Election Commission: notes and MCQs for State PSC prelims

Election Commission is part of Indian Polity and Governance. Below are notes on 15 sub-topics, followed by practice MCQs from State PSC and UPSC papers.

Challenges to the Functioning of the Election Commission

Appointment process for CEC & ECs by President (executive) raises impartiality concerns.
Security of tenure disparity: Only CEC enjoys protection akin to SC judge; ECs lack similar protection from removal.
Financial dependence on Ministry of Law & Justice as budget not charged to Consolidated Fund of India.
Reliance on central and state government staff for election duties, posing potential for influence.
Model Code of Conduct (MCC) lacks statutory backing, existing as a convention, limiting its legal enforceability.
Pervasive challenges from money power, muscle power, and criminalization of politics in ensuring free & fair elections.
Difficulty in effectively monitoring and regulating misinformation, fake news, and hate speech, particularly on social media.
Limited powers regarding voter participation: EC promotes turnout (e.g., SVEEP) but cannot mandate voting (India follows voluntary voting).
Inability to annul elections or order reelection solely based on low voter turnout; re-elections are ordered for specific boothlevel irregularities or malpractices.

Composition, Appointment, Tenure, and Removal of Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners

Composition

Article 324: Election Commission of India (ECI) consists of a Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and such number of other Election Commissioners (ECs) as the President may fix.
Currently, ECI is a three-member body (1 CEC + 2 ECs).
ECI functioned as a single-member body from 1950 until Oct 1989.
It became a multi-member body (3 members) in Oct 1989, reverted to single-member in Jan 1990, and again became multi-member (3 members) in Oct 1993, which has continued since.

Appointment

CEC and ECs are appointed by the President.
Anoop Baranwal Case (2023): Supreme Court directed appointments by President on the advice of a committee comprising the Prime Minister (PM), Leader of Opposition (LoP) in Lok Sabha, and Chief Justice of India (CJI), until Parliament enacts a law.
Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023: This Act specifies appointment by the President on the recommendation of a selection committee consisting of: (1) Prime Minister (Chairperson), (2) Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha (or leader of the single largest opposition party), and (3) a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the PM.

Tenure

The Constitution does not specify the term of members of the Election Commission. It is determined by Parliament.
As per law (including the 2023 Act), CEC and ECs hold office for a term of 6 years or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
They can resign anytime by addressing their resignation to the President.
The Constitution does not debar retiring Election Commissioners from any further appointment by the government.

Removal

Chief Election Commissioner (CEC): Can be removed only in the same manner and on the same grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court (i.e., through a process of removal by Parliament for proven misbehaviour or incapacity). This provides security of tenure.
Election Commissioners (ECs) & Regional Commissioners: Can be removed by the President only on the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner. They do not have the same security of tenure as the CEC.

Status & Powers

The CEC and ECs enjoy equal powers and receive equal salary, allowances, and other conditions of service as a Judge of the Supreme Court.
In case of difference of opinion amongst the CEC and other ECs, the matter is decided by a majority vote. The CEC is considered 'first among equals' in decision-making.

State Election Commissioner (SEC)

Appointed by the Governor of the respective state (under Article 243K for Panchayats and 243ZA for Municipalities).
Conditions of service and tenure determined by the Governor (subject to state law).
Can be removed only in the same manner and on the same grounds as a Judge of a High Court.

Historical/Notable Facts

First Chief Election Commissioner: Sukumar Sen (appointed March 21, 1950).
First and only woman Chief Election Commissioner: V. S. Ramadevi (served Nov 1990 - Dec 1990).
ECI was established on 25th January 1950 (celebrated as National Voters' Day).
The power of superintendence, direction, and control of elections to the office of President and Vice-President of India is vested in the ECI.

Conduct of Elections: Nomination, Scrutiny, Polling, Counting, Declaration of Results

First General Election in independent India: 1951-52.
India's electoral system for Lok Sabha & State Assemblies: First-Past-the-Post (FPTP) system.
Simultaneous elections (Lok Sabha & State Assemblies) held in 1952, 1957, 1962, 1967. Not in 1971.
First mid-term Lok Sabha election: 1971.
Preparation of electoral rolls: Vested in Election Commission of India (ECI).
Delimitation of constituencies: Laws are made by Parliament (Delimitation Commission Act), not ECI.
Nomination for Lok Sabha/State Assembly: Can be filed by any citizen of India (age 25+) whose name appears on the electoral roll of any constituency.
Contesting multiple constituencies: A candidate can contest from a maximum of two constituencies (RPA, 1951, Section 33(7), amended 1996). (e.g., Devi Lal contested 3 in 1991, before the 1996 amendment).
Security Deposit: Candidate loses deposit if they fail to secure 1/6th of total valid votes polled, often due to a very large number of candidates.
Cost of bye-election (due to multiple wins): The candidate (not their party) must make a deposit to cover bye-election costs if they win multiple seats and vacate all but one.
Presidential Election Notification: Issued by ECI within 60 days before the expiry of the outgoing President's term.
Lok Sabha General Election Notification: Issued by the President.
State Legislative Assembly General Election Notification: Issued by the Governor.
Right to Vote: A statutory/legal right (under Representation of the People Act, 1951), not a fundamental right or common law right.
Model Code of Conduct (MCC): Comes into effect immediately upon ECI announcing election dates.
NRI Voting: Non-Resident Indians can vote only in person at the polling station in their constituency in India. They cannot use Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot System (ETPBS) or proxy voting.
Service Voters: Eligible for ETPBS or proxy voting (e.g., armed forces, police, government officials posted outside India).
Prisoners' Vote: Persons in lawful custody (prisoners, except those under preventive detention) cannot vote and cannot cast votes from jails.
NOTA (None Of The Above):

Applicable in Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assembly elections.
Not applicable for Presidential and Vice-Presidential elections.
First used in 2013 assembly elections (after Supreme Court ruling in People's Union for Civil Liberties vs Union of India, 2013).

Lok Sabha 7th General Election: Held in 1980.
Lok Sabha 2014 Election Turnout: Approximately 66.4% (the highest at that time).
Election Disputes: No election shall be called in question except by an election petition (filed in the High Court), as per Article 329(b) and RPA, 1951.
General Election 2024 Phases: 7 phases.

The Election Commission of India (ECI) is a permanent and independent Constitutional Body.
Article 324 of the Indian Constitution (Part XV, Articles 324-329) provides for the establishment of the ECI.
The Constitutional Provisions (Article 324) relating to setting up the Election Commission were brought into force on November 26, 1949.
The nucleus office of the Election Commission was set up on January 25, 1950.
The superintendence, direction, and control of the preparation of electoral rolls and the conduct of elections are vested in the ECI for:

Parliament (Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha)
State Legislatures (Vidhan Sabha, Vidhan Parishad)
Offices of President of India
Offices of Vice-President of India

The ECI does not conduct elections to Panchayats and Municipalities.
Elections to Panchayats are vested in a State Election Commission as per Article 243-K.
Elections to Municipalities are vested in a State Election Commission as per Article 243-ZA.
Article 325 mandates one general electoral roll for every territorial constituency and prohibits exclusion from it on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, or any of them.
Article 326 stipulates that elections to the House of the People and the Legislative Assemblies of States shall be on the basis of universal adult suffrage.
The right to vote and to be elected in India is a Constitutional Right (derived from Article 326).
The ECI was originally a single-member body. It became a multi-member body (temporarily) in October 1989, and permanently in October 1993, comprising the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and two Election Commissioners (ECs).
The ECI is a permanent body and is not reconstituted every five years.
As of May 15, 2022, Rajiv Kumar assumed office as the Chief Election Commissioner.
Article 329 bars the interference of courts in electoral matters concerning Parliament and State Legislatures.
Article 243-O bars courts from interfering in electoral matters related to Panchayats.
Article 243-ZA(c) bars courts from interfering in electoral matters related to Municipalities.

Delimitation of Constituencies and its role

Delimitation Definition & Purpose: Process 1. of redrawing boundaries of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies to ensure population uniformity and equitable representation ('one man, one vote' principle). Scope: Also determines the number of seats 2. reserved for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs), and identifies the specific reserved constituencies. Constitutional Basis: 3.

Article 82: Parliament enacts a Delimitation Act after every Census for Lok Sabha.
Article 170: States are similarly divided into territorial constituencies for Assemblies. Delimitation Commission: 4.
Appointment: Appointed by the President of India.
Composition: Retired Supreme Court judge (Chairperson), Chief Election Commissioner (or his nominee), and the State Election Commissioner of the concerned state (ex-officio).
Collaboration: Works in collaboration with the Election Commission of India.
Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Law and Justice. Orders & Judicial Review: 5.
Its orders have the force of law.
Cannot be challenged in any court of law (Article 329), ensuring finality of the delimitation process. Historical Context: 6.
Four Delimitation Commissions constituted so far: 1952, 1963, 1973, 2002.
First post-independence delimitation exercise: 1952 (based on 1951 Census). Freezing of Delimitation: 7.
The total number of Lok Sabha seats allocated to States and the division of each State into territorial constituencies (number & boundaries) were frozen until the year 2026.
84th Amendment Act, 2001: Froze readjustment of LS and Assembly seats based on 1991 Census figures until 2026.
87th Amendment Act, 2003: Permitted delimitation of constituencies within existing seats based on the 2001 Census figures, without altering the total number of seats allocated to each state.
Present Basis: The current delimitation (internal readjustment) is based on the 2001 Census figures (under Delimitation Act, 2002).
Next Delimitation: Will be undertaken after the first Census conducted after the year 2026. Reservation Numbers (Current): Out of 543 8. elected Lok Sabha seats, 84 are reserved for SCs and 47 for STs.

