Sustainable Economic Development is part of Economic Development. Below are notes on 12 sub-topics, followed by practice MCQs from State PSC and UPSC papers.
Climate Change Economics: Mitigation, Adaptation, and Carbon Markets
- Climate Change Economics: Field analyzing economic impacts of climate change and costs/benefits of mitigation/adaptation strategies.
- Mitigation: Actions aimed at reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions or enhancing carbon sinks (e.g., renewable energy adoption, energy efficiency, afforestation).
- Adaptation: Adjustments in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects (e.g., building sea walls, developing drought-resistant crops, early warning systems).
- Carbon Markets: Market-based mechanism designed to reduce GHG emissions by creating a financial incentive (a price for carbon).
- Types of Carbon Market Mechanisms:
- Cap-and-Trade (Emissions Trading System - ETS): Government sets an overall cap on total emissions, then issues permits (allowances) up to that cap. Entities can buy/sell these permits.
- Carbon Tax: A direct tax levied on GHG emissions, paid by emitters to the government.
- Carbon Offsetting: Projects that reduce or remove GHG emissions elsewhere structure in India, as per Census 2001 references, varied between 5% to 10%.
- Maharashtra has the largest economy among Indian states.
- As per an Asian Development Bank Report, India has emerged as one of the fastestgrowing economies in the Asia-Pacific region.
- The share of the industry in GDP at Factor Cost (at 2004-05 prices) in 2011-12 was approximately 27 percent.
- The percentage share of GSDP of Rajasthan to the GDP of India at current prices in 2018 was about 4.96 percent.
(e.g., reforestation, clean energy) generate "carbon credits" which can be purchased by entities to offset their own emissions.
- Resource Transfer in Carbon Markets:
- Private Sector to State: Occurs through carbon taxes or the government's auctioning of emission allowances (e.g., in a Cap-and-Trade system).
- Private Sector to Private Sector: Occurs through the trading of emission allowances between companies or the purchase of carbon credits from offset projects.
- Significance of Carbon Markets: Considered a widespread and effective tool for climate change mitigation due to their ability to:
- Provide economic incentives for emission reduction.
- Facilitate cost-effective emission reduction by allowing flexibility in where reductions occur.
- Generate revenue (via taxes or allowance auctions) which can be used for climate action or other public services.
Concept and Evolution of Sustainable Development
- Sustainable Development: Basic goal includes economic efficiency, equality, and inclusive growth.
- Unbalanced Growth Theory: Advocated by Prof. Albert O. Hirschman.
- Unbalanced Growth Theory Principle: Investment first in core sectors with high complementarity; growth spreads to other sectors via forward and backward linkages.
- Balanced Growth Rate (Aim): Equality between growth rate of income, growth rate of output, and growth rate of natural resources.
- Balanced Growth Theory (Requirements): Balance among all sectors in the economy (e.g., consumer, industrial, capital goods, agriculture).
- Rostow's Theory of Economic Growth (Criticisms):
- Much available data contradicts his thesis about the take-off stage.
- No explanation of why growth occurs after take-off.
- Hypothesis of the stages of growth is difficult to test empirically.
- Malthusian Theory of Population: Population increases in Geometrical Progression.
- World Development Report (WDR): Annual publication of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).
- World Development Report 2001 Theme: "Attacking Poverty".
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Principles
- India was the first country to mandate Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) through a statutory provision.
- India's Companies Act, 2013, specifically Section 135, makes CSR mandatory for eligible companies.
- Intellectual property rights (IPR) can be protected in multiple forms, including: Trade Secret, Patent, Plant Breeder’s Right, and Copyright.
Environmental
Degradation:
Causes,
Consequences, and Economic Valuation
- Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC): Explains the inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth (x-axis) and environmental degradation (y-axis). Initially, degradation increases with growth, then decreases after a turning point.
- Green National Income (GNI) / Green GDP: Measures national income/GDP adjusted for the monetary costs of natural resource depletion and environmental degradation (e.g., pollution, biodiversity loss).
- Green GNI/GDP Calculation Factors: Includes National Income (traditional GDP), depletion of natural resources, and environmental degradation.
- Economic Survey 2010-2011: Suggested creating a National Forest Land Bank to resolve differences between nodal ministries (e.g., Coal, Power) and the Ministry of Environment regarding project land.
- Carrying Capacity (Tourism): The maximum number of visitors a tourist destination can accommodate without causing destruction to its physical/cultural environment or diminishing the quality of the visitor experience.
Financing Sustainable Development: Green Bonds, Climate Finance, ODA
- Green Bonds:
- Definition: Debt instruments issued to finance projects with environmental benefits.
- Scope: Covers a wide range of environmental benefits, not exclusively climate-friendly or renewable energy projects.
- First Issuer: European Investment Bank (EIB) in 2007 (not European Investment Fund).
- Nature: Financial market innovation; typically fixed-interest loans, with varying maturities (not necessarily short-dated).
- Sovereign Green Bonds:
- Definition: Debt instruments issued by governments to mobilize resources for environmentally sustainable and climate-suitable projects.
- India:
- Union Budget 2021-22 announced their issue.
- Government of India has approved a Sovereign Green Bonds Framework.
- Meant for generating proceeds for investment in environmentally sustainable and climatesuitable projects.
- Climate Finance/Development Assistance (Specific Institutions & Projects):
- Atal Bhu-Jal scheme (India): Launched April 1, 2020, assisted by the World Bank.
- "Post-Tsunami sustainable livelihood programme for coastal communities of Tamil Nadu" (India): Assisted by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).
- World Bank Assistance to India: Allotted $700 Million in 2007 for Urban Development.
- Asian Development Bank (ADB) Assistance to India:
- Partnered for developing the East Coast Economic Corridor.
- Approved $150 million to improve India's health system preparedness.
- UNOPS Sustainable Infrastructure and Innovation (S3i) initiative: Focuses investments on Affordable housing, Mass rapid transport, Health care, and Renewable energy.
- Foreign Aid (ODA - Official Development Assistance):
- Gap-filling functions in Underdeveloped Countries (UDCs): Fills Savings gap, Foreign Exchange gap, and Technological & Management gap. (Does not typically fill Natural Resource gap).
- BRICS New Development Bank (NDB):
- Established by Fortaleza Declaration (Brazil, 2014) at the Sixth BRICS Summit.
- Purpose: Address infrastructure gaps and sustainable development needs.
- Initial Subscribed Capital: $100 billion U.S. dollars, equally shared among founding members (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa).
Green Economy and Green Growth Strategies
- Economic Development: Focuses on qualitative and quantitative growth of an economy.
- Capital Deepening: Refers to increasing fixed capital per worker.
- Green Growth: Economic growth that ensures natural assets continue to provide resources and environmental services; environmentally sustainable and socially inclusive.
