Promoting Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) for Inclusive Growth

• Under the Central GST Bill, 2017, the mechanism to monitor and ensure that any reduction in tax rate results in a commensurate reduction in the price of goods or services is known as an Anti-profiteering measure.
• The most important disadvantage of a multiple tax rate structure is the misclassification of goods and services.
• The Niryat Bandhu Scheme is a scheme for mentoring first-generation entrepreneurs in export business.
• Government measures to promote Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) include ensuring better credit flow, technology upgradation, and ease of doing business and market access.
• The Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan focuses on five pillars.
• The Consumer Protection Act 2019 assures consumers the Right to Choose, Right to Safety, Right to be Informed, and Right to be Heard.
• The Vahan Mitra Scheme is associated with Andhra Pradesh.
• The Indira Rasoi Yojana is associated with Rajasthan.
• The Emissions Trading Scheme is associated with Gujarat.
• The Gaushala Project is associated with Madhya Pradesh.
• The NIDHI (National Initiative for Developing and Harnessing Innovations) programme was started for students to begin start-ups.
• Under Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) rules in India, expenditures that directly benefit the company or its employees are not considered CSR activities. (Companies Act 2013 specifies minimum spending of 2% of average net profit of preceding three years).
• The five pillars of Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan are: Economy, Infrastructure, System, Demography, and Demand.
• Swamitva Yojana aims to provide 'Records of Rights' to village household owners with the issuance of legal ownership.
• The RAMP (Raising and Accelerating MSME Performance) Scheme aims at improving Centre-State linkages, partnership, and accelerating MSME performance.
• The Samarth Yojana is a scheme for capacity building in the textile sector for skill development. (Note: In some contexts, specific targets like training 5 lakh certified tyre mechanics may be associated).
• The Manodarpan Scheme provides psychological support to school, college, and university students for their mental health and wellbeing.
• SUFLAM (Start-up Forum for Aspiring Startups and Mentors), in the context of food processing, aims to strengthen the food processing sector by promoting innovation, sustainability, and entrepreneurship.
• Under the National Urban Livelihood Mission (NULM) Self-Employment Programme (SEP), an individual can avail a maximum loan of ₹ 2,00,000.
• The Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) has been re-structured as Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana - National Urban Livelihood Mission (DAY-NULM).
• The objective of DAY-NULM is to reduce poverty and vulnerability of the urban poor, not primarily to provide a clean and sustainable environment for city development.
• Vocal for Local is an initiative of the Government of India.
• The Startup India programme was launched by the Government of India in 2016.
• The Atal New India Challenge (ANIC) was started in 2018-19.
• The PM Ujjwala scheme is for LPG connections, not electricity.
• NIPUN Bharat Mission is related to Education (foundational literacy and numeracy).
• PM Vishwakarma is related to Skill upgrading for artisans and craftsmen.
• MUDRA Yojana is related to Entrepreneurship by providing funding for micro and small enterprises.
• The 'One District One Product' (ODOP) initiative aims to select, brand, and promote products/services from each district.
• Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) is set up under the NITI Aayog.