Disqualification of Members: Role of Election Commission in advising the President/Governor

Constitutional Disqualifications (Art. 102 for MPs, Art. 191 for MLAs): Grounds include office of profit, unsound mind, undischarged insolvent, non-citizen/foreign allegiance, or disqualification by law made by Parliament.
Statutory Disqualifications (Representation of the People Act, 1951 - Sec. 8): A person convicted of any offence and sentenced to imprisonment for two years or more is disqualified from the date of conviction and for a further six years after release. Disqualification under this Act is NOT permanent.
Role of Election Commission (EC) in advising President/Governor:

For MPs (Art. 103): When a question arises regarding an MP's disqualification (under Art. 102), the President decides, but MUST obtain the opinion of the EC and act according to that opinion.
For MLAs (Art. 192): When a question arises regarding an MLA's disqualification (under Art. 191), the Governor decides, but MUST obtain the opinion of the EC and act according to that opinion.

Disqualification on Ground of Defection (10th Schedule): Decision rests with the Presiding Officer (Speaker/Chairman) of the respective House; EC's opinion is not sought.
Ministerial Appointment (Art. 164(4)): A person can be appointed a Minister without being a member of the state legislature for a maximum of six consecutive months. After this period, they must become a member or cease to be a Minister.
Supreme Court Ruling: In Lily Thomas vs. Union of India (2013), the Supreme Court struck down Section 8(4) of the RPA, 1951, leading to immediate disqualification of convicted legislators sentenced to imprisonment for two years or more, without any grace period for appeal.

Electoral Reforms: Recommendations and Implementation

Key Committees/Commissions on Electoral Reforms:

Tarkunde Committee (1974-75): First major committee, recommended lowering voting age to 18 (implemented 1989 by 61st Amendment Act).
Dinesh Goswami Committee (1990): Focused on comprehensive electoral reforms (e.g., booth capturing, electoral offences, disqualifications).

Recommendations: Time limit for bye-elections (6 months), increased security deposits for all candidates (including independents), disqualification for insulting national symbols (6 years), restriction on contesting from maximum two constituencies, regulation of party finances, use of EVMs.
Did NOT recommend a 'Voter's Council' or direct 'governmental funding of elections' (Indrajit Gupta Committee did this).

Indrajit Gupta Committee (1998): Specifically recommended partial state funding of elections (in kind).
Law Commission of India:

170th Report (1999): Comprehensive electoral reforms, first major recommendation for simultaneous elections to Lok Sabha and State Assemblies.
255th Report (2015): Reiterated recommendations for simultaneous elections.

Parliamentary Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice (79th Report, 2015, Chairman E.M. Sudarsana Natchiappan): Discussed the feasibility of holding simultaneous elections.

Major Electoral Reforms & Laws:

61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1989: Reduced voting age from 21 to 18 years.
Representation of the People (Amendment) Act, 1996:

Increased security deposits for Lok Sabha (Rs. 10,000 for general, Rs. 5,000 for SC/ST) and Assembly (Rs. 5,000 for general, Rs. 2,500 for SC/ST).
Restricted candidates from contesting from more than two constituencies.
Introduced 6-year disqualification for conviction for insulting the Indian National Flag or the Constitution.
Stipulated that election would not be countermanded on the death of a contesting candidate from a recognised political party (if death occurs after nomination but before polling). It is still countermanded if an independent candidate dies.
Increased number of proposers for independent/unrecognised party candidates.

Chronology of Key Electoral Technologies/ Tools: EVM (Electronic Voting Machine): 1. First used experimentally in 1982 (Kerala by-election), legally permitted by 1989 RPA amendment, widespread use from 1998, nationwide use in 2004 Lok Sabha elections. EPIC (Elector's Photo Identity Card): 2. Introduced in 1993. NOTA (None Of The Above): Imple3. mented in 2013 following Supreme Court directive. VVPAT (Voter Verifiable Paper Audit 4. Trail): First implemented in 2013 (Nagaland by-election), gradually expanded.
Simultaneous Elections - Recent Developments:

High-Level Committee (Sept 2023): Constituted by Government of India to examine simultaneous elections.

Chairman: Former President of India Shri Ram Nath Kovind.
Members: Union Home Minister Shri Amit Shah, Shri Ghulam Nabi Azad, Shri N.K. Singh, Dr. Subhash C. Kashyap, Shri Harish Salve, Shri Sanjay Kothari.
Secretary: Dr. Niten Chandra.
Shri Tushar Mehta (Solicitor General) is a special invitee for legal expertise, not a full member.

Other Relevant Electoral Concepts/Cases:

Proportional Representation: System ensuring seats in legislature are allocated in proportion to votes received. Generally not necessary in countries where a strong two-party system has developed, as the First-Past-The-Post (FPTP) system typically works to produce stable governments in such scenarios.
Jagjit Singh Vs. State of Haryana (2007): Case related to the criminalization of politics; emphasized the necessity of candidates disclosing their criminal antecedents in election affidavits.

Funding of Elections and the Election Commission's perspective

Election expenditure limit for a Lok Sabha candidate in major states: ₹70 lakhs.
Lower expenditure limits apply for Lok Sabha candidates in smaller states (e.g., Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Sikkim) and Union Territories.
Countries practicing State Funding of Elections include Germany, Austria, France, and Canada.

Independence and Safeguards for the Election Commission

Article 324: Election Commission (EC) is entrusted with superintendence, direction, and control of elections.
Chief Election Commissioner (CEC):

Enjoys security of tenure.
Cannot be removed from office except in the same manner and on the same grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court (i.e., parliamentary resolution with special majority).
Conditions of service cannot be varied to his disadvantage after appointment.

Election Commissioners (ECs) & Regional Commissioners:

Can only be removed from office on the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner.
Conditions of service cannot be varied to their disadvantage after appointment.

Anoop Baranwal v. Union of India (2023) case:

Heard by a five-judge Constitutional Bench.
Appointment of CEC & ECs: The judgment ruled that appointments should be made by the President on the advice of a committee comprising the Prime Minister, the Leader of Opposition (or largest opposition party leader in Lok Sabha), and the Chief Justice of India (CJI), until Parliament enacts a law.
Removal of ECs: The Court observed that the protection from removal (akin to CEC) should ideally be extended to Election Commissioners as well, but this was a recommendation for legislative action by Parliament. The judgment did not state that the grounds for removal of Election Commissioners are the same as the Chief Justice of India. The existing constitutional provision (Art. 324(5)) remains that ECs are removed on CEC's recommendation.

Judicial Review of Election Commission's decisions

Bar to Judicial Interference (Article 329): Courts are barred from interfering in "electoral matters" (e.g., delimitation, allotment of seats, preparation of electoral rolls, conduct of elections) except as provided by law. This generally means no interference during the election process.
Method to Challenge Election Outcome: An election can only be called into question by presenting an 'election petition' after the election results are declared.
Jurisdiction for Election Petition (RPA, 1951): High Courts have original jurisdiction to try election petitions (Section 80 read with Section 81 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951).
Appeals from High Court: Decisions of the High Court on election petitions can be appealed to the Supreme Court.
Judicial Review of EC's Administrative/ Quasi-Judicial Decisions: Decisions of the Election Commission that do not directly pertain to the conduct or results of an election (e.g., party registration, symbol allocation, disciplinary action against candidates/parties, enforcement of Model Code of Conduct, delimitation notifications) are subject to judicial review.
Means of Challenge (Non-Election Petition): Such administrative/quasi-judicial decisions can be challenged through:

Writ Petitions: Under Article 32 (Supreme Court) or Article 226 (High Courts).
Special Leave Petition (SLP): Under Article 136 to the Supreme Court against orders of tribunals or High Courts.

Principle: While the election process itself (pre-result) is largely protected from court interference, and the election result can only be challenged via an election petition, the administrative and quasi-judicial decisions of the Election Commission are subject to regular judicial review principles.

Model Code of Conduct: Enforcement, Evolution, and Significance

Model Code of Conduct (MCC) is a set of guidelines issued by the Election Commission of India (ECI) for political parties and candidates during elections.
MCC is issued for voluntary compliance; it is not legally enforceable under specific statutory rules (e.g., Constitution, IPC, Representation of the People Act). Its authority stems from the ECI's constitutional powers to ensure free and fair elections.
Under MCC, Ministers shall not combine official visits with electioneering work.
Government transport (official aircraft, vehicles, machinery, personnel) shall not be used for electioneering, with an exception for the Prime Minister due to high security requirements (costs for electioneering component, if any, borne by the party).
Ministers and other authorities shall not announce any financial grants or promises thereof during elections.
Ministers and other authorities shall not make any promise of construction of roads, provision of drinking water facilities, or other new welfare projects once MCC is in force.
The mobile app 'cVIGIL' is used for reporting violations of the Model Code of Conduct in election-bound States.
Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) personnel deployed for election duties must be impartial.
CISF personnel deployed on election duty can make arrests if required (e.g., in cases of electoral offences), even if asked by a Presiding Officer, as per their legal powers.
CISF will not hesitate to use force in instances of booth capturing or attacks on polling stations by miscreants.