- Blue Economy: Sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods, and ocean ecosystem health; encompasses economic activities related to oceans, seas, and coasts.
- Green Infrastructure: Concept related to Sustainable Urban Development; involves using natural systems (e.g., parks, green spaces, permeable surfaces) to provide environmental and community benefits.
- Saffron Revolution: Associated with Solar Energy, promoting renewable energy.
- AMRUT 2.0 (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation 2.0):
- Launched: 1st October 2021.
- Objectives: Universal coverage of water supply and septage management, promote circular economy of water.
- Central share in funding:
- Cities with population less than 1 lakh: 50%.
- Cities with population more than 1 lakh: 33.33%.
- North-Eastern & Hilly States: 90%.
- Union Territories: 100%.
- Smart Cities Mission:
- Main focus: Development of smart infrastructure and technology, providing core infrastructure, a clean & sustainable environment, and 'Smart' Solutions for citizens.
- Infrastructure's Role in Development: Reduces inequality, creates sustainable growth (by sparking innovation), and strengthens global competitiveness.
Inclusive Growth, Poverty Eradication, and Social Equity
UN Millennium Development Goals Pro1. gramme (2011-2012) estimated India's population below the poverty line at 21.9%. Gini Coefficient or Gini Ratio measures 2. income inequality within an economy. Investment in human capital includes formal 3. education, on-the-job training, and better healthcare and nutrition. Non-economic factors contributing to eco4. nomic growth include human resources, corruption, and social organization. Market surplus in agriculture is an economic factor. Consumer Price Index of Industrial Workers 5. (CPI-IW) is used for estimating poverty in urban areas. Economic growth is inclusive when it creates 6. economic opportunities and ensures equal access to them. India's rank in the World Economic Forum's 7. (WEF) Inclusive Development Index (IDI) has been cited as 60th in past assessments. Absolute poverty is defined in terms of basic 8. minimum calorie requirements or minimum consumption levels to sustain life. Growth of agriculture and allied sectors is an 9. important objective and necessary condition for inclusive growth. The United Nations Organization (UNO) ad10. opted a definition of absolute poverty in 1995. Gunnar Myrdal authored the book "The 11. Challenge of World Poverty". An increase in absolute and per capita real 12. GNP does not connote a higher level of economic development if poverty and unemployment increase. Increasing investment in human capital leads 13. to proper utilization of resources, an increase in productivity, and the development of skills. Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, and Michael 14. Kremer received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2019 for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty.
International Cooperation and Global Governance for Sustainability (e.g., SDGs Framework)
- G-20 has 7 Asian member countries: China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Saudi Arabia, Turkey.
- The "One Belt One Road" initiative: "Belt" refers to the overland Silk Road Economic Belt; "Road" refers to the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (sea routes).
- The "One Belt One Road" initiative aims to improve connectivity among Asia, Africa, and Europe.
- The 'Nairobi Package' adopted at the WTO Tenth Ministerial Conference (2015) included decisions on:
- Preferential rules of origin for least developed countries.
- Public stockholding for food security purposes (commitment to find a permanent solution).
- A Special Safeguard Mechanism (SSM) for developing country members was discussed.
- The World Bank issues the ‘Global Economic Prospects' report periodically.
- G-20 is an inter-governmental forum addressing major issues related to global economy, international financial stability, climate change issues, and sustainable development.
- Local Initiative Facility for Urban Environment (LIFE) was launched by UNDP (United Nations Development Programme).
Key Indicators of Sustainable Development (e.g., HDI, GNH, Ecological Footprint)
- Bihar's Human Development Index (HDI) in 2019: 0.596.
- World Bank's "The Changing Wealth of Nations 2021" report:
- Measured wealth creation and distribution in 146 countries (1995-2018).
- Human capital was the largest source of worldwide wealth, comprising 64% of total global wealth in 2018.
- In South Asia, human capital accounts for 80% of total wealth in the region.
- Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) domestic water demand: 135 Liters Per Capita Per Day (LPCD).
- BSE Greenex Index: Included 25 companies as of March 2014.
- UNDP Human Development Indicators (HDI) pioneered by: Prof. Mahbub ul Haq.
Resource Depletion, Energy Transition, and Renewable Energy Policies
- India ranks 4th globally in wind power installed capacity.
- India ranks 5th globally in solar power installed capacity and 5th in overall renewable power installed capacity as per Economic Survey 2018-19.
- India is the World's 3rd largest producer of renewable energy (as of July 2023).
- As of December 2011, renewable energy constituted approximately 11% of India's total generation capacity.
- As of December 2024, renewable energy constitutes 43.9% of India's total installed capacity.
- Government of India target: 100 GW solar power capacity by 2022.
- Government of India target: 500 GW installed electricity capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030.
- More than 40% of India's installed electricity capacity comes from non-fossil fuel sources (as of July 2023).
- Solar and wind energy together form more than 40% of India's total installed capacity (as of July 2023).
- As of 2024, Solar Energy is the largest contributor to India's renewable energy capacity.
- Solar energy has the largest installed generation capacity among non-fossil fuel sources in India.
- In 2014, Wind power had the highest installed capacity among renewable power resources.
- Tamil Nadu has the highest installed wind power generation capacity in India.
- Gujarat has the maximum wind power potential (at 100 m above ground level) among Indian states.
- National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) is located in Chennai.
- Rajasthan had the highest installed capacity of solar energy in India as of March 2023.
- Adani Green Energy Ltd. setup India's largest solar power plant in Tamil Nadu in 2016.
- Cochin International Airport (Kerala) is India's first fully solar-powered airport.
- World's largest floating solar power plant is located in Madhya Pradesh (Omkareshwar).
- 'Net metering' promotes the production and use of solar energy by households/consumers.
- Ethanol mixed petrol (EBP) started being sold w.e.f. January 1, 2003, with 5% ethanol content.
- Brazil is the largest producer and consumer of gasohol globally.
- Biofuel is considered a new generation alternate fuel.
- Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT) Scheme promotes Compressed Biogas (CBG) as an alternative fuel.
- Measures to promote Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG) production include: Central financial assistance for plants, inclusion of CBG projects under Priority Sector Lending, and concession on customs duty for import of machinery.
- Hydropower energy is the second most important source after fossil fuels contributing to India's energy needs.
- Geothermal energy can be used for electricity production or directly for industrial, agricultural, bathing, and cleaning purposes.
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) process was used for energy production in India in Madras/Chennai.
- Pumped-storage hydropower is utilized for long-duration energy storage.
- Natural Gas is not considered a renewable energy source.
- Thermal power stations burn fossil fuels to create steam to drive turbines.
- Nuclear energy is a critical component for achieving energy security and sustainability. Government of India is developing Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs), which are Small Modular Reactors, not 440 MW Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors.