Public Distribution System (PDS) and Food Security Initiatives

• Public Distribution System (PDS): A food security system maintained by the Government of India, managed by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution. It aims to distribute subsidized food and non-food items to India's poor via Fair Price Shops (FPS).
• National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013: Provides legal entitlement to subsidized foodgrains for up to 75% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population. Priority Households (PHH) receive 5 kg/person/ month, and Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) households receive 35 kg/household/month, at highly subsidized rates.
• One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC) Scheme:
• Launched in August 2019 (pilot basis), fully implemented nationwide by June 2022.
• Objective: Allows portability of food security benefits, enabling NFSA beneficiaries, especially migrant workers, to lift their entitled foodgrains from any Fair Price Shop (FPS) across the country using their existing ration card.
• Requires Aadhaar linkage/seeding of ration cards for biometric authentication.
• Initial pilot states included Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat.
• It is related to the Public Distribution System (PDS) and NOT to a National Registration of Citizens Card.
• Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY):
• Launched in March 2020 as part of the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Package during COVID-19.
• Provides additional free foodgrains (5 kg per person per month) to all NFSA beneficiaries.
• Extended for five years starting January 1, 2024, meaning it will continue till December 2028.
• ANNA DARPAN Project / 'Depot Online System':
• Initiated by the Department of Food & Public Distribution (DFPD) under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution.
• Objective: To modernize and computerize the Supply Chain Management System of the Food Corporation of India (FCI).
• It covers operations at all FCI depots (owned and hired) and integrates operations across various administrative levels (divisional, regional, zonal, headquarters).
• PAHAL Scheme (Pratyaksh Hanstantarit Labh):
• Related to LPG consumers.
• Objective: Direct transfer of LPG subsidy to the bank accounts of beneficiaries.
• COVID-19 Food Security and Welfare Measures:
• Under the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Package (PMGKP), measures included free foodgrains (PMGKAY), and cash transfers.
• A key measure was the cash transfer of ₹500 per month for three months to women Jan-Dhan account holders.
• Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP):
• Objective: To provide quality generic medicines at affordable prices to all.
• Implemented by the Bureau of Pharma PSUs of India (BPPI) under the Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers.
• BPPI's role includes educating the public about the usage of Jan Aushadhi generic medicines.
• Government of India had a target to increase the number of Pradhan Mantri Janaushadhi Kendras to 10,000 by March 2024.

Aspirational District Programme (ADP)

Launched by NITI Aayog in January 2018.

NITI Aayog

Published Composite Water Management Index (CWMI) in June 2018; Gujarat ranked first among non-Himalayan/NE states.

Public Sector Functions in India

• Provide public utility resources.
• Build social and economic overhead capital.
• Ensure balanced regional and sectoral development.
• Pursue egalitarian goals.

National Development Council (NDC)

• Presided over by the Prime Minister.
• Comprises Prime Minister, all Union Cabinet Ministers, Chief Ministers of States, Administrators of Union Territories, and members of NITI Aayog.
• Ministers of State with independent charge are also invited.
• PM-DevINE

(Prime

Minister's

Development Initiative for North East

Region)

• Central Sector Scheme (100% central funding).
• Specifically for North-East India only.
• Introduced in Budget 2022-2023.