Powers, Functions, and Responsibilities of the Election Commission

Election Commission of India (ECI) is an autonomous constitutional authority (Article 324).
ECI is responsible for administering elections to the Parliament (Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha), State Legislative Assemblies, and the offices of the President and Vice-President.
ECI takes decisions on every aspect of the conduct and control of elections, from the announcement of elections to the declaration of results.
ECI decides the election schedule for both general elections and by-elections.
ECI has superintendence, direction, and control over the preparation, revision, and updating of electoral rolls.
Government officers on election duty work under the control of the ECI.
During the election period, ECI can recommend disciplinary action or transfer of government officials.
ECI grants recognition to political parties and allots election symbols.
ECI resolves disputes relating to splits/ mergers of recognized political parties.
ECI's functions include the enforcement of the Model Code of Conduct and delimitation of constituencies.
The President appoints Regional Commissioners to assist the ECI, based on the recommendation of the ECI.
Electors Photo Identity Cards (EPIC) were introduced by the ECI in 1995.
The general election, 2019 was conducted in 7 phases.
National Voter's Day is celebrated on 25th January.
ECI does NOT conduct elections to local bodies (Panchayats and Municipalities); these are conducted by the State Election Commission.
The State Election Commission (SEC) is a constitutional authority (Articles 243K and 243ZA), generally consisting of a single State Election Commissioner.
ECI does NOT conduct elections for the posts of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha or the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
ECI does NOT make provisions (legislate) with respect to elections to Legislatures; this power rests with Parliament/State Legislatures.
ECI does NOT proclaim final verdicts in election disputes; these are resolved by the High Courts, with appeals to the Supreme Court.
Electoral rolls are prepared under the direction and control of the ECI, not the President of India.
For Lok Sabha elections, the security deposit is Rs 15,000 for general category candidates and Rs 7,500 for SC/ST category candidates.
On the request of the Election Commission, the President is required to make available such staff as may be necessary for the discharge of its functions.

Preparation and Revision of Electoral Rolls

Electoral rolls are prepared under the superintendence, direction, and control of the Election Commission of India (ECI), as per Article 324 of the Constitution.
There is one general electoral roll for every territorial constituency (Assembly and Parliamentary), as per Article 325 of the Constitution and the Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1950. Electoral rolls are primarily prepared for each Assembly constituency; these are then combined to form the rolls for Parliamentary constituencies. They are not prepared directly Lok Sabha constituencywise.
No person is ineligible for inclusion in the electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or any of them (Article 325).
Every citizen of India, not less than 18 years of age, is eligible to be registered in the electoral roll, unless disqualified under a law made by an appropriate legislature (Article 326). The voting age was reduced from 21 to 18 by the 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988, effective 1989.
A person disqualified due to 'Corrupt Practices' or offences relating to elections (under RPA, 1951), for unsoundness of mind, or for conviction leading to imprisonment for certain criminal offences, is not entitled to be registered in the electoral rolls (RPA, 1951, Section 16).
Historically, the "Qualifying Date" for determining age eligibility (18 years) was the first day of January of the year in which the electoral roll is prepared or revised (RPA, 1950). This meant if a citizen turned 18 after January 1st, they had to wait for the next year's roll revision to register.
The Election Laws (Amendment) Act, 2021, amended RPA, 1950, to provide for multiple qualifying dates (January 1, April 1, July 1, October 1) in a year for voter registration, allowing more people to register closer to their 18th birthday.
Electoral rolls are revised annually to update entries (add new voters, delete deceased/ shifted voters) and are not completely revised only every five years (RPA, 1950, Section 21).
Overseas Indians (NRIs) can register their names in the electoral roll of the constituency where their place of residence in India is located, as mentioned in their passport. They must be citizens of India and their name must figure in the electoral roll. However, they must be physically present in India at their designated polling station to cast their vote.
The provision for Electors Photo Identity Cards (EPIC), commonly known as Voter ID cards, was introduced by the Election Commission of India in 1993 and later statutorily provided for in the Representation of the People Act, 1950 (Section 61, inserted by an amendment).
Possessing an EPIC is not compulsory for voting; other government-approved identity documents (e.g., passport, driving license, Aadhaar card) are accepted as proof of identity at polling stations, as per ECI guidelines.
National Voters Day is celebrated on January 25th each year since 2011 to commemorate the foundation day of the Election Commission of India (established on January 25, 1950) and to encourage electoral participation.

Registration and Recognition of Political Parties, Allotment of Election Symbols

Election Commission of India (ECI) is the constitutional body (Article 324) responsible for registration, recognition of political parties, and allotment of election symbols.
Registration of political parties is governed by Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
To register, a party must apply to the ECI within 30 days of its formation and uphold the principles of socialism, secularism, and democracy.
Recognition as a National or State party provides benefits: exclusive election symbol, free access to electoral rolls, free broadcast time on state-owned media (AIR/Doordarshan), and nomination of star campaigners.
National Party Recognition Criteria (a party must satisfy any one of these):
1. It is recognized as a 'State Party' in at least four States.
2. Its candidates secure 6% of valid votes polled in any four or more States in a General Election to the Lok Sabha or to the Legislative Assembly, AND it wins at least four Lok Sabha seats from any State(s).
3. It wins at least 2% of the total seats in the Lok Sabha (i.e., 11 seats from the current 543) from at least three different States in a General Election.
State Party Recognition Criteria (a party must satisfy any one of these):
1. It secures 6% of valid votes polled in the State in a General Election to the State Legislative Assembly AND wins at least two seats in the Assembly.
2. It secures 6% of valid votes polled in the State in a General Election to the Lok Sabha from that State AND wins at least one Lok Sabha seat from that State.
3. It wins at least 3% of the total number of seats in the State Legislative Assembly OR at least three seats, whichever is more, in a General Election to the Legislative Assembly.
4. It wins at least one Lok Sabha seat for every 25 seats or any fraction thereof allotted to the State in a General Election to the Lok Sabha from that State.
5. It secures 8% of the total valid votes polled in the State in a General Election to the Lok Sabha from the State OR to the State Legislative Assembly (without winning any seat).
The ECI is a three-member body comprising a Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and two Election Commissioners (ECs), all appointed by the President.
The multi-member Election Commission system was permanently established in October 1993, after a brief period in October 1989 (not since 1980).
ECI is responsible for determining election schedules, preparing electoral rolls, delimiting constituencies, implementing the Model Code of Conduct, and resolving disputes related to splits/mergers of recognized political parties.

Role of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPATs)

EVM: Electronic Voting Machine.
VVPAT: Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail.
EVMs were first used experimentally in 1982 in 50 polling stations of Parur Assembly Constituency, Kerala.
EVMs were first used on a pilot basis in selected constituencies in 1998 across Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Delhi.
EVMs were used for the first time in the entire State of Goa in the General Elections to the Assembly in 1999.
EVMs are manufactured by Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL) and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL).
The current version of EVMs and VVPATs used is M3.
The VVPAT system was used for the first time by the Election Commission of India in 2013 in the by-election for Noksen Assembly Constituency, Nagaland.
VVPAT is an additional unit attached to the EVM.
The VVPAT prints a paper slip containing the serial number, candidate's name, and symbol of the party/candidate voted for.
The VVPAT slip is visible to the voter for approximately 7 seconds before it automatically drops into a sealed box.

37. Political Parties

Practice MCQs: Election Commission

Challenges to the Functioning of the Election Commission

In the question given below, a statement is followed by two courses of action numbered (I) and (II). Choose the correct option from the following: Statement: There has been less voting in this Lok Sabha election as compared to previous Lok Sabha election. Course of action : (I) The election commission should announce re-election for Lok Sabha. (II) Election commission should cancel the voting rights of the people who did not vote in this Lok Sabha election. - (5) Question not attempted
Asked in: ras 2025 2025
1. (1) Only (I) follows.
2. (2) Only (II) follows.
3. (3) Neither (I) nor (II) follows.
4. (4) Both (I) and (II) follow.
Show answer
Answer: C. (3) Neither (I) nor (II) follows.
This question assesses the ability to evaluate proposed solutions (courses of action) in response to a given problem statement. The evaluation criteria include logic, feasibility, proportionality, and adherence to democratic principles. Solutions that are extreme, impractical, undemocratic, or not directly addressing the root cause are considered weak or not following.