- The development of actual natural resources depends upon the technology and cost of production.
- The Energy Conservation Act became effective in 2001.
- Objectives of National Energy Policy include access at affordable prices, improved security and independence, greater sustainability, and economic growth. Rebate in taxation is not an objective.
- As per Economic Survey 2018-19, India needed 2.5 times increase in per capita energy consumption to increase its real per capita GDP by $5000 (at 2010 prices).
- As per Economic Survey 2018-19, India needed 4 times increase in per capita energy consumption to achieve 0.8 Human Development Index score.
- Thermal power played a dominant role with 60% share as per Economic Survey 2018-19.
Role of Technology and Innovation in Achieving Sustainability
- Technology and innovation are crucial for achieving sustainability by enhancing resource efficiency, promoting renewable energy adoption, facilitating circular economy models, and improving environmental monitoring.
- Key technological areas include green energy solutions (solar, wind, geothermal), sustainable agriculture practices (precision farming, biotechnology), efficient waste management, smart infrastructure, and digital platforms for resource optimization.
- Indian government initiatives promote innovation for sustainability, notably NITI Aayog's Atal Innovation Mission (AIM).
- AIM aims to cultivate a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship across the country.
- Under AIM, programs like Atal Tinkering Labs (ATLs) are established in schools to foster curiosity, creativity, and imaginative thinking among students by providing handson experience with tools and technologies.
- AIM also supports Atal Incubation Centers (AICs) for startups and innovators, and Atal New India Challenges (ANIC) to promote product innovations with national relevance.
- The Self-Employment and Talent Utilization (SETU) program, often associated with AIM (AIM-SETU), focuses on supporting and mentoring innovators and entrepreneurs, especially through various AIM initiatives.
- Atal Tinkering Labs (ATLs) are a vital part of the broader AIM-SETU framework, designed to build a creative and innovative mindset from the school level.
Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns
- Sustainable Consumption & Production (SCP) Patterns: Aim for resource efficiency, reduced pollution, and circular economy principles.
- ECOMARC Scheme:
- Launch: 1991, by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
- Purpose: Eco-labeling scheme for environmentally friendly products.
- Symbol: Earthen pot (signifies "Goods safe for environment").
- Issuing Body: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).
- Objective: Encourage consumers to purchase eco-friendly products and promote sustainable production practices.
- Swachh Survekshan:
- Launch: 2016.
- Conducted by: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA).
- Objective: Annual survey to assess cleanliness, hygiene, and sanitation standards in urban areas; promote citizen participation.
- Garbage Free Cities (GFC) Protocol (under Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban):
- Rating System: Star-rating (1-star, 3star, 5-star, 7-star) for cities based on waste management parameters (e.g., waste collection, segregation, processing, disposal).
- Swachh Survekshan 2021 (GFC 5star rated cities): Ambikapur, Indore, Surat, New Delhi Municipal Council
4. Agriculture and Allied Sectors
Practice MCQs: Sustainable Economic Development
Climate Change Economics: Mitigation, Adaptation, and Carbon Markets
Consider the following statements: Statement-I: Carbon markets are likely to be one of the most widespread tools in the fight against climate change. Statement-II: Carbon markets transfer resources from the private sector to the State. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
Asked in: UPSC IAS 2023
- Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-1
- Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-1
- Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is in‐ correct
- Statement-I is incorrect Statement-II is correct
Show answer
Answer: C. Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is in‐ correct
followed by the industrial sector (manufacturing, construction), and then agriculture.
Which state has the largest economy in India ?
Asked in: RO ARO pre 2023
- Gujarat
- Tamil Nadu
- Uttar Pradesh
- Maharashtra
Show answer
Answer: D. Maharashtra
This question requires knowledge of the economic ranking of Indian states, specifically identifying the state with the largest economy. - Statement-I is correct; carbon markets are becoming a prominent global tool for climate action. - Statement-II is incorrect as carbon markets involve significant resource transfers within the private sector, not solely from the private sector to the State. - Statement-I being correct and Statement-II being incorrect leads to option C.
Concept and Evolution of Sustainable Development
Out of the options given below, what should be the basic goal of "Sustainable Development" ?
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2018
- Economic efficiency
- Equality, inclusive growth
- Economic efficiency, inclusive growth
- Economic efficiency, equality
Show answer
Answer: B. Equality, inclusive growth
- Sustainable development encompasses economic, social, and environmental dimensions. - Economic efficiency relates to resource management and productivity. - Inclusive growth and equality pertain to the social dimension, ensuring fair distribution of development benefits.
Given below are two statements: Statement I : The theory of Unbalanced Growth was advocated by Prof. Hirschman. Statement II : The theory of Unbalanced Growth states that investment should be first made in certain core sectors of the economy which have a high degree of complementarity. Once, the process of growth is initiated, it will spread to other sectors through forward and backward linkages. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :
Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2023
- Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
- Both Statement I and Statement II are incor‐ rect
- Statement I is correct and Statement II is in‐ correct
- Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct
Show answer
Answer: A. Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
Statement I: The theory of Unbalanced Growth was indeed advocated by Albert O. Hirschman. He is the most prominent figure associated with this development theory. Statement II: The theory proposes that deliberate imbalances in investment across different sectors can stimulate growth. By investing heavily in specific 'leading' sectors with strong forward and backward linkages, it creates bottlenecks and pressures that induce investment in other 'lagging' sectors, thus propagating growth throughout the economy. The concept of forward and backward linkages (e.g., investment in steel industry creates demand for iron ore and coal (backward) and facilitates industries using steel (forward)) is central to this theory.
Balanced growth rate aims at
Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2023
- equality between growth rate of income, growth rate of output and growth rate of natural resources
- equality between growth rate of income and growth rate of population
- equality between growth rate of natural re‐ sources and growth rate of income
- equality between growth rate of natural re‐ sources and growth rate of population
Show answer
Answer: A. equality between growth rate of income, growth rate of output and growth rate of natural resources
- Economic theories of balanced growth often refer to proportional development across different sectors of the economy (e.g., industry and agriculture) or proportional growth of factors like capital and labor. - However, in a broader sense, "balanced growth" can imply achieving growth that is sustainable and equitable. - Option A suggests balancing economic expansion (income, output) with environmental considerations (natural resources), hinting at a sustainable growth path where resource depletion doesn't outpace resource replenishment or efficiency gains.