Rural Development and Agricultural Support Policies

• Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) operates with the theme "One Nation - One Scheme".
• National Horticultural Mission (NHM) was implemented during the 10th Five Year Plan.
• Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Delhi, is credited with developing fabric from banana fibre.
• The World Bank approved ₹6,000 crore for 'Atal Bhujal Yojana' in June 2018.
• Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) is implemented by the Ministry of Jal Shakti.
• As per the Ministry of Power, a village is considered electrified if 10% of its total households are electrified.
• Budget 2017-18 proposals included:
• Agricultural credit target of ₹10 lakh crore.
• Establishment of new mini labs in Krishi Vigyan Kendras.
• Allocation of approximately ₹80,000 crore for rural, agriculture, and allied sectors.
• The target for 100% village electrification in India was May 1, 2018.
• Jal-Jeevan Mission (JJM) in Himachal Pradesh:
• Targeted to provide Functional Household Tap Connection (FHTC) to every rural household by June 2022.
• 91% of households in HP were provided with FHTC (against a national average of 45.50%).
• HP ranks 8th in the country for providing FHTC.
• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) was launched during 2015-16 with objectives to:
• Achieve convergence of investment in irrigation at the field level.
• Expand cultivable area under assured irrigation.
• Improve farm water use efficiency (Per Drop More Crop).
• Introduce sustainable water conservation practices.
• Enhance physical access of water on farm.
• National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI):
• Began in 1923 in Bengaluru as Imperial Institute of Animal Husbandry and Dairying.
• Renamed Imperial Dairy Institute in 1936.
• Transferred to its present location in Karnal in 1955.
• Atal Jyoti Yojana-2013 aimed to provide 10 minimum hours of power supply for rural agriculture.
• NITI Aayog's Three-Year Action Agenda (2017-2020) aimed at:
• Doubling farmers' income by 2022.
• Provision of electricity to all households by 2022.
• Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) was declared in the Union Budget for Financial Year 2019-20 (launched Aug 2019).
• Launch Dates of key schemes:
• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Gramin (PMAY-G): November 2016
• Jal Jeevan Mission: August 2019
• Swachh Bharat Mission – Gramin (SBM-G): October 2014
• Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY): May 2016
• The passage "...instil into the vast millions of workers... a sense of partnership and of cooperative performance...." relates to Community Development.
• Schemes launched in the year 2000 include Antyodaya Anna Yojana (Dec 2000) and Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (Dec 2000).
• National Milk Day in India is celebrated on 26th November every year, commemorating Dr. V. Kurien's birthday.
• PM Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) is a Central Sector Scheme with 100% funding from the Government of India, providing an income support of ₹6,000 per year in three equal installments to all landholding farmer families.
• Components of 'Bharat Nirman' (launched 2005) include Rural Housing, Rural Electrification, Rural Telephony, Irrigation, Drinking Water, and Rural Roads. Agro-based industries and Rural Education (as standalone components) are not its core components.
• Scheme objectives:
• SVAMITVA: 'Record of Rights' to village household owners with legal ownership cards through precise mapping.
• Ujjwala Yojana: Free LPG connections to women belonging to BPL households.
• SVANidhi: A special micro-credit facility for providing affordable loans to street vendors.
• KUSUM: Ensuring energy security for farmers and increasing the share of installed capacity of electric power from non-fossil fuel sources.
• 'Har Ghar Jal' is the operative programme under 'Jal-Jeevan Mission'.
• Project 'UNNATI' is related to MGNREGA, focusing on skill development.
• The SAMARTH Campaign, launched by the Union Ministry of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj, aims to promote digital transactions in rural areas with a focus on empowering women.
• Mission Amrit Sarovar:
• Launched on 24th April 2022, with a target to construct or rejuvenate 50,000 ponds across India.
• Covers all States and Union Territories.
• Does not have a separate budget; it operates through convergence of existing schemes.
• The initial likely date of completion was 15th August 2023.

Social Protection for Vulnerable Groups (e.g., Elderly, Children, Migrant Workers)

• Economic Survey 2018-19: Behavioural Change & "Nudge" Economics: Highlighted success of schemes in promoting desired social behavioural change. Examples include:
• Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (for gender equality & education).
• Swachh Bharat Mission (for sanitation adoption).
• Insolvency and Bankruptcy Process (for financial discipline).
• UJALA Scheme (for energy efficiency).
• Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Launched: 2 October 2014:
• Aimed at achieving universal sanitation coverage.
• Economic Survey 2018-19 data:
• 93.1% of households had access to toilets.
• 96.5% of those with access to toilets were using them in rural India.
• 30 states and Union Territories achieved 100% ODF (Open Defecation Free) status by October 2019.
• Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Abhiyan (PM-JAY / Ayushman Bharat) - Launched: 23 September 2018:
• World's largest government-funded health assurance scheme.
• Provides Rs. 5 lakh health cover per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization.
• Targets over 10.74 crore poor and vulnerable families (approx. 50 crore beneficiaries).
• Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana (PMVVY) - Launched: 4 May 2017:
• Pension scheme for senior citizens (60 years and above).
• Provides an assured pension based on an assured return (e.g., 7.4% p.a. for FY 2023-24) for 10 years.
• Operated by Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC).
• Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Protsahan Yojana (PMRPY) - Launched: August 2016:
• Incentivizes employers to create new employment by paying the employer's share of 12% contribution towards Employees' Provident Fund (EPF) and Employees' Pension Scheme (EPS) for new employees.
• Applicable for new employees earning up to Rs. 15,000 per month for a period of 3 years.
• National Pension Scheme for Retail Traders/Shopkeepers and Self-employed persons (PM Laghu Vyapari Maandhan Yojana) - Launched: July 2019:
• Voluntary and contributory pension scheme for small traders and self-employed.
• Eligibility: Age 18 to 40 years; annual turnover not exceeding Rs. 1.5 crore.
• Exclusion: Individuals covered under NPS, EPFO, ESIC, or an income tax payer are not eligible.
• Pension: Assured monthly pension of Rs. 3000 after attaining 60 years of age.
• Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana (AABY) Launched: October 2007:
• A social security scheme for the unorganized sector workers.
• Provides life insurance cover against natural death, accidental death, and permanent/partial disability.
• Merged with Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) in 2015.
• Pradhan Mantri Aatmanirbhar Swasthya Bharat Yojana (PM-ASBY / PM Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission) - Launched: October 2021:
• Aims to strengthen health infrastructure across India from the village to the national level.
• Focuses on developing capacities of primary, secondary, and tertiary care health systems.
• Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) - Launched: 9 May 2015:
• An accidental death and disability insurance scheme.
• Coverage: Rs. 2 lakh for accidental death and total permanent disability, Rs. 1 lakh for partial permanent disability.
• Premium: Rs. 20 per annum (revised from Rs. 12).
• Eligibility: Age 18-70 years.