Composition, Appointment, Tenure, and Removal of Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners

Consider the following statements with reference to the Election Commission of India : I. The Constitution of India has debarred the retiring Election Commissioners from any further appointment by the government. II. In 'Anoop Baranwal Case' (2023), the Supreme Court has directed the Government to treat the Regional Commissioners on par with the Election Commissioners (other than the Chief Election Commissioner), as far as removal from office is concerned. III. Since its inception, the Election Commission had functioned as a multi- member body. IV. The power of superintendence, direction and control of elections to the office of Vice-President of India is vested in the Election Commission. Which of the above statement/statements is/are valid ?
Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2024
1. II and III
2. Only IV
3. Only II
4. I, II and IV
Show answer
Answer: B. Only IV
The Election Commission of India is a constitutional body responsible for conducting elections to various high offices. The Supreme Court has recently intervened in the appointment process, emphasizing greater transparency and accountability. The ECI was not always a multi-member body.
J. M. Lyngdoh was appointed as the Chief Election Commissioner to succeed M. S. Gill. Who was appointed as Election Commissioner in place of Lyngdoh?
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2001
1. K. C. Mittal
2. B. B. Tandon
3. Dr. R. S. Paroda
4. Dr. S. Ramadoss
Show answer
Answer: B. B. B. Tandon
B. B. Tandon was one of the Election Commissioners serving alongside J. M. Lyngdoh around the time Lyngdoh became CEC.
Which one of the following statements with regard to the Election Commission is not correct ?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2022
1. It conducts elections to the office of the Vice President of India.
2. An Election Commissioner can be removed from his office without the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner.
3. Election Commissioners are appointed by the President of India.
4. Governor of a State is constitutionally bound to provide support staff to the Election Commission, if required.
Show answer
Answer: B. An Election Commissioner can be removed from his office without the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner.
Article 324(5) of the Constitution of India lays down the procedure for the removal of Election Commissioners and Regional Commissioners. It states that an Election Commissioner or a Regional Commissioner shall not be removed from office except on the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner. The Chief Election Commissioner can be removed in the same manner as a Judge of the Supreme Court.
Which of the following statements relating to the State Election Commissioner is/are correct? 1. The State Election Commissioner is appointed by the Election Commission of India. 2. The State Election Commissioner can be removed only in the same manner as a Judge of a High Court. Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2023
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer
Answer: B. 2 only
According to Article 243K of the Constitution of India, the State Election Commissioner is appointed by the Governor of the concerned State. Their removal can only be carried out in the same manner and on the same grounds as a Judge of a High Court, which requires an address by the State Legislature passed by a special majority.
Consider the following statements regarding State Election Commission. 1. The Governor appoints the State Election Commissioner and determines his conditions of service and tenure of office. 2. The State Election Commissioner can be removed only in the manner and on the grounds as a judge of a High Court. 3. It is mandatory upon the State Election Commissions to adopt the Electoral rolls created by the Election Commission of India for the Legislative assembly polls. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2024
1. 1 only
2. 1,2
3. 3
4. 1,2,3
Show answer
Answer: B. 1,2
The Governor appoints the State Election Commissioner and determines their service conditions and tenure. The SEC can only be removed in the same manner and on the same grounds as a judge of a High Court, ensuring its independence.
Consider the following statements regarding Election Commission of India (ECI). 1. The election commissioners can be removed before the expiry of their term. 2. The Chief Election Commissioner can be removed from office only through a process of removal similar to that of a Supreme Court judge. 3. The Constitution has debarred the retiring election commissioner from any further appointment by the government. Which of the above statement/statements is/are correct?
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2024
1. 1, 2
2. 2 only
3. 2, 3
4. 1, 3
Show answer
Answer: A. 1, 2
Statement 1: The Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners hold office for a term of six years or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier. However, they can be removed from office before the expiry of their term. The Chief Election Commissioner can be removed only in like manner and on like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court. Other Election Commissioners and Regional Commissioners cannot be removed from office except on the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner. Thus, the election commissioners (other than CEC) can be removed before the expiry of their term based on the CEC's recommendation, and the CEC can also be removed before term expiry through the prescribed process. Hence, statement 1 is correct. Statement 2: Article 324(5) of the Constitution states that the Chief Election Commissioner shall not be removed from his office except in like manner and on like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court. This involves a process of removal by the President on an address by both Houses of Parliament supported by a special majority. Hence, statement 2 is correct. Statement 3: The Constitution does not contain any such provision debarring the retiring election commissioner from any further appointment by the government. This is a matter left to statutory rules or conventions, which may vary. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

Conduct of Elections: Nomination, Scrutiny, Polling, Counting, Declaration of Results

The first general election in independent India was held in
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2001
1. 1951
2. 1952
3. 1953
4. 1954
Show answer
Answer: B. 1952
These elections elected the first Lok Sabha after the Constitution came into force in 1950.
If in an election to a State Legislative Assembly the candidate who is declared elected loses his deposit, then it means that
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2015 · GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2022
1. polling was very poor
2. the election was for a multimember constitu‐ ency
3. the elected candidate's victory over his nearest rival was very marginal
4. a very large number of candidates contested in the election
Show answer
Answer: D. a very large number of candidates contested in the election
A winning candidate losing their deposit indicates that despite getting the most votes, they failed to secure the mandatory minimum percentage (1/6th) of the total valid votes, which is typically a result of a highly multi-cornered contest with many candidates splitting the votes.
Which of the following statements with regard to the conduct of elections in India is/are not correct? 1. The responsibility for the preparation of the electoral rolls is vested in the Election Commission of India. 2. The Model Code of Conduct comes into existence as soon as the date of the election is announced. 3. The laws relating to delimitation of constituencies are made by the Election Commission of India. 4. No election shall be called in question except by an election petition. Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2016
1. 3 only
2. 1, 2 and 4
3. 1, 2 and 3
4. 4 only
Show answer
Answer: A. 3 only
- ECI prepares electoral rolls. - MCC is effective from election announcement date. - Delimitation laws are made by Parliament, not ECI. - Election disputes are resolved through election petitions.
Which of the following statements are correct regarding the voting right of the Non- resident Indians (NRIs)? NRIs are not eligible to vote if they are staying abroad continuously for more than 5 years. NRIs can only vote in person in the constituency where their residence is located. NRIs can vote from abroad through the Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot System (ETPBS). The option of proxy voting is available only for armed forces, police and government officials posted outside India.
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2021
1. 1, 2 and 3 only
2. 2 and 4 only
3. 3 and 4 only
4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Show answer
Answer: B. 2 and 4 only
- NRIs registered as voters must generally vote in person in India. - ETPBS and Proxy voting facilities are primarily for service voters, not general NRIs (as of current implementation status).
For election to the Lok Sabha, a nomination paper can be filed by ______.
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2022 · UPSC IAS 2017
1. Anyone residing in India.
2. A resident of the constituency from which the election is to be contested.
3. Any citizen of India whose name appears on the electoral roll of a constituency.
4. Any citizen in India.
Show answer
Answer: C. Any citizen of India whose name appears on the electoral roll of a constituency.
- Article 84(b) of the Constitution requires a person to be an elector for any parliamentary constituency to be qualified for election to the Lok Sabha. - Section 4 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 further elaborates on the qualifications for membership of the Lok Sabha. It states that a person shall not be qualified to be chosen to fill a seat in the House of the People unless he is an elector for any parliamentary constituency. - Being an elector means being registered on the electoral roll of a constituency. It is not required that the person be a resident of the specific constituency from which they are contesting. - Option A is too broad as it doesn't require the person to be a citizen or on the electoral roll. - Option B is incorrect because residency in the contested constituency is not a mandatory requirement; being on the electoral roll of any constituency in India is sufficient. - Option D is too broad as it doesn't require the person's name to be on the electoral roll.
The NOTA voting option is applicable in 1. State Legislative Assembly Elections 2. Lok Sabha elections 3. Election of the President and Vice-President Select the correct answer code:
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2023
1. 1,2
2. 3
3. 1,2,3
4. 1 only
Show answer
Answer: A. 1,2
- NOTA (None of the Above) voting option was introduced in India following the Supreme Court's direction in the PUCL vs. Union of India case (2013). - It is provided to voters in direct elections, allowing them to express disapproval of all contesting candidates. - NOTA is applicable in elections to the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and State Legislative Assemblies. - Elections for President and Vice-President are indirect elections based on the system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote, where voters rank candidates. NOTA is not applicable in this system.

