Sources of Constitution is part of Indian Polity and Governance. Below are notes on 13 sub-topics, followed by practice MCQs from State PSC and UPSC papers.

Australian Constitution (Concurrent List, Joint Sitting of Parliament)

  • Concurrent List: Australian Constitution.
  • Joint Sitting of Parliament: Australian Constitution.
  • Freedom of Trade, Commerce, and Intercourse: Australian Constitution.

British Constitution (Parliamentary System, Rule of Law, Single Citizenship)

  • Parliamentary System:
    • Parliamentary form of Government (Westminster Model).
    • Inspired the structure of Indian Parliament.
    • Office of Speaker and its role.
    • Bicameralism (two houses of Parliament).
    • Cabinet System.
  • Rule of Law:
    • Concept of 'Equality before Law' (Article 14).
    • Procedure Established by Law (Legislative procedure).
  • Single Citizenship:
    • Adopted the concept of single citizenship.
  • Parliamentary Privileges:
    • Specific privileges accorded to Parliament and its members.

Canadian Constitution (Federal System with Strong Centre, Residual Powers)

  • Indian federal system based on the Canadian Model.
  • Federal System with a Strong Centre.
  • Vesting of Residuary Powers in the Centre.
  • Concept of 'Union of States' (derived from British North American Act, 1867).

Concept of synthesis and adaptation vs. mere borrowing

  • Indian Constitution is a unique blend, not a mere copy, drawing from diverse sources (e.g., GoI Act 1935, Constitutions of UK, US, Canada, Ireland, etc.).
  • Process involved "synthesis and adaptation": careful selection, modification, and integration of features.
  • Features were adapted to suit India's unique socio-economic, political, and cultural conditions and aspirations.
  • Distinction from "mere borrowing": Avoided blind replication; borrowed concepts underwent critical evaluation and transformation.
  • Resulted in a distinctive document embodying core principles like Universal Adult Franchise and Secularism, adapted for the Indian context.

Constituent Assembly Debates and indigenous contributions

  • Basic Structure Doctrine: Propounded by the Supreme Court of India (Judicial System) in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case (1973). It limits Parliament's power to amend the Constitution.
  • Indian Socialism: Characterized as 'Democratic Socialism', distinct from communist/ state socialism; an indigenous approach incorporating Gandhian principles.
  • Indira Gandhi's Quote on Socialism: "We have always said that our Socialism is our own kind. We will nationalize only those organs which we consider necessary." This statement reflects India's pragmatic, nondogmatic, and indigenous approach to socialism, emphasizing a mixed economy with selective nationalization.

French Constitution (Republic and Ideals of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity)

  • Concept of Republic.
  • Ideals of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity (enshrined in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution).

Government of India Act, 1935

  • Repealed by Article 395 of the Constitution of India (along with Indian Independence Act, 1947).
  • Served as a major source for a substantial portion of the Indian Constitution.
  • Key Borrowed Features/Influences:
    • Federal Scheme (adopted federal system from it).
    • Office of Governor.
    • Judiciary (provisions regarding Federal Court influenced Supreme Court structure).
    • Public Service Commissions.
    • Emergency Provisions (President's emergency powers).
    • Administrative details.
    • President's power to issue Ordinances.
  • Under the Act, residuary powers were vested with the Governor-General.
  • Provided for the establishment of a Federal Court (established in 1937).
  • Feature like "Nomination of official Members to the Legislature" was present but not adopted as a permanent constituent in independent India's constitutional framework.

Irish Constitution (Directive Principles of State Policy, Method of Presidential Election)

  • The concept of Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) in the Indian Constitution was borrowed from the Constitution of Ireland.
  • DPSP are enshrined in Part IV of the Indian Constitution.
  • The method of election of the President of India was adopted from the Constitution of Ireland.

Japanese Constitution (Procedure Established by Law)

  • The concept of "Procedure Established by Law" in the Indian Constitution is borrowed from the Japanese Constitution.
  • This phrase is specifically used in Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, relating to the protection of life and personal liberty.
  • It implies that a person can be deprived of life or personal liberty only according to the procedure prescribed by law, enacted by the legislature.

South African Constitution (Procedure for Constitutional Amendment, Election of Rajya Sabha Members)

  • Procedure for Constitutional Amendment.
  • Election of members of Rajya Sabha.
  • The election method for Rajya Sabha members is based on proportional representation by State Legislatures.

Soviet Constitution (Fundamental Duties, Ideals of Justice in Preamble)

  • Fundamental Duties: Adopted from the Constitution of the USSR (Soviet Constitution).
  • Ideals of Justice (Social, Economic, Political): Enshrined in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution, inspired by the Russian Revolution (USSR).
  • Concept of Five-Year Plans: Borrowed from the USSR (Russia).