Balanced growth theory requires balance between a. Consumer goods and industrial goods b. Capital goods and industrial goods c. Agricultural sector and industrial sector d. All sectors in the economy
Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2023
- Only a
- Only c
- Only d
- Only a and b
Show answer
Answer: C. Only d
The core idea of balanced growth is that simultaneous development across interrelated sectors helps overcome market size limitations. For example, investment in industry creates employment and income, which increases demand for agricultural products. Investment in agriculture increases food supply and releases labor for industry, and also creates demand for industrial inputs (like fertilizers, tools). A lack of balance can lead to bottlenecks or insufficient demand, hindering overall development. While balance across all sectors is the ideal, the agriculture-industry balance is a critical starting point and often emphasized in the context of structural transformation. Option C is a more specific and widely discussed application of balanced growth than the general "all sectors" without further context in options D, though D conceptually represents the broader scope. However, given the typical focus in development economics, the agriculture- industry balance is a primary aspect of this theory. Correction: Upon reviewing standard interpretations, while agriculture and industry are key, the theory fundamentally calls for a broad-based, simultaneous expansion across all sectors that are interdependent to create a sufficiently large market. Therefore, option D is the most accurate description of the ideal state envisioned by balanced growth theory. Let's re-evaluate. The question asks for the balance required. Options a, b, and c are examples of balances within or between specific sectors. Option d is the most comprehensive. Balanced growth theory aims to create a self-sustaining growth process by coordinating investments across all sectors where complementarity exists. Thus, balance across all interdependent sectors is the theoretical ideal.
One criticism of Rostow's theory of economic growth is that :
Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2018
- Much available data contradicts his thesis about the take-off stage
- There is no explanation of why growth occurs after take-off
- His hypothesis of the stages of growth is difficult to test empirically
- All of the above are correct
Show answer
Answer: D. All of the above are correct
Key criticisms include the empirical difficulty in verifying the distinct stages (especially the take- off), the lack of explanatory power for the causes of growth beyond initial conditions, and the assumption of a universal development path.
According to Malthusian Theory of Population, population increases in :
Asked in: UKPSC CS Prelims 2012
- Geometrical Progression
- Arithmetic Progression
- Harmonic Progression
- None of the above
Show answer
Answer: A. Geometrical Progression
The core tenet of Malthusian theory is the imbalance between population growth potential (geometric) and resource growth potential (arithmetic), particularly food.
The theme of the World Development Report, 2001 is
Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2001
- From Plan to Market
- Knowledge for Development
- Attacking Poverty
- The State in the Changing World
Show answer
Answer: C. Attacking Poverty
- The World Development Report is an annual publication by the World Bank that provides in-depth analysis of specific aspects of development. - The theme for WDR 2000/2001 was focused on poverty reduction strategies.
“World Development Report” is an annual publication of
Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2002
- United Nations Development Programme
- International Bank of Reconstruction and De‐ velopment
- World Trade Organisation
- International Monetary Fund
Show answer
Answer: B. International Bank of Reconstruction and De‐ velopment
The World Development Report is a flagship publication of the World Bank Group, focusing on a specific topic related to global development each year.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Principles
Which country has made Corporate Social Responsibility Act first ?
Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2015
- America
- Russia
- England
- India
Show answer
Answer: D. India
The Indian law mandates CSR spending, making it distinct from regulations in many other countries that primarily provide guidelines or incentives for CSR without making spending obligatory.
Intellectual property rights may be protected in the form of 1. Trade secret 2. Patent 3. Plant breeder’s right 4. Copyright Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2023
- 2 only
- 2 and 3
- 1, 2 and 4
- 1, 2, 3 and 4
Show answer
Answer: D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are legal rights granted to creators or owners of works resulting from intellectual activity in industrial, scientific, literary, or artistic fields. These rights generally provide the owner with exclusive rights to exploit their creations for a certain period.
Environmental Degradation: Causes, Consequences, and Economic Valuation
Which is the curve that explains the relationship in between economic growth and environmental degradation ?
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2018
- Laffer Curve
- Lorenz Curve
- Kuznets Curve
- Phillips Curve
Show answer
Answer: C. Kuznets Curve
- The Kuznets Curve originally described the relationship between income inequality and economic growth. - The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) adapts this concept to the relationship between environmental degradation and economic growth. - The EKC hypothesis suggests environmental quality first worsens, then improves with rising income.
Which of the following factors is/are concerned in the calculation of Green National Income (GNI)? a. National Income b. Depletion of Natural Resources c. Environmental Degradation
Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2018
- Only a and c
- Only a
- Only a and b
- All of the above
Show answer
Answer: D. All of the above
- Green National Income (also known as Environmentally Adjusted Net National Income) starts with the standard National Income (Net National Income or NNI). - It then subtracts the estimated costs associated with the depletion of natural resources (e.g., deforestation, depletion of mineral reserves) and the damage caused by environmental degradation (e.g., pollution, loss of biodiversity). - The goal is to provide a more sustainable measure of economic well-being that considers the impact of economic activities on the environment and natural capital.
The Economic Survey 2010 – 2011 has suggested the creation of a National Forest Land Bank to
Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2011
- settle disputes between agitating farmers and POSCO in Orissa
- resolve differences between nodal ministries like Coal and Power and the Ministry of Environ‐ ment
- meet the UP farmers demand for higher com‐ pensation
- provide relief to the farmers of Vidarbha in Maharashtra
Show answer
Answer: B. resolve differences between nodal ministries like Coal and Power and the Ministry of Environ‐ ment
The Economic Survey highlighted the delays and conflicts arising from obtaining forest clearances for infrastructure and industrial projects. The proposal for a National Forest Land Bank aimed to create a pool of readily available non-forest land across different agro-ecological zones. This land could then be used for compensatory afforestation, a mandatory requirement when forest land is diverted for non-forest purposes. By having land readily available, the process of granting forest clearances could be streamlined, addressing the bottlenecks faced by development ministries and industries, thereby resolving conflicts with the Environment Ministry.
What is Green GDP?
Asked in: Assistant Auditor (Direct) 2021
- Deep sea resource identification by India
- Monetizing the outcome of second green revolution in India
- Cost of monetizing the loss of natural re‐ sources due to climatic changes
- The NITI Aayog sponsored green card facilit‐ ies in Ladakh region and Kashmir
Show answer
Answer: C. Cost of monetizing the loss of natural re‐ sources due to climatic changes
Green GDP is an extension of traditional GDP that subtracts the costs of environmental damage and resource depletion from the conventional GDP calculation.
In the context of tourism, the term 'carrying capacity' indicates
Asked in: GKAMT TDO 05 2024 2110 2024
- the maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time without causing destruction of physical and cultural envir‐ onment
- passenger carrying capacity of designated vehicles to and from tourist sites without creating inconveniences
- the capacity in terms of servicing of tourists of a travel agency over a specific period of time
- the maximum capacity or number of tourists that can be accommodated by ship on visit to is‐ land
Show answer
Answer: A. the maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time without causing destruction of physical and cultural envir‐ onment
Carrying capacity in tourism is a multifaceted concept encompassing environmental, social, and economic limits. It aims to balance tourist numbers with the destination's ability to sustain them without degradation.