Consider the following statements regarding the Election Commission of India : (i) The Election Commission of India is a body constitutionally empowered to conduct free and fair elections to the National and State Legislatures including the Panchayats. (ii) The power of the Election Commission of India is derived from Article 324 of the Constitution of India. (iii) Rajiv Kumar is the present Chief Election Commissioner who joined his office on 15th May, 2022. (iv) The Election Commission is reconstituted every five years. Select the incorrect statement/ statements using the codes given below.
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2023
1. (i) and (ii) only
2. (ii) and (iii) only
3. (i) and (iv) only
4. (iii) only
Show answer
Answer: C. (i) and (iv) only
The Election Commission of India is a single, permanent, independent body established by the Constitution of India to ensure free and fair elections. State Election Commissions are distinct bodies created for conducting local body elections.
Which Article in the Indian Constitution is related with the establishment of the Election Commission of India?
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 66th
1. Article 324
2. Article 148
3. Article 342
4. Article 325
Show answer
Answer: A. Article 324
Article 324 is the foundational article that makes the Election Commission a constitutional, independent, and permanent body responsible for conducting free and fair elections in India.
Article 324 of the Constitution of India provides for the establishment of which one of the following institutions in India?
Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2022
1. The National Human Rights Commission
2. The Central Vigilance Commission
3. The Central Information Commission
4. The Election Commission of India
Show answer
Answer: D. The Election Commission of India
- Article 324(1) states that "The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of the electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all elections to Parliament and to the Legislature of every State and of elections to the offices of President and Vice- President held under this Constitution shall be vested in a Commission (referred to in this Constitution as the Election Commission)." - This article establishes the Election Commission as an independent constitutional body.
Which one of the following is a constitutional Principle for elections in India ?
Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2014
1. Election to Parliament and Legislature of States is based on proportional representation.
2. The election is based on male adult suffrage.
3. The power to make laws relating to all matters in connection with elections is only with Legislature of a State.
4. No person shall be excluded from the electoral roll on the grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or any of them.
Show answer
Answer: D. No person shall be excluded from the electoral roll on the grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or any of them.
Article 326 of the Constitution establishes elections to the House of the People and the Legislative Assemblies of States on the basis of adult suffrage, meaning every person who is a citizen of India and who is not less than eighteen years of age is eligible to vote.
The Superintendence, direction and control of elections in India is vested in
Asked in: UPSC NDA 1 2018
1. The Supreme Court of India
2. The Parliament of India
3. The Election Commission of India
4. The Chief Election Commissioner
Show answer
Answer: C. The Election Commission of India
The Election Commission of India is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering election processes in India. It is headed by the Chief Election Commissioner and comprises other Election Commissioners.
Which of the following statements a correct in respect of the Electic Commission of India?
Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2022
1. 2 and 3
2. 1 and 4
3. 3 and 4
4. 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: A. 2 and 3
It is an autonomous Legal Body Part XV of Indian Constitutic deals with the Elections and tl Election Commission The Election Commission w: established on January 25, 1950 Art. 328 provides bar on tl interference of Courts in elector matters. - Statement 1 is incorrect. The Election Commission of India is an autonomous Constitutional Body, not merely a Legal Body. It derives its authority directly from the Constitution of India (Article 324). - Statement 2 is correct. Part XV of the Indian Constitution (Articles 324 to 329) deals with Elections and the Election Commission. - Statement 3 is correct. The Election Commission of India was established on January 25, 1950. This date is now celebrated as National Voters' Day in India. - Statement 4 is incorrect. Article 329 provides for a bar on the interference of courts in electoral matters, stating that the validity of any law relating to the delimitation of constituencies or the allotment of seats shall not be called in question in any court, and no election shall be called in question except by an election petition. Article 328 deals with the power of the Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature.

Delimitation of Constituencies and its role

Which of the following statement/statements can be attributed correctly to the exercise of Delimitation ? I. The principle of ‘one man, one vote’ reiterates the need for the exercise of Delimitation. II. The Government of India can set up a Delimitation Commission for the purpose of delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies in a select few States or UTs. III. The Delimitation Commission can only recommend the re-delimitation of territorial Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies but cannot recommend on the reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. IV. The Nodal Ministry for the Delimitation Commission of India is the Ministry of Law and Justice. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2024
1. I, II and IV
2. II and III
3. Only IV
4. I, III and IV
Show answer
Answer: D. I, III and IV
Delimitation is the process of redrawing the boundaries of electoral constituencies to reflect population changes. The Delimitation Commission, established by law, has specific powers and functions, including recommending reservations for SC/STs, and operates under the Ministry of Law and Justice.
Consider the following statements regarding the Delimitation Commission of India : (i) The Delimitation Commission is appointed by the President of India and works in collaboration with the Election Commission of India. (ii) Article 82 of the Constitution of India states that the Parliament is required by law to enact a Delimitation Act following each Census. (iii) The first delimitation exercise in post- independent India was held in 1952 as per the 1951 Census. (iv) The present delimitation of parliamentary constituencies has been done on the basis of the 2001 Census figures under the provision of the Delimitation Act, 2002. Select the correct statement/statements using the codes given below.
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2023
1. (i) only
2. (i) and (ii) only
3. (i), (ii), and (iii) only
4. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
Show answer
Answer: D. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
Delimitation is the process of fixing limits or boundaries of territorial constituencies in a country or a province with a legislative body. It is carried out by an independent Delimitation Commission to ensure that constituencies are as equal as possible in population.
The division of each State into territorial constituencies for the Lok Sabha is done by the Delimitation Commission. This delimitation has been freezed till which year?
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 67th Re Exam
1. 2025
2. 2026
3. 2027
4. 2024
Show answer
Answer: B. 2026
The delimitation of Lok Sabha and State Assembly constituencies based on population figures was frozen by the 84th Amendment Act, 2001. This freeze was applied to the total number of seats in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies based on the 1971 census, and it was extended until the first census taken after the year 2026.
Read the following statements in relation to reservation of seats in Lok Sabha and Legislative Assembly, and choose the correct option: Statement I : Out of the 543 elected seats in the Lok Sabha, 84 are reserved for Scheduled Castes and 44 are reserved for Scheduled Tribes Statement II : Decision on which constituency is to be reserved, is taken by the Delimitation Commission Statement III : The Delimitation Commission is appointed by the Lok Sabha Speaker
Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2020
1. Statement I, II and III all are true
2. Statement I is true, but Statement II and III are false
3. Statement I and III are false, but Statement II is true
4. Statement I, II and III all are false
Show answer
Answer: C. Statement I and III are false, but Statement II is true
Statement I is incorrect regarding the number of seats reserved for Scheduled Tribes in Lok Sabha. Statement III is incorrect about the appointing authority of the Delimitation Commission. Statement II correctly states that the Delimitation Commission decides on constituency reservation.
The present delimitation of constituencies has been done on the basis of 2001 Census, the next delimitation of constituencies will be constituted on the basis of _______
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2017
1. First Census after 2021
2. First Census after 2023
3. First Census after 2025
4. First Census after 2026
Show answer
Answer: D. First Census after 2026
The 84th Amendment Act, 2001, and subsequently the 87th Amendment Act, 2003, froze the allocation of seats in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies and the delimitation of constituencies based on the 1971 census population figures until the first census to be taken after the year 2026. This means the next delimitation exercise will be based on the population figures of the first census conducted after 2026, which is expected to be the 2031 census.
In which of the following circumstances, courts are debarred to interfere in electoral matters? 1. Delimitation of constituencies 2. Allotment of seats to the constituencies
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2018
1. Only 1
2. Only 2
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer
Answer: C. Both 1 and 2
- Article 329 of the Indian Constitution explicitly bars interference by courts in electoral matters, except through an election petition filed after the election results are declared. - Article 329(a) specifically states that the validity of any law relating to the delimitation of constituencies or the allotment of seats to such constituencies shall not be called in question in any court. - Both delimitation of constituencies and allotment of seats are covered under this bar.

Disqualification of Members: Role of Election Commission in advising the President/Governor

Consider the following statements: 1. According to the Constitution of India, a person who is eligible to vote can be made a minister in a State for six months even if he/she is not a member of the Legislature of that State. 2. According to the Representation of People Act, 1951, a person convicted of a criminal offence and sentenced to imprisonment for five years is permanently disqualified from contesting an election even after his release from prison. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?
Asked in: UPSC IAS 2020
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer
Answer: A. 1 only
- A non-legislator can be a minister for a maximum of six months (Article 164(4)). - Disqualification under RPA, 1951 for conviction and sentence of 2+ years is for the sentence duration plus six years after release, not permanent.
While deciding any question relating the disqualification of a member of Parliament, the President shall obtain the opinion of
Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2015
1. Chief Justice of India
2. Election Commission of India
3. Attorney General of India
4. Speaker of the Lok Sabha
Show answer
Answer: B. Election Commission of India
engg exam Article 103 of the Constitution of India deals with the decision on questions regarding the disqualification of a member of Parliament under Article 102(1) (disqualifications other than defection). Article 103(2) explicitly states that before deciding any such question, the President shall obtain the opinion of the Election Commission of India and shall act according to that opinion.
Decision to qualify a person convicted by court law has recently been taken by:
Asked in: RPSC RAS Prelims 1998
1. Govt. of India
2. Supreme court
3. Election commission
4. Parliament
Show answer
Answer: B. Supreme court
This refers to the landmark Supreme Court judgment in the Lily Thomas v. Union of India case (2013). The court struck down Section 8(4) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, which allowed elected representatives (MPs/MLAs) a period of three months to appeal their conviction and sentence before being disqualified. The judgment ruled that disqualification would be immediate upon conviction in certain criminal cases, bringing elected representatives on par with candidates.