Sustainable Livelihoods and Environmental Protection Policies

• "Power Pack" Scheme: Aims at electrification in remote areas using solar energy.
• PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana:
• Objective: Install solar plants on 1 crore houses to provide up to 300 units of free electricity monthly.
• Process: Features a 100% online system for registration, application, approval, and grant disbursement.
• Subsidy: Provides Central Financial Assistance (CFA) or subsidies for rooftop solar plants (e.g., up to 60% for 2kW systems, up to 40% for 3kW systems).
• Loan Provision: Facilitates access to concessional loans from financial institutions.
• Rajasthan Forestry and Biodiversity Development Project (2023-2031): Financial assistance provided by KFW (German Development Bank).

Urban Inclusive Development Strategies and Affordable Housing

• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Urban (PMAY-U):
• Launched: June 2015.
• Objective: "Housing for All by 2022".
• Time span: 2015 – 2022.
• Assures house to homeless slum dwellers, urban poor, LIG (Low Income Group), and MIG (Middle Income Group) categories.
• Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) / Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban (SBM-U):
• Launched: 2 October 2014.
• Aim: Achieve 'Clean India' target by 2019 (150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi).
• Focus: Open Defecation Free (ODF), solid waste management, urban cleanliness.
• *Not* primarily focused on safe drinking water.
• Swachh Survekshan:
• World's largest cleanliness survey.
• Swachh Survekshan 2021 surveyed approximately 4320 cities.
• Swachh Survekshan 2021 Awards: Jharkhand awarded best-performing state (less than 100 urban local bodies); Chhattisgarh retained first position in Cleanest State Category.
• Primary parameters for cleanliness system (e.g., Swachh Survekshan 2023): Method for disposal of waste, arrangement of toilets, awareness about cleanliness among citizens, and beautification.
• National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY):
• Aim: Preserving and revitalizing heritage cities.
• Implemented in 12 cities.
• Selected 12 cities: Ajmer, Amaravati, Amritsar, Badami, Dwarka, Gaya, Kanchipuram, Mathura, Puri, Varanasi, Velankanni, Warangal.
• Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT):
• Aim: Improving basic urban infrastructure in cities.
• Focus areas (5): Water Supply, Sewerage & Septage Management, Storm Water Drainage, Green Spaces & Parks, Non-Motorized Urban Transport.
• *Not* a focus area for affordable housing (this is PMAY's domain).
• AMRUT 2.0 Funding (Central Government's share):
• Cities with population > 10 lakh: 33.33%.
• Cities with population 1 lakh to 10 lakh: 50%.
• Cities with population < 1 lakh (including North-Eastern & Hilly States/UTs, and islands): 75%.
• Smart Cities Mission:
• Launched: 25 June 2015.
• Integrated Low Cost Sanitation (ILCS) Scheme:
• Funding: On sharing basis.
• Central subsidy: 75 percent.
• State subsidy: 25 percent.
• Swadesh Darshan Scheme:
• Aim: Integrated development of theme-based tourist circuits.
• Includes development of 15 thematic tourist circuits, e.g., Heritage circuit, Ramayan circuit, Coastal circuit, Sufi circuit, Buddhist circuit, etc.
• UDAY (Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana):
• Aim: Improving finances of power distribution companies.