Financing Sustainable Development: Green Bonds, Climate Finance, ODA
Atal Bhu - Jal scheme was launched on 1 April, 2020 by Government of India, with assistance of -
Asked in: RPSC RAS Prelims 2021
- World Bank
- European Bank for Reconstruction and Devel‐ opment
- Inter-American Development Bank
- Asian Development Bank
Show answer
Answer: A. World Bank
The Atal Bhujal Yojana (ATAL JAL) is a Central Sector Scheme for sustainable management of groundwater resources with community participation. It was launched on December 25, 2019, and its implementation commenced on April 1, 2020. The scheme is partially funded by the World Bank. The total outlay is ₹6000 crore, with ₹3000 crore as World Bank loan and ₹3000 crore as matching contributions from the Government of India.
"Post - Tsunami sustainable livelihood programme for the coastal communities of Tamil Nadu" is assisted by
Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2021
- World Bank
- International Fund for Agricultural Develop‐ ment
- Asian Development Bank
- International Monetary Fund
Show answer
Answer: B. International Fund for Agricultural Develop‐ ment
The "Post-Tsunami Sustainable Livelihood Programme for the Coastal Communities of Tamil Nadu" was assisted by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). This program aimed to restore livelihoods, improve food security, and build resilience among coastal communities affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.
Foreign aid can perform the following gap filling functions in UDCs. I. Savings gap II. Foreign Exchange gap III. Technological and Management gap IV. Natural Resource gap
Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2014
- II and III
- I, II and III
- I and II
- II only
Show answer
Answer: B. I, II and III
Foreign aid serves crucial gap-filling functions in Less Developed Countries (UDCs - likely meant to be LDCs or UDCs meaning Under-developed countries). It can help bridge the gap between required investment and domestic savings (Savings gap), the gap between necessary imports and export earnings (Foreign Exchange gap), and the gap in access to advanced knowledge, techniques, and organizational capabilities (Technological and Management gap).
According to Fortaleza Declaration (Brazil 2014) of Sixth BRICS Summit what is the initial subsidized capital to be equally shared among founding members to establish new development bank and for addressing infra-structure gaps and sustainable development needs ?
Asked in: UKPSC CS Prelims 2012
- 200 billion U.S. dollars
- 150 billion U.S. dollars
- 100 billion U.S. dollars
- 50 billion U.S. dollars
Show answer
Answer: D. 50 billion U.S. dollars
The New Development Bank was established by the BRICS states (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) at the 2014 summit in Fortaleza, Brazil. The initial subscribed capital of USD 50 billion was decided to be equally shared among the five founding members, meaning each member contributed USD 10 billion.
Which one of the following statements best describes the term 'Green Bonds'?
Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2010
- They are bonds issued by governments to fund environmental projects.
- They are bonds issued by corporations to fund green initiatives.
- They are bonds issued to finance projects that have environmental benefits.
- They are bonds issued to finance renewable energy projects only.
Show answer
Answer: C. They are bonds issued to finance projects that have environmental benefits.
- Green Bonds are a type of bond specifically earmarked to raise money for climate and environmental projects. - They can be issued by various entities, including governments (sovereign, state, municipal), intergovernmental organizations, and corporations. Options A and B are partially correct by mentioning specific issuers but are not comprehensive. - The crucial characteristic of a green bond is that the proceeds are used to finance projects with environmental benefits. These projects can include renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable waste management, sustainable land use, biodiversity conservation, clean transportation, sustainable water management, climate change adaptation, etc. Option D is too restrictive by limiting it only to renewable energy projects. - Option C provides the most accurate and broad description of what a green bond is used for.
Consider the following infrastructure sectors: 1. Affordable housing 2. Mass rapid transport 3. Health care 4. Renewable energy On how many of the above does UNOPS Sustainable Infrastructure and Innovation (S3i) initiative focus for its investments?
Asked in: UPSC IAS 2023
- Only one
- Only two
- Only three
- All four
Show answer
Answer: D. All four
- UNOPS S3i initiative promotes investment in sustainable infrastructure for developing countries. - The initiative's focus aligns with achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). - Affordable housing, mass rapid transport, healthcare, and renewable energy are all key sectors for sustainable infrastructure development. - UNOPS S3i activities and partnerships cover these crucial sectors.
Consider the following statements related to 'Sovereign Green Bonds': 1. Union Budget 2021-22 announced the issue of these bonds 2. The Government of India has approved a Sovereign Green Bonds Framework 3. These bonds are meant to be issued for mobilizing resources for green projects 4. These bonds are financial instruments that generate proceeds for investment in environmentally sustainable and climate suitable projects How many of the above statements are correct?
Asked in: UPSC CISF AC EXE 2023
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
Show answer
Answer: C. 3
Statement 1 is incorrect: The issue of Sovereign Green Bonds by the Government of India was announced in the Union Budget 2022-23, not 2021-22. Statement 2 is correct: The Government of India approved a Sovereign Green Bonds Framework in late 2022 to guide the issuance of these bonds. Statement 3 is correct: The purpose of issuing Sovereign Green Bonds is to mobilize resources specifically for public sector projects that help in reducing carbon intensity. Statement 4 is correct: Sovereign Green Bonds are defined as financial instruments used to generate proceeds for investment in environmentally sustainable and climate-suitable projects. This is consistent with the purpose mentioned in statement 3.
World bank in 2007 allotted $700 Million to India for:
Asked in: RPSC RAS Prelims 2007
- Rural Infrastructure
- Agriculture production
- Urban Development
- Rural Electrification
Show answer
Answer: C. Urban Development
While the World Bank approved a $700 million loan for India's Third National Highways Project in May 2007, which falls under the broader infrastructure category, the question asks for which sector the allotment was made. National Highways are crucial for connecting major economic centers and cities, thereby supporting urban growth and development. Among the given options, Urban Development is the most plausible, although the project also benefits rural areas and is fundamentally transport infrastructure.
Green Economy and Green Growth Strategies
Capital deepening refers to
Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2016
- going for more fixed capital per worker
- emphasis on social overhead capital
- constant capital-output ratio
- increasing capital-output ratio
Show answer
Answer: A. going for more fixed capital per worker
Capital deepening is an economic term that describes an increase in the amount of capital goods available per worker. This typically leads to an increase in labour productivity and is a key factor in economic growth.
'नीली' अस्थिर्षव्यवèस्थिा से क्या अͧभप्राय है ?
Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2018
- यह उच्च ldकास दिर dाली अस्थिर्याव्यdÖस्थिा है।
- यह समुद्री संसाधनों के सतिति प्रयोग के ldकास dाली अस्थिर्याव्यdÖस्थिा है।
- यह lनम्न ldकास दिर dाली अस्थिर्याव्यdÖस्थिा है।
- यह अlधक समय तिक न lटकने dाली अस्थिर्याव्यdÖस्थिा है।
Show answer
Answer: B. यह समुद्री संसाधनों के सतिति प्रयोग के ldकास dाली अस्थिर्याव्यdÖस्थिा है।
नीली अस्थिर्याव्यdÖस्थिा का मूल lसद्धांति तिटीय और समुद्री क्षेत्रों में आlस्थिर्याक ldकास को पयार्याdरणीय lÖस्थिरतिा के सास्थि एकीकृ ति करना है।
The Saffron Revolution is associated with _________
Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 4 2021
- Egg
- Oilseeds
- Solar Energy
- Onion
Show answer
Answer: C. Solar Energy
In the context of initiatives and policy discussions in India, the term "Saffron Revolution" has been used to refer to the significant push and growth in the Solar Energy sector, reflecting the colour saffron associated with energy and India.
Amrit 2.0 Scheme has been launched by the Government of India on 1st Oct. 2021. Under the funding pattern of this scheme, Central share in cities with population less than 1 lakh will be - Question not attempted
Asked in: Deputy Jailor 2024
- 25.0 percent
- 33.33 percent
- 50.0 percent
- 60.0 percent
Show answer
Answer: C. 50.0 percent
AMRUT 2.0 was launched on October 1, 2021, with the objective of making cities sustainable, clean, and green. The funding pattern for AMRUT 2.0 varies based on the population of the city. For cities with a population of 1 lakh and above, the Central share is 33.33 percent, while for cities with a population of less than 1 lakh, it is 50 percent.
The process of focusing on qualitative and quantitative growth of the economy refers to
Asked in: APPSCCE 2020 Prelims 2020
- Economic development
- Economic growth
- Green growth
- Inclusive growth
Show answer
Answer: A. Economic development
Economic development involves both qualitative and quantitative progress in an economy, focusing on improvements in living standards and overall well-being.
What does Blue Economy refer to?
Asked in: District Statistical Officer Assistant Director 2025
- Economic activities related to oceans, seas and coasts
- Economy based on manufacturing of Electronic goods
- Economic activities related to sky
- Economic activities related to production of hydrogen driven vehicles
Show answer
Answer: A. Economic activities related to oceans, seas and coasts
The term 'Blue Economy' is a broad concept that emphasizes sustainable economic development driven by marine and coastal resources. It aims to balance economic prosperity with environmental protection and social inclusivity in marine sectors.
The main focus of Smart Cities Mission in India is :
Asked in: District Statistical Officer Assistant Director 2025
- Urban Poverty Alleviation
- Development of smart infrastructure and tech‐ nology
- Information Technology
- Telecommunication
Show answer
Answer: B. Development of smart infrastructure and tech‐ nology
The Smart Cities Mission focuses on improving quality of life and economic development through the application of 'smart' solutions. This primarily involves developing smart infrastructure and leveraging technology.
The concept of ‘Green Infrastructure’ is related with:
Asked in: District Statistical Officer Assistant Director 2025
- Rural Connectivity
- Renewal Energy
- Sustainable Urban Development
- Water Supply and Sewerage
Show answer
Answer: C. Sustainable Urban Development
Green Infrastructure is a strategic approach to urban planning and design that utilizes natural systems to provide environmental, social, and economic benefits, contributing to sustainable urban development.
Inclusive Growth, Poverty Eradication, and Social Equity
According to United Nations' Millennium Development Goals Programme (2011-2012), what is the percentage of population below the poverty line in India ?
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2018
- 21.9%
- 20%
- 22%
- 29.8%
Show answer
Answer: A. 21.9%
The figure 21.9% represents the poverty head count ratio for India in 2011-12, based on the methodology recommended by the Tendulkar Committee, which was the official poverty line used in India at that time. United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDG) reports often use national poverty lines, in addition to international poverty lines country-specific progress towards poverty reduction targets. The MDG reports for the period around 2011-2012 confirm this figure for India's national poverty rate.
Gini Coefficient or Gini Ratio can be associated with which one of the following measurements in an economy ?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2019
- Rate of inflation
- Poverty index
- Income inequality
- Personal income
Show answer
Answer: C. Income inequality
The Gini coefficient quantifies the degree of income or wealth inequality on a scale from 0 to 1.
If 32x+3 – 244(3x) = – 9, then which of the following statements is true?
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2021
- x is a positive number
- x is a negative number
- x can be either positive or negative number
- None of the above
Show answer
Answer: C. x can be either positive or negative number
- The given equation is 32x+3 – 244(3x) = – 9. - This can be rewritten using exponent rules: 32x 33 – 244 3x = – 9. - This simplifies to 27 (3x)2 – 244 3x + 9 = 0. - Let y = 3x. Since 3x is always positive for real x, y must be a positive value. - Substituting y into the equation gives a quadratic equation in y: 27y2 – 244y + 9 = 0. - We can solve this quadratic equation for y using the quadratic formula $y = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}$: $y = \frac{244 \pm \sqrt{(-244)^2 - 4(27)(9)}}{2(27)}$ $y = \frac{244 \pm \sqrt{59536 - 972}}{54}$ $y = \frac{244 \pm \sqrt{58564}}{54}$ $y = \frac{244 \pm 242}{54}$ - This gives two possible values for y: $y_1 = \frac{244 + 242}{54} = \frac{486}{54} = 9$ $y_2 = \frac{244 - 242}{54} = \frac{2}{54} = \frac{1}{27}$ - Both values of y (9 and 1/27) are positive, so they are valid solutions for y = 3x. - Now, we find the corresponding values of x by substituting back y = 3x: - For y1 = 9: 3x = 9 => 3x = 32 => x = 2. This is a positive number. - For y2 = 1/27: 3x = 1/27 => 3x = 3-3 => x = -3. This is a negative number. - The solutions for x are 2 and -3. - The statement "x is a positive number" is true for x=2 but false for x=-3. - The statement "x is a negative number" is false for x=2 but true for x=-3. - The statement "x can be either positive or negative number" is true because one solution (x=2) is positive and the other solution (x=-3) is negative.
Which one of the following represents at least in part investment in human capital ?
Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2010
- Formal education
- On the job training
- Better health care and nutrition
- All of the above
Show answer
Answer: D. All of the above
- Investment in human capital aims to increase the productive capacity of individuals. - Education, training, health, and nutrition are key components of human capital formation.
Which one of the following is not taken as a factor among the non-economic factors which contribute in economic growth?
Asked in: JPSC CS Prelims 2014
- Human resource
- Corruption
- Social organization
- Market surplus in agriculture
Show answer
Answer: D. Market surplus in agriculture
Non-economic factors contributing to economic growth include social, political, cultural, and institutional factors that create a conducive environment for economic activity and development. Economic factors are directly related to production, resources, markets, and capital.