Electoral Reforms: Recommendations and Implementation

Which of the following commissions/committees recommended for the simultaneous elections for the first time?
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2021
1. P A Sangma Committee
2. Committee by Election Commission of India headed by JM Lingdo
3. Nachiyappan Committee
4. Nara Chandra Babu Naidu Committee
Show answer
Answer: B. Committee by Election Commission of India headed by JM Lingdo
- The Election Commission of India first officially proposed simultaneous elections in 1983. - The Law Commission of India (1999) and a Parliamentary Standing Committee (2015) later examined and recommended the idea.
Who among the following is the Chairman of the Committee constituted by the Government of India to examine the issue of holding simultaneous elections in the country and to make recommendations thereon ?
Asked in: UPSC NDA 1 2024
1. Union Home Minister Shri Amit Shah
2. Chief Justice of India Shri Dhananjaya Chandrachud
3. Former President of India Shri Ram Nath Kovind
4. Chief Election Commissioner of India Shri Rajiv Kumar
Show answer
Answer: C. Former President of India Shri Ram Nath Kovind
A high-level committee was formed to study the feasibility and framework for conducting simultaneous elections (Lok Sabha and State Assemblies) in India.
Which of the following is not the recommendation of Dinesh Goswami Committee on electoral reforms ?
Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2018
1. Time limit for bye-elections
2. Increase in deposits from independents
3. Voter's Council should be formed to help free and fair elections
4. Amendment of the Anti-defection Law to restrict disqualifications
Show answer
Answer: C. Voter's Council should be formed to help free and fair elections
The Dinesh Goswami Committee on Electoral Reforms (1990) made several recommendations aimed at improving the electoral process. While its recommendations covered aspects like state funding of elections, changes in the 'first past the post' system, increase in security deposits, regulation of political parties' expenditure, timing of bye-elections, and amendments to the anti-defection law, the formation of a 'Voter's Council' was not among its key recommendations. Such a concept might have been discussed in other contexts or proposed by different bodies, but it is not primarily associated with the Goswami Committee report.
The Dinesh Goswami Committee was concerned with
Asked in: PPSC CS Prelims 2015
1. De-nationalisation of banks
2. Electoral reforms
3. Anti-Defection measures
4. Higher education
Show answer
Answer: B. Electoral reforms
The committee made several recommendations regarding aspects like voting machines, candidate expenditure, disqualification of candidates, and the role of the Election Commission, many of which have influenced subsequent electoral law and practice.
Jagjit Singh Vs. State of Haryana (2007) is the case related to
Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2019
1. Electoral Reform
2. Election Commission
3. Members (MLA's, MP's) support from outside
4. Criminalisation of politics
Show answer
Answer: C. Members (MLA's, MP's) support from outside
The Jagjit Singh vs. State of Haryana (2007) case in the Supreme Court of India dealt with issues related to the status of independent Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) and the validity of their support for a government formed by a political party, particularly in the context of the Tenth Schedule (Anti-defection law) and government stability.
Which of the following committee/committees submitted reports on Electoral reforms? 1. Dinesh Goswami Committee 2. Tarkunde Committee 3. Indrajit Gupta Committee 4. Balwantrai Mehta Committee Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2015
1. 1, 3 and 4
2. 2 and 4
3. 1, 2 and 3
4. 3 and 4 only
Show answer
Answer: C. 1, 2 and 3

Funding of Elections and the Election Commission's perspective

The election expenditure limit for a parliamentary constituency in major states now stands at
Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2011
1. ₹ 40 lakhs
2. ₹ 50 lakhs
3. ₹ 60 lakhs
4. ₹ 70 lakhs
Show answer
Answer: D. ₹ 70 lakhs
The Election Commission of India periodically revises the maximum limit on election expenditure for candidates contesting Lok Sabha and Assembly elections.
Which one of the following statements with regard to the revised ceiling on poll expenditure for elections in India is correct ?
Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2014
1. Rs. 40 Lakh per candidate for all Lok Sabha as well as Assembly Constituencies
2. Rs. 70 Lakh per candidate for all Lok Sabha Constituencies
3. Rs. 70 Lakh per candidate for Lok Sabha Con‐ stituencies for all states except Arunachal Pradesh, Goa and Sikkim
4. Rs. 70 Lakh per candidate for Lok Sabha Con‐ stituencies for all states except Union Territories
Show answer
Answer: C. Rs. 70 Lakh per candidate for Lok Sabha Con‐ stituencies for all states except Arunachal Pradesh, Goa and Sikkim
Election expenditure limits for Lok Sabha candidates are not uniform across India but vary based on the size and classification of states/Union Territories, with higher limits for larger areas and lower limits for smaller ones.
State Funding of elections takes place in
Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 1997
1. USA and Canada
2. Britain and Switzerland
3. France and Italy
4. Germany and Austria
Show answer
Answer: D. Germany and Austria
State funding of political parties and election campaigns exists in various forms in many democracies. Germany has a well-established system of state funding for political parties based on their electoral performance and membership. Austria also has a system of public funding for political parties and campaigns. Both countries are prominent examples where state funding plays a significant role in financing political activities.

Independence and Safeguards for the Election Commission

Which of the following statements with regard to the Anoop Barenwal v. Union of India (2023) case is/are correct ? Select the answer using the code given below : 1. The case was heard by a Constitutional Bench 2. According to the judgment, the grounds for removal of Election Commissioners shall be the same as the Chief Justice of India
Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2024
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer
Answer: A. 1 only
Statement 2 is incorrect. The judgment primarily focused on the appointment process of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs), ruling that they should be appointed by the President on the recommendation of a committee comprising the Prime Minister, the Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha, and the Chief Justice of India. While the judgment aimed to provide the ECs with greater independence similar to the CEC and Supreme Court judges, it did not change the constitutional provision regarding the grounds for removal of Election Commissioners. According to Article 324(5), an Election Commissioner cannot be removed from office except on the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner. The grounds for removal of the CEC (and Supreme Court judges) are "proved misbehaviour or incapacity" through a parliamentary process, but this is not explicitly stated as the grounds for other ECs when recommended for removal by the CEC in the Constitution or the judgment. The judgment reinforced the existing removal protection via the CEC's recommendation.

Judicial Review of Election Commission's decisions

The courts in India can interfere in electoral matter only: - On the basis of Public interest petition. - On the basis of Election petition. - On the basis of private interest petition. - On the basis of Group interest petition.
Asked in: Civil Judge 2018
1. (a) and (b)
2. (a) and (c)
3. (b) and (d)
4. (a), (b), (c) and (d)
Show answer
Answer: B. (a) and (c)
In India, courts can interfere in electoral matters primarily through two avenues: 1. Election Petition: This is a specific legal remedy provided under the Representation of the People Act, 1951, where a candidate or elector can challenge the election results based on specific grounds like corrupt practices, irregularities, etc. This is the most direct and common way courts intervene. 2. Public Interest Litigation (PIL): While not directly challenging the outcome of a specific election in the same way as an election petition, PILs can be filed in cases of gross violations of electoral laws or constitutional provisions that affect the public at large, such as issues related to voter registration, delimitation, or enforcement of the Model Code of Conduct.Private and Group Interest Petitions are not recognized legal mechanisms for electoral dispute resolution.
The courts in India can interfere in electoral matter only:
Asked in: Civil Judge 2018
1. On the basis of Public interest petition.
2. On the basis of Election petition.
3. On the basis of private interest petition.
4. On the basis of Group interest petition.
Show answer
Answer: B. On the basis of Election petition.
The Representation of the People Act, 1951, provides for the procedure for challenging election results. An election petition is a formal legal complaint lodged with the appropriate court (usually the High Court) alleging irregularities, malpractices, or corrupt practices during an election.
The Court which has jurisdiction over election disputes under Section 80 of the Representation of People Act, 1951 is
Asked in: Civil Judge (Junior Division) Exam 2009
1. Supreme Court
2. High Court
3. District Court
4. Election Tribunal
Show answer
Answer: B. High Court
The High Court is the designated authority to hear and decide on election disputes as per the Representation of the People Act, 1951.

Model Code of Conduct: Enforcement, Evolution, and Significance

The mobile app 'cVIGIL' is helpful in
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2019
1. conducting free and fair e-tendering process in government offices
2. fighting against corruption in public services
3. removing garbage from the municipal areas
4. reporting violation of model code of conduct in election-bound States
Show answer
Answer: D. reporting violation of model code of conduct in election-bound States
The app 'cVIGIL' is specifically designed as a tool for election-related governance and monitoring by the Election Commission of India.
Which of the following statements are correct regarding Model Code of Conduct for the Guidance of Political Parties and Candidates? 1. The Ministers shall not combine their official visit with electioneering work 2. Government transport including official aircraft, vehicles, machinery and personnel shall not be used except the Prime Minister as he is in High Security. 3. Ministers and other authorities shall not announce any financial grants in any form or promises thereof. 4. Ministers and other authorities shall not make any promise of construction of roads, provision of drinking water facilities etc
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2022
1. 1, 2, 3 and 4
2. 1, 3 and 4 only
3. 1, 2 and 3 only
4. 1 and 3 only
Show answer
Answer: B. 1, 3 and 4 only
- The MCC is a set of guidelines issued by the Election Commission of India (ECI) to regulate the conduct of political parties and candidates during elections. - It aims to ensure a level playing field and prevent the misuse of official power for campaigning. - Key restrictions include prohibiting announcements of sops/grants, combining official and campaign work, and using government resources for electioneering.
With regard to the event of deployment of CISF during election duties, which one of the following statements is *not* correct?
Asked in: UPSC CISF AC EXE 2021
1. They should be absolutely impartial and ensure that the spirit of the law is not violated.
2. Even if the Presiding Officer asks to arrest, CISF personnel deployed on duty, cannot make arrest.
3. Does not hesitate to use force if there is instance of booth capturing.
4. In the event of attack on the polling station by miscreants, the CISF will not hesitate to use force.
Show answer
Answer: B. Even if the Presiding Officer asks to arrest, CISF personnel deployed on duty, cannot make arrest.
CISF personnel possess powers of arrest under Section 11 of the CISF Act for relevant offences. While standard procedure during election duty may involve detaining and handing over to the police, stating they cannot make an arrest at all is inaccurate.
The Model Code of Conduct for elections is issued by the Election Commission as per
Asked in: APPSC Group II Prelims 2016
1. Rules in the Constitution
2. Rules in the Indian Penal Code
3. Issued for voluntary compliance
4. Rules laid down in the Peoples Representation Act
Show answer
Answer: D. Rules laid down in the Peoples Representation Act
- The MCC evolved over time and was initially based on consensus among political parties. - The ECI enforces the MCC using its constitutional powers (Article 324) to ensure free and fair elections. - Violations of the MCC can lead to action by the ECI against parties and candidates. - The MCC deals with aspects like general conduct, meetings, processions, polling day, polling booths, party in power, etc.