United States Constitution (Fundamental Rights, Judicial Review, Independent Judiciary)

  • Fundamental Rights: Borrowed from the United States Constitution (specifically, influenced by the US Bill of Rights).

7. Parts of Indian Constitution

Weimar Constitution of Germany (Suspension of Fundamental Rights during Emergency)

  • Indian Constitution borrowed the provision for the Suspension of Fundamental Rights during an Emergency from the Weimar Constitution of Germany.

Practice MCQs: Sources of Constitution

Australian Constitution (Concurrent List, Joint Sitting of Parliament)

  1. Match the constitutional provisions of Indian Constitution given in List-I with countries from which these have been taken in List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below : List-I (a) Concurrent list (b) Parliamentary system (c) Impeachment of President (d) Federal structure List-II (1) U.S.A. (2) Canada (3) Australia (4) U.K. Codes :

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2010

    1. (a)-1, (b)-2, (c)-3, (d)-4
    2. (a)-4, (b)-3, (c)-2, (d)-1
    3. (a)-3, (b)-1, (c)-4, (d)-2
    4. (a)-2, (b)-3, (c)-4, (d)-1
    Show answer

    Answer: C. (a)-3, (b)-1, (c)-4, (d)-2

    The correct matches are: (a) Concurrent list - Australia (3), (b) Parliamentary system - U.K. (4), (c) Impeachment of President - U.S.A. (1), (d) Federal structure (with strong centre) - Canada (2). Option C correctly matches (a)-3 and (d)-2, but incorrectly matches (b)-1 (USA) and (c)-4 (UK).

  2. Match the following pairs List "A" with List "B". List - A List - B (i) United King‐ (a) Single Citizenship dom (UK) (ii) America (b) Judicial Review (USA) (c) Directive Principles of (iii) Ireland State Policy (d) Concurrent list in Union- (iv) Australia State Relation

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2021

    1. (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
    2. (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)
    3. (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(ii)
    4. (a)-(ii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii)
    Show answer

    Answer: A. (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)

    The Indian Constitution has borrowed several features from the constitutions of various countries. Single Citizenship is a concept borrowed from the United Kingdom. Judicial Review, the power of courts to examine the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions, is inspired by the system in the United States of America. The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are based on the Irish Constitution. The concept of the Concurrent List, which enumerates subjects on which both the Union and State governments can legislate, is borrowed from the Australian Constitution.

  3. The Concurrent List in the Constitution of India was adopted from:

    Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2020 · WBCS Main Paper 5 2022

    1. Switzerland
    2. Australia
    3. Canada
    4. France
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Australia

    The Concurrent List is one of the three lists (Union List, State List, and Concurrent List) in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution, providing a division of powers between the Union and State governments. Both the Parliament and the State Legislatures can make laws on the subjects enumerated in the Concurrent List, although in case of a conflict, the law made by the Parliament prevails.

  4. India has borrowed the concept of concurrent list from the Constitution of

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2011

    1. U.S.A.
    2. Switzerland
    3. Australia
    4. U.S.S.R.
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Australia

    India's federal structure includes three lists of subjects for legislation: the Union List, the State List, and the Concurrent List. The idea of the Concurrent List being a domain where both central and state legislatures can pass laws is a notable feature borrowed from the Australian federal system.

  5. The concept of Concurrent List in Indian Constitution was borrowed from

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2014

    1. Canada
    2. Australia
    3. U.S.A
    4. Great Britain
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Australia

    The distribution of legislative powers into three lists (Union List, State List, and Concurrent List) is a significant federal feature, with the Concurrent List drawn from the Australian model.

  6. The idea of Concurrent List in the Indian Constitution has been borrowed from :

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2012

    1. U.S.A.
    2. Switzerland
    3. Australia
    4. U.S.S.R.
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Australia

    Australia's constitution also features a division of powers between the federal government and the states, with some powers being concurrent.

  7. From which country was the idea of 'Concurrent List' in the Indian Constitution borrowed?

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 5 2023

    1. Japan
    2. United States
    3. Australia
    4. China
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Australia

    The Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution divides legislative powers between the Union and States into three lists: the Union List, the State List, and the Concurrent List. The idea of having a Concurrent List is a feature borrowed from the Australian model of federalism.

British Constitution (Parliamentary System, Rule of Law, Single Citizenship)

  1. The phrase 'equality before law' used in Article 14 of the Indian Constitution has been borrowed from the Constitution of

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 68th

    1. Britain
    2. USA
    3. France
    4. More than one of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Britain

    - Article 14 contains two concepts: 'Equality before law' and 'Equal protection of the laws'. - 'Equality before law' is of British origin. - 'Equal protection of the laws' is of American origin.