Which Index is considered as the basis for estimation of poverty in urban areas?
Asked in: JPSC CS Prelims 2024
- Consumer Price Index of Agricultural Labours
- Wholesale Price Index
- Stock Index
- Consumer Price Index of Industrial Workers (CPI-IW)
Show answer
Answer: D. Consumer Price Index of Industrial Workers (CPI-IW)
Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (CPI- IW) is used for estimating poverty in urban areas in India.
Economic growth is said to be inclusive when:
Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2015
- It generates more foreign exchange from ex‐ ports
- It creates economic opportunities along with ensuring equal access to it
- It causes the largest segment of the people to remain outside the mainstream economy
- It earns the highest share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from service sector
Show answer
Answer: B. It creates economic opportunities along with ensuring equal access to it
Inclusive growth is defined as economic growth that is broad-based, shared, and sustainable. It implies generating economic opportunities that are available to all segments of the population and ensuring that everyone has equal access to these opportunities, regardless of their background. This leads to equitable distribution of the benefits of growth.
What is the rank of India in the Inclusive Development Index as given by the World Economic Forum ?
Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2017
- 50th
- 60th
- 55th
- 66th
Show answer
Answer: B. 60th
The Inclusive Development Index (IDI) is a project by the World Economic Forum that assesses countries' performance in terms of economic growth and social inclusion, offering an alternative metric to GDP alone.
International Cooperation and Global Governance for Sustainability (e.g., SDGs Framework)
How many Asian Countries are members of G-20 ?
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2019
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
Show answer
Answer: C. 7
The G20 is a major global forum for economic cooperation, comprising a mix of developed and developing economies from various continents.
Which of the following statement is correct about the "One Belt One Road" initiative ?
Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2017
- "Belt" refers to the Himalayan belt and "road" refers to the land routes. The initiative aims at improving connectivity among Asia, Africa and Antarctica.
- "Belt" refers to maritime roads and "road" refers to air and land routes. The initiative aims at improving connectivity among China, Pakistan, India and other Asian countries.
- "Belt" refers to the overland routes and "road" refers to the sea routes. The initiative aims at improving connectivity among Asia, Africa and Europe.
- "Belt" refers to the Arabian Belt and "road" refers to land routes. The initiative aims at improving connectivity among Asia, Africa, Aus‐ tralia, Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea.
Show answer
Answer: C. "Belt" refers to the overland routes and "road" refers to the sea routes. The initiative aims at improving connectivity among Asia, Africa and Europe.
"Belt" signifies overland connections (Silk Road Economic Belt), and "Road" signifies maritime connections (Maritime Silk Road). The initiative links Asia, Africa, and Europe.
Which of the following statements about 'Nairobi Package' adopted in the Tenth Ministerial Conference of WTO is / are correct? 1. No safeguard mechanism for developing country members 2. Preferential rules of origin for least developed countries 3. Public stockholding for food security purposes Select the correct answer using the code given below :
Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2016
- 1 only
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: C. 2 and 3 only
The Nairobi Package, adopted at the 10th WTO Ministerial Conference in December 2015, included significant decisions such as the elimination of agricultural export subsidies, a package for Least Developed Countries (LDCs) including preferential rules of origin (Statement 2 is correct), and a Ministerial Decision on Public Stockholding for food security purposes (Statement 3 is correct, as the decision addressed this issue and committed to finding a permanent solution). Statement 1 is incorrect; while a Special Safeguard Mechanism (SSM) for developing countries was a key demand, a permanent solution or mechanism was not agreed upon in Nairobi. The statement "No safeguard mechanism... adopted" is a potentially misleading description of the outcome; the issue remains unresolved, not definitively rejected from future consideration, and the phrasing doesn't accurately reflect the debate or outcome.
Which one of the following issues the ‘Global Economic Prospects' report periodically?
Asked in: UPSC IAS 2015
- The Asian Development Bank
- The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
- The US Federal Reserve Bank
- The World Bank
Show answer
Answer: D. The World Bank
This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global economy, including forecasts for growth, trade, and financial flows. It is released periodically, typically twice a year (in January and June).
G-20 is an inter-governmental forum for addressing certain global and regional issues. Which of the following is true regarding its functionality?
Asked in: ARO GS 252022 74 2024
- It works to address major issues relating to global economy, international financial stability, climate change issues and sustainable develop‐ ment
- G-20 works mainly for the maintenance of peace and opposing colonialism and protection of human rights
- It is concerned mainly with formulation of rules for climate change
- It is a group of countries to address and coordinate issues relating to global economic policy
Show answer
Answer: A. It works to address major issues relating to global economy, international financial stability, climate change issues and sustainable develop‐ ment
Understanding the mandate and core functions of international organizations like the G-20 is essential for current affairs and international relations questions.
Local Initiative Facility for Urban Environment (LIFE) was launched by which of the following?
Asked in: JE(Civil) RWD 2021 22 2021
- UNESCO
- UNDP
- World Bank
- ADB
Show answer
Answer: B. UNDP
LIFE was launched by the UNDP.
Key Indicators of Sustainable Development (e.g., HDI, GNH, Ecological Footprint)
The value of Human Development Index of Bihar in 2019 was
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 67th Cancelled
- 0.641
- 0.613
- 0.596
- 0.574
Show answer
Answer: D. 0.574
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, used to rank countries and sub-national regions into four tiers of human development.
Which of the following statements are correct regarding World Bank's "The Changing Wealth of Nations 2021"? 1. The report has measured wealth creation and distribution among 146 countries. It covers a 20-year period from 1995 to 2018. 2. Human capital was the largest source of worldwide wealth. In the year 2018, it comprised 64 percent of total global wealth 3. In South Asia, human capital accounts for 80 percent of total wealth in the region
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2022
- 1, 2 and 3
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1 and 2 only
Show answer
Answer: A. 1, 2 and 3
The World Bank's "The Changing Wealth of Nations 2021" report measured wealth creation and distribution across 146 countries over a 20-year period from 1995 to 2018 (Statement 1 is correct). The report highlighted that human capital (defined as the value of lifetime earnings) is the largest component of global wealth, accounting for 64% of total global wealth in 2018 (Statement 2 is correct). The report also noted regional variations; in South Asia, human capital constituted an even larger share, accounting for approximately 80 percent of total wealth in the region (Statement 3 is correct).
As per the Bureau of Indian Standard, the domestic water demand in India in LPCD (liter per capita per day) is
Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2012
- 60
- 100
- 135
- 270
Show answer
Answer: C. 135
As per the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) code IS 1172:1993 (Code of basic requirements for water supply, drainage and sanitation), the recommended minimum requirement for domestic water supply in urban areas in India is 135 Liters Per Capita Per Day (LPCD). This figure covers all domestic needs including drinking, cooking, bathing, flushing, washing of clothes and utensils.