Powers, Functions, and Responsibilities of the Election Commission

The powers of the Election Commission include which of the following? I. The Election Commission takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections from the announcement of elections to the declaration of results. II. During the election period, the Election Commission can order the Government to dismiss some government officials. III. When on election duty, Government officers work under the control of the Election Commission. Choose the correct answer using the codes given below:
Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2023
1. I and II only
2. I and III only
3. I only
4. All of the above
Show answer
Answer: B. I and III only
- Statement I is correct: The Election Commission of India (ECI) is vested with the power of superintendence, direction, and control of elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and offices of President and Vice-President (Article 324). This includes the entire process from announcement of elections to declaration of results. The Model Code of Conduct, issued by the ECI, governs the conduct during the election period. - Statement II is incorrect: While the ECI has significant powers over government officials deployed for election duty, it cannot directly order the dismissal of government officials. It can, however, recommend disciplinary action, order transfers, or take other measures to ensure impartiality and efficient conduct of elections. Dismissal is a complex process involving service rules and appropriate authorities. - Statement III is correct: According to Article 324(6), when on election duty, the staff made available to the Election Commission by the President or the Governor of a State are deemed to be on deputation to the Election Commission and are subject to its control and superintendence.
Which of the following is not under the powers and functions of the Election Commission of India?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2018
1. Superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of electoral rolls
2. Conduct of elections to the Parliament and to the Legislature of each State
3. Conduct of election to the office of the President and the Vice President
4. Appointment of the Regional Commissioners to assist the Election Commission in the perform‐ ance of the functions conferred on the Commis‐ sion
Show answer
Answer: D. Appointment of the Regional Commissioners to assist the Election Commission in the perform‐ ance of the functions conferred on the Commis‐ sion
Article 324(4) of the Constitution states that the President may appoint Regional Commissioners after consultation with the Election Commission.
In how many phases was the general election, 2019 conducted in India ?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2019
1. 6 phases
2. 7 phases
3. 8 phases
4. 9 phases
Show answer
Answer: B. 7 phases
The polling for the 17th Lok Sabha election was spread across seven phases, starting from April 11, 2019, and concluding on May 19, 2019.
The use of 'Electors Photo Identity Cards (EPIC)' by the Election Commission of India was started in which one of the following years ?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2022
1. 1992
2. 1993
3. 1995
4. 2001
Show answer
Answer: B. 1993
EPIC, commonly known as the Voter ID card, is a photo identity card issued by the Election Commission of India to eligible voters. Its primary purpose is to prevent impersonation and ensure free and fair elections.
Consider the following statements. 1. The Election Commission of India is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies in India, and the offices of the President and Vice-President in the country. 2. The Union Cabinet decides the election schedule for the conduct of both general elections and by-elections. 3. Election Commission resolves the disputes relating to splits/mergers of recognized political parties. Which of the above statement/statements is/are correct?
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2024
1. 1 only
2. 1, 2
3. 1, 3
4. 1, 2, 3
Show answer
Answer: C. 1, 3
The Election Commission of India (ECI) is a constitutional authority responsible for conducting elections to key offices and legislatures at the Union and State levels. It also has the quasi-judicial function of resolving disputes regarding the recognition of political parties and allocating election symbols, including issues arising from splits or mergers.
Which of the following are functions of the Election Commission of India? A. Conducting elections to the Lok Sabha. B. Conducting elections to the State Legislative Assemblies and local bodies. C. Preparation of electoral rolls. D. Delimitation of constituencies. Choose the correct answer form the option given below
Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2024
1. A, C and D
2. B, C and D
3. A, B, C and D
4. A and B only
Show answer
Answer: A. A, C and D
The Election Commission of India conducts elections for Parliament, State Legislatures, President, and Vice-President. It prepares electoral rolls and is involved in delimitation. State Election Commissions handle local body elections.

Preparation and Revision of Electoral Rolls

Overseas Indians can exercise franchise in an election to the Lok Sabha under which of the following conditions? 1. They must be citizens of India. 2. Their names must figure in the electoral roll. 3. They must be present in India to vote. Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2020
1. 1, 2 and 3
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 2 only
4. 1 only
Show answer
Answer: A. 1, 2 and 3
Overseas Indians (NRIs) who are citizens of India are eligible to vote. For an NRI to exercise franchise in an election to the Lok Sabha, the following conditions must be met under the current legal framework for physical voting: 1. They must be citizens of India. (Correct) 2. Their names must be registered and figure in the electoral roll of the constituency in India where they would have been ordinarily resident if they were living in India. (Correct) 3. They must be physically present in their registered constituency in India on the day of polling to cast their vote. (Correct - As per existing law requiring physical presence for casting the vote. While registration might not require presence, exercising the franchise (voting) historically required physical presence). Therefore, all three conditions are necessary for an Overseas Indian to vote in a Lok Sabha election under the traditional system.
Which of the following statements regarding the electoral rolls is/are correct ? 1. There is one general electoral roll for every territorial constituency. 2. No person is ineligible for inclusion in the electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or any of them. 3. A citizen of India, not less than 18 years of age, can cast his/her vote unless disqualified under a law of an appropriate legislature. Select the correct answer using the code given below :
Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2021
1. 1 only
2. 1, 2 and 3
3. 2 and 3 only
4. 1 and 2 only
Show answer
Answer: B. 1, 2 and 3
Statement 1 is correct as per Article 325 and the Representation of the People Acts, ensuring uniformity. Statement 2 directly reflects the prohibition of discrimination based on religion, race, caste, or sex in electoral rolls (Article 325). Statement 3 states the eligibility criteria for voting (age 18 as per Article 326 after the 61st Amendment, 1988) unless legally disqualified.
Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct? 1. According to the Representation of People Act (1950), the relevant date for determining the age of qualification of 18 years to enroll as first time voters is described as follows: "Qualifying Date means the first day of January of the year in which the electoral roll is prepared or revised." 2. The electoral rolls are prepared Lok Sabha constituency wise. 3. A person disqualified due to 'Corrupt Practices' or offences relating to elections is not entitled to be registered in the electoral rolls. 4. A young citizen of India completing 18 years on 9th November 2018 will be able to vote for the assembly elections to be held in December 2018.
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2018
1. Only 1
2. Only 2 and 3
3. Only 1 and 3
4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Show answer
Answer: C. Only 1 and 3
- The Representation of the People Act, 1950 governs the preparation of electoral rolls. - The qualifying date for voter registration age was historically January 1st of the year of revision (as per Statement 1). - Disqualification based on corrupt practices/election offences prevents voter registration. - Electoral rolls are based on Assembly constituencies.
The provision of providing identity cards to voters has been made in :
Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2015
1. The Constitution of India
2. The Representation of the People Act, 1958
3. The Election Laws (Amendment) Act, 1975
4. The Criminal and Election Laws (Amendment) Act, 1969
Show answer
Answer: C. The Election Laws (Amendment) Act, 1975
This Act amended the Representation of the People Act, 1950, to include provisions for photo electoral rolls and electoral photo identity cards (EPIC).
Which one of the following statements is *not* correct ? (a) It is the responsibility of the Election Commission to get the names of all eligible voters put on the voters list (b) Normally a complete revision of the list takes place every five years (c) Possessing Election Photo Identity Card is compulsory for voting (d) In rare situations, some criminals and persons with unsound mind can be denied the right to vote
Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2010
1. (a)
2. (b)
3. (c)
4. (d)
Show answer
Answer: C. (c)
- The Election Commission is responsible for preparing and updating the electoral rolls. - Electoral rolls are revised periodically; a complete revision is usually done annually, not just every five years. - While EPIC is widely used, multiple alternative identity documents are accepted for voting. - The right to vote can be legally denied to persons convicted of certain criminal offences or those declared of unsound mind by a court.
National Voters Day is celebrated on
Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2015
1. 15th January
2. 25th January
3. 15th February
4. 25th February
Show answer
Answer: B. 25th January
- The day is celebrated to mark the foundation day of the Election Commission of India (ECI), which was established on January 25, 1950. - The celebration started in 2011 to encourage young voters to participate in the electoral process. - The main purpose is to facilitate enrollment of eligible voters, especially those who attain the age of 18 years, and to promote informed participation in elections.