  2. Which of the following features were borrowed by the Constitution of India from the British Constitution? 1. Rule of Law 2. Law-making Procedure 3. Independence of Judiciary 4. Parliamentary System Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2017

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2, 3 and 4
    3. 1 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 1, 2 and 4

    The Constitution of India borrowed features from various sources. From the British Constitution, India adopted the Rule of Law, the Law-making Procedure (based on the parliamentary system), and the Parliamentary System of government itself. The concept of the Independence of Judiciary, however, was primarily borrowed from the Constitution of the United States of America.

  3. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below : List II List I (Source of Borrow‐ (Indian Constitution) ing) (1) Privileges of Parlia‐ (a) Irish Constitument tion (2) Residuary Powers (b) The Britain (3) Directive Principles of (c) Canadian Con‐ State Policy stitution (d) U.S. Constitu‐ (4) Judicial Review tion Codes :

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2011

    1. (3) (1) (2) (4)
    2. (2) (3) (4) (1)
    3. (3) (1) (4) (2)
    4. (1) (2) (3) (4)
    Show answer

    Answer: A. (3) (1) (2) (4)

    The Indian Constitution has borrowed several features from the constitutions of various countries. Understanding the sources of these borrowed provisions is important for comprehending the structure and philosophy of the Indian Constitution.

  4. The Parliament of India is primarily based on the model of

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 1 2022

    1. German Parliament
    2. British Parliament
    3. American Congress
    4. French Parliament
    Show answer

    Answer: B. British Parliament

    India adopted the parliamentary system of government, which is primarily based on the Westminster model of the British Parliament. Key features borrowed include: the nominal head of state (President of India) and the real head of government (Prime Minister), the principle of collective responsibility of the Council of Ministers to the Lok Sabha, the concept of rule of law, a bicameral legislature (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha), parliamentary privileges, and the role of the Speaker.

  5. Indian Constitution established parliamentary form of Government on the model of

    Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2017

    1. Swiss model
    2. Canadian model
    3. American model
    4. British (Westminster) model
    Show answer

    Answer: D. British (Westminster) model

    The model of the parliamentary system followed in India is largely based on the British model, also known as the Westminster model. Key features like the nominal and real executive heads, collective responsibility of the executive to the legislature, and presence of a majority party rule are borrowed from the British system.

  6. Fill in the blank: In India the concept of single citizenship is adopted from _______.

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 5 2021

    1. The French Constitution
    2. The Swiss Constitution
    3. The Constitution of United States of America
    4. The British Constitution
    Show answer

    Answer: D. The British Constitution

    - Single citizenship promotes the feeling of national unity and integration. - The British Constitution provided a model for a unitary bias with a strong centre and single citizenship.

  7. In India the concept of single citizenship is adopted from

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 5 2023

    1. The French Constitution.
    2. The Swiss Constitution.
    3. The Constitution of United States of America.
    4. The British Constitution.
    Show answer

    Answer: D. The British Constitution.

    India has adopted the concept of single citizenship from the British Constitution. This means that every Indian citizen is a citizen of India and not of the state in which they reside.

Canadian Constitution (Federal System with Strong Centre, Residual Powers)

  1. The Indian federal system is based on the

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2023

    1. American Model
    2. Canadian Model
    3. Australia Model
    4. Norway Model
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Canadian Model

    While the Indian Constitution has borrowed features from various sources, including the American system (e.g., judicial review, fundamental rights), the distribution of powers, the strong central government, and the residual powers vested in the Centre are closer to the Canadian federal system. The Indian system is often described as 'quasi- federal' or 'federal in form but unitary in spirit'.

  2. The Federal System of India was inspired by the Constitution of the following:

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2006

    1. Canada
    2. United Kingdom
    3. U.S.A.
    4. Ireland
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Canada

    The Indian federation is often described as 'quasi- federal' or 'federal in form but unitary in spirit' due to the tilt towards the Centre. The Canadian model of federalism also features a strong central government compared to provinces.

  3. The Constitution of India has borrowed its federal scheme of 'Union of States' from which country?

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 5 2019

    1. United States of America
    2. Canada
    3. Ireland
    4. Russia
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Canada

    - The term 'Union of States' used in Article 1 of the Indian Constitution is similar to the Canadian model, contrasting with the 'Federation' used in the US. - India, like Canada, vests residuary powers in the Centre and has a stronger central government compared to the states.

  4. The words "Union of States' in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution is taken from the Constitution of which country ?

    Asked in: Junior Legal Officer 2019

    1. (1) Switzerland
    2. (2) Canada
    3. (3) France
    4. (4) United States
    Show answer

    Answer: B. (2) Canada

    The concept of India as a 'Union of States', reflecting a quasi-federal structure with a strong centre, is adopted from the Canadian Constitution.

  5. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched in context to the sources of the Constitution of India ?