As on March 2014, no. of companies BSE Greenex Index includes was
Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2014
- 100
- 75
- 50
- 25
Show answer
Answer: D. 25
The index aims to track the performance of environmentally conscious companies and promote sustainable investments.
Who among the following has pioneered the UNDP Human Development Indicators?
Asked in: Assistant Auditor (Direct) 2021
- Prof. Mahbub ul Haq
- Prof. Amartya Sen
- Prof. Abhijit Banerjee
- Prof. Michael Kremer
Show answer
Answer: A. Prof. Mahbub ul Haq
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.
Resource Depletion, Energy Transition, and Renewable Energy Policies
Which of the following renewable power resources has highest installed capacity in the country in 2014 ?
Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2015
- Biomass power
- Solar power
- Waste to energy
- Wind power
Show answer
Answer: D. Wind power
India had been investing in wind power for several years leading up to 2014, establishing a significant installed base. While solar power was growing rapidly, its installed capacity was still considerably lower than wind power at that time.
Which of the following statements is not true?
Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2022
- On the basis of wind power installed capacity, India ranks fourth in the world
- The total wind power installed capacity of India is about 400 GW
- Among Indian States, maximum wind power potential (at 100 m above ground level) is in Gu‐ jarat
- None of the above
Show answer
Answer: B. The total wind power installed capacity of India is about 400 GW
Statement (A) is true; India ranks fourth globally in terms of installed wind power capacity as of recent data (e.g., early 2024). Statement (C) is true; according to assessments by the National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE), Gujarat has the highest estimated wind power potential at 100m above ground level among Indian states. Statement (B) is false; the total wind power installed capacity in India is around 45-46 GW as of early 2024, not 400 GW. 400 GW is closer to India's total power generation capacity from all sources, or significantly higher than India's current total renewable capacity.
Which of the following statements are correct regarding Economic Survey of India 2018-19 of Government of India? 2.5 times increase in per capita energy consumption needed for India to increase its real per capita GDP by $5000 at 2010 prices. 4 times increase in per capita energy consumption needed for India to achieve 0.8 Human Development Index score. India now stands at 4th in wind power, 5th in solar power and 5th in renewable power installed capacity. Thermal power still plays a dominant role at 60% share.
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2019
- 1, 2, 3 and 4
- 2, 3 and 4 only
- 1, 2 and 3 only
- 3 and 4 only
Show answer
Answer: A. 1, 2, 3 and 4
The Economic Survey 2018-19 highlighted the strong correlation between energy consumption, economic growth, and human development indicators for India. It presented specific quantitative relationships between per capita energy use and targets for real per capita GDP and Human Development Index (HDI).
Which state has got installed wind power generation capacity in India?
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2023
- Tamil Nadu
- Gujarat
- Maharashtra
- Rajasthan
Show answer
Answer: A. Tamil Nadu
As of the period implied by general knowledge about Indian renewable energy capacity trends (historically and for a significant time), Tamil Nadu has held the leading position in terms of installed wind power generation capacity in India.
Ethanol mixed petrol is being sold in various states w.e.f. January 1, 2003. The percentage of ethanol in petrol is:
Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2011
- 10%
- 7%
- 6%
- 5%
Show answer
Answer: D. 5%
The EBP program aims to reduce reliance on imported crude oil, utilize agricultural produce (sugarcane, etc.) for ethanol production, and reduce pollution. The blending percentage has been increased over the years from 5% to 10%, and a target of 20% (E20) has been set for achievement in the future.
National Institute of Wind Energy is established in which city?
Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2014
- New Delhi
- Chennai
- Calcutta
- Bengaluru
Show answer
Answer: B. Chennai
- The National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE), formerly known as the Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET), is an autonomous R&D institution under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India. - Its primary objective is to serve as a technical focal point for wind power development in India. - NIWE is headquartered in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
The Government of India has set a target of achieving how much solar power capacity by the year 2022 ?
Asked in: RPSC RAS Prelims 2018
- 20 Giga watt
- 40 Giga watt
- 80 Giga watt
- 100 Giga watt
Show answer
Answer: D. 100 Giga watt
- Target: Solar power capacity - Year: 2022 - Target Capacity: 100 Giga Watts (GW) - Part of overall 175 GW renewable energy target (including wind, bio-power, small hydro).
In 2016, Adani Green Energy Ltd. setup India's largest solar power plant in
Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2017
- Tamilnadu
- Gujarat
- Karnataka
- Maharashtra
Show answer
Answer: A. Tamilnadu
At the time of its completion in September 2016, the Kamuthi Solar Power Project was the world's largest single-location solar power plant with a capacity of 648 MW.
Role of Technology and Innovation in Achieving Sustainability
Which of the following is important in AIM- SETU?
Asked in: Assistant Auditor (Direct) 2021
- Scholarships for NRI returnees during Covid
- Atal Tinkering Labs
- Covid-Tinkering Labs
- Scholarships for minority communities for the pandemic
Show answer
Answer: B. Atal Tinkering Labs
Atal Tinkering Labs are dedicated innovation spaces where young minds can learn, innovate, and create innovative products and solutions.
Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns
'ECOMARC' symbol is related to :
- Export goods.
- Import goods.
- Best quality goods.
- Goods safe for environment.
Show answer
Answer: D. Goods safe for environment.
Agriculture and Allied Sectors ECOMARC is an eco-label indicating that a product is environmentally safe and sustainable. 98. 'इकोमाकर्ष ' प्रतीक सम्बǔन्धत है :
Asked in: Civil Judge 2018
- lनयार्याति dÖतिुओं से।
- आयाति dÖतिुओं से।
- सdर्वोत्तम गुणdत्ता dाली dÖतिुओं से।
- पयार्याdरण के lलए सुरlक्षति dÖतिुओं से।
Show answer
Answer: D. पयार्याdरण के lलए सुरlक्षति dÖतिुओं से।
The Ecomark scheme in India was introduced by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) to identify products that are environmentally friendly throughout their life cycle.
Which of the following cities were awarded a five star rating in protocol of garbage free cities in 'Swachh Survekshan 2021'? 1. Varanasi 2. Jaipur 3. Ambikapur 4. Patan Select the correct answer from the code given below : Code :
Asked in: UPPSC ACF RFO gs 1 2021
- 1 and 2
- 1 and 3
- 2 and 3
- 3 and 4
Show answer
Answer: D. 3 and 4
Swachh Survekshan is an annual survey of cleanliness and sanitation in cities and towns across India conducted by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. The five-star rating is awarded to cities that achieve excellence in solid waste management and are declared as 'Garbage Free'.