Registration and Recognition of Political Parties, Allotment of Election Symbols

Consider the following factors regarding the declaration of a political party as a State Party by the Election Commission of India : (i) If it secures 6% of the valid votes polled in the State in a general election to the respective State Legislative Assembly and also, it wins 2 seats in the same State Legislative Assembly (ii) If it secures 6% of the total votes in the State in a general election to the Lok Sabha and also, it wins 1 seat in the Lok Sabha from the same State (iii) If it wins 3% of seats in the Legislative Assembly at a general election to the Legislative Assembly of the State concerned or 3 seats in the Assembly (whichever is more) (iv) If it secures 15% of the total valid votes polled in the State at a general election to the Lok Sabha from the State or to the State Legislative Assembly Select the incorrect factor/factors using the codes given below.
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2023
1. (i), (ii) and (iii) only
2. (iii) and (iv) only
3. (i) and (iii) only
4. (iv) only
Show answer
Answer: D. (iv) only
- State Party recognition criteria include combinations of vote percentage and seat wins in either Assembly or Lok Sabha elections from the state. - Common criteria involve thresholds like 6% votes with specific seat counts (2 Assembly or 1 Lok Sabha), or a higher percentage of votes without seats (e.g., 8% in Assembly or LS without winning seats, as an alternative criterion), or a percentage of seats in the Assembly (3% or 3 seats, whichever is more). - A criterion based solely on 15% of total valid votes polled in state LS or Assembly election without seat requirement is not a standard criterion.
According to the Election Commission of India, in order to be recognized as a 'National Party', a political party must be treated as a recognized political party in how many States?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2018
1. At least two States
2. At least three States
3. At least four States
4. At least five States
Show answer
Answer: C. At least four States
The other criteria for recognition as a National Party are: 1. The party's candidates must have secured at least 6% of the total valid votes polled in any four or more states in the last Lok Sabha election or assembly elections, AND the party must have won at least 4 seats in the Lok Sabha from any State(s). OR 2. The party must have won at least 2% of the total seats in the Lok Sabha in the last election (currently 11 seats), and these seats must be won from at least three different States. OR 3. The party is recognized as a State Party in at least four States.
Which one of the following statements about the Election Commission of India is NOT correct?
Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2021
1. Election Commission accords recognition to political parties and allots symbols
2. Election Commission has the power to take decisions to ensure a free and fair polls
3. Election Commission implements the model code of conduct
4. The concept of multiple-member Election Commission has been in operation since 1980
Show answer
Answer: D. The concept of multiple-member Election Commission has been in operation since 1980
The Election Commission of India became a multi- member body permanently in 1993.
Who recognises the political parties in India ?
Asked in: UKPSC CS Prelims 2016
1. President of India
2. Election Commission of India
3. Ministry of Law and Justice
4. Speaker of the Lok Sabha
Show answer
Answer: B. Election Commission of India
The Election Commission of India (ECI) is the independent constitutional body responsible for administering elections in India.
Consider the following statements: 1. The Election Commission of India is a five-member body. 2. Union Ministry of Home Affairs decides the election schedule for the conduct of both general elections and bye-elections. 3. Election Commission resolves the disputes relating to splits/mergers of recognised political parties. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?
Asked in: UPSC IAS 2017
1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 only
3. 2 and 3 only
4. 3 only
Show answer
Answer: D. 3 only
Statement 1 is incorrect: The Election Commission of India is currently a three-member body, consisting of the Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners. While its composition has varied in the past (single-member or multi-member with different numbers), it is not a five-member body. Statement 2 is incorrect: The Election Commission of India, not the Union Ministry of Home Affairs, is responsible for deciding the election schedule for both general elections and bye-elections. The Ministry of Law and Justice is the nodal ministry for the ECI regarding legislative matters, but the schedule is the ECI's prerogative. Statement 3 is correct: A key function of the Election Commission of India is to settle disputes related to splits and mergers of recognised political parties. This is based on the Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order.
A political party is recognised as National or Regional by the
Asked in: Civil Judge (Junior Division) Exam 2008
1. State Government
2. Central Government
3. Chief State Election Commissioner
4. Election Commission of India
Show answer
Answer: D. Election Commission of India
The Election Commission of India is the sole authority responsible for granting or withdrawing recognition to political parties at the national and state levels.

Role of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPATs)

What is the version of the machine VVPAT used for voting in India?
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 65th
1. M1
2. Z1
3. M3
4. Z3
Show answer
Answer: C. M3
EVMs and VVPATs have undergone technological advancements, leading to different versions. M3 is the latest standard version used since 2013.
In the context of elections in India, which one of the following is the correct full form of VVPAT?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2018
1. Voter Verifiable Poll Audit Trail
2. Voter Verifying Paper Audit Trail
3. Voter Verifiable Paper Account Trail
4. Voter Verifiable Paper Account Trail
Show answer
Answer: D. Voter Verifiable Paper Account Trail
VVPAT stands for Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail. Among the given options, "Voter Verifying Paper Audit Trail" is the closest, although the widely accepted and official term is "Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail". Option B contains the correct core components "Paper Audit Trail". The slight variation in "Verifying" versus "Verifiable" makes Option B the most accurate choice among the provided options, despite the minor discrepancy from the standard term.
In Electronic Voting Machine (EVM), VVPAT is an acronym for
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2017
1. Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail
2. Verification of Voting People And Technology
3. Volume Voting without Paper And Trail
4. Very Verifiable People Added with Techno‐ logy
Show answer
Answer: A. Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail
- VVPAT stands for Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail. - It is linked with EVMs. - It provides a paper receipt for the voter to verify their vote. - It creates an audit trail.
Consider the following statements regarding Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) used by the Election Commission of India: 1. EVMs were first used on pilot-basis in Thrissur Assembly Constituency of Kerala. 2. EVMs are manufactured by Electronics Corporation of India Limited and Bharat Electronics Limited. 3. VVPATs were first used in by-elections for Khonsa Assembly Constituency of Arunachal Pradesh. 4. VVPAT is an additional unit attached to the EVM, which prints a slip of paper that carries only the serial number and symbol of the candidate voted. Which of the statements given above is/are not true?
Asked in: HAS Prelims 2022
1. 1 and 2 only
2. 3 and 4 only
3. 1, 3 and 4 only
4. 1, 2 and 4 only
Show answer
Answer: B. 3 and 4 only
- EVMs were introduced on a pilot basis in 1982 in Kerala. - EVMs are manufactured by ECIL and BEL. - VVPATs were first used in 2013 in Nagaland. - A VVPAT slip contains the serial number, name, and symbol of the candidate selected.
The abbreviated term VVPAT stands for
Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2022
1. Voter Visit Poll Account Trail
2. Voter Vivid Press Audit Trail
3. Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail
4. Voter Verifiable Paper Account Trail
Show answer
Answer: C. Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail
VVPAT machines are used in conjunction with Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) to enhance transparency and verifiability of the voting process, providing a paper trail that can be used for auditing.
The Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) system was used for the first time by the Election Commission of India in
Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2019
1. North Paravur Assembly Constituency, Kerala
2. Noksen Assembly Constituency, Nagaland
3. Mapusa Assembly Constituency, Goa
4. Nambol Assembly Constituency, Manipur
Show answer
Answer: B. Noksen Assembly Constituency, Nagaland
The Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) system, which allows voters to verify that their vote has been recorded correctly by the Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) and provides a paper trail for auditing, was first used by the Election Commission of India on a trial basis. The first deployment of VVPATs occurred in a by-election for the Noksen Assembly Constituency in Nagaland held on September 4, 2013.

Challenges to the Functioning of the Election Commission

Composition, Appointment, Tenure, and Removal of Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners

Conduct of Elections: Nomination, Scrutiny, Polling, Counting, Declaration of Results

Constitutional Provisions related to the Election Commission (Article 324)

Delimitation of Constituencies and its role

Disqualification of Members: Role of Election Commission in advising the President/Governor

Electoral Reforms: Recommendations and Implementation

Funding of Elections and the Election Commission's perspective

Independence and Safeguards for the Election Commission

Judicial Review of Election Commission's decisions

Model Code of Conduct: Enforcement, Evolution, and Significance

Powers, Functions, and Responsibilities of the Election Commission

Preparation and Revision of Electoral Rolls

Registration and Recognition of Political Parties, Allotment of Election Symbols

Role of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPATs)

37. Political Parties

Practice MCQs: Election Commission

Challenges to the Functioning of the Election Commission

Composition, Appointment, Tenure, and Removal of Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners

Conduct of Elections: Nomination, Scrutiny, Polling, Counting, Declaration of Results

Constitutional Provisions related to the Election Commission (Article 324)

Delimitation of Constituencies and its role

Disqualification of Members: Role of Election Commission in advising the President/Governor

Electoral Reforms: Recommendations and Implementation

Funding of Elections and the Election Commission's perspective

Independence and Safeguards for the Election Commission

Judicial Review of Election Commission's decisions

Model Code of Conduct: Enforcement, Evolution, and Significance

Powers, Functions, and Responsibilities of the Election Commission

Preparation and Revision of Electoral Rolls

Registration and Recognition of Political Parties, Allotment of Election Symbols

Role of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPATs)

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