    Asked in: Sr. Teacher Gr II (Sanskrit Edu.) Exam 2018 1 2018 · Sr. Teacher Gr II (Sanskrit Edu.) Exam 2018 2 2018

    1. Law making – Great Britain.
    2. Directive Principles of State Policy – Ireland.
    3. Judicial Review – United States of America.
    4. Quasi Federal Government – Switzerland.
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Quasi Federal Government – Switzerland.

    The Constitution of India has borrowed extensively from various constitutions around the world. Identifying the sources of these provisions is a fundamental aspect of understanding the Indian Constitution.

  6. Ques #: 72 which one of the following pairs is correctly matched as regards to the borrowing of constitutional provisions from its original source? 1) directive principles of state policy - australian constitution 2) federal system - american constitution 3) residuary powers in the centre - canadian constitution 4) fundamental duties - japanese constitution

    Asked in: Sr. Teacher Gr II (Spl. Edu.) 2015

    1. 1, 2 and 4
    2. 1, 3 and 4
    3. 2, 3 and 4
    4. 1, 2 and 3
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 2, 3 and 4

    Residuary powers in the Centre were borrowed from the Canadian Constitution. Directive Principles of State Policy were borrowed from the Irish Constitution. Federal System (with strong centre) was largely inspired by the Canadian Constitution. Fundamental Duties were borrowed from the Soviet Union.

  7. "India, that is Bharat, shall be Union of States", (Indian Constitution). The word 'Union' is derived from the Constitution of which country?

    Asked in: Civil Judge 2022

    1. U.S.A.
    2. Switzerland
    3. Canada
    4. Australia
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Canada

    The Indian Constitution's federal structure, particularly the concept of a "Union of States," was inspired by the Canadian model. This term emphasizes the indestructible nature of the Union and the right of the Union to dissolve states, although this right has never been exercised.

Concept of synthesis and adaptation vs. mere borrowing

  1. Which of the following is/are correct regarding Indian Constitution?

    Asked in: JE(Civil) RWD 2021 22 2021

    1. Drawn from various sources
    2. Universal adult franchise
    3. Secularism
    4. All of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: D. All of the above

    The Indian Constitution is a blend of various sources and incorporates fundamental democratic principles like universal adult franchise and secularism.

Constituent Assembly Debates and indigenous contributions

  1. What is the source of basic structure of Indian constitution ?

    Asked in: Asstt. Jailor 2013

    1. Indian constitution
    2. Judicial system
    3. Opinion of judges
    4. Parliamentary laws
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Judicial system

    The Basic Structure Doctrine of the Indian Constitution originates from the judicial system, particularly the Supreme Court's interpretation in cases like Kesavananda Bharati.

  2. "We have always said that our Socialism is our own kind. We will nationalize only those organs which we consider necessary." Who said the above statement in the context of the characteristics of Constitution of India ?

    Asked in: Exam 2024 Group e 2024

    1. Jawaharlal Nehru
    2. Rammanohar Lohia
    3. Jayaprakash Narain
    4. Indira Gandhi
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Jawaharlal Nehru

    Lecturer and Coach (School Edu. Dept.) Comp. The statement "We have always said that our Socialism is our own kind. We will nationalize only those organs which we consider necessary" reflects Jawaharlal Nehru's pragmatic approach to socialism in the Indian context. He believed in a mixed economy and gradual state intervention rather than outright nationalization of all industries. This approach was shaped by India's specific economic and social conditions.

French Constitution (Republic and Ideals of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity)

  1. Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2021

    1. Single Citizenship – taken from Canada
    2. Preamble of the Constitution – taken from United Kingdom
    3. Concept of Republic – taken from France
    4. Suspension of Fundamental Rights during Emergency – taken from Russia.
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Concept of Republic – taken from France

    - Indian Constitution borrows provisions from various countries. - Single Citizenship is from the UK. - Republic concept is from France. - Suspension of FRs during Emergency is from Germany (Weimar).

  2. The idea of preamble has been borrowed in Indian Constitution from the Constitution of

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2015

    1. Italy
    2. Canada
    3. France
    4. U.S.A.
    Show answer

    Answer: D. U.S.A.

    - The US Constitution was the first to begin with a Preamble. - The phrase "We, the people..." in the Indian Preamble is directly borrowed from the US Constitution's Preamble. - While the ideals mentioned in the Preamble draw from various sources (e.g., Liberty, Equality, Fraternity from the French Revolution), the structural idea of having a Preamble as the introductory part of the constitution defining its objectives and guiding principles comes from the USA.

  3. The Preamble of the Indian Constitution was inspired by the Preamble of the Constitution of which country?

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 5 2023

    1. U.S. Constitution
    2. Swiss Constitution
    3. British Constitution
    4. Constitution of Canada
    Show answer

    Answer: A. U.S. Constitution

    The concept of having a written Preamble as part of the Constitution was largely inspired by the Constitution of the United States of America, which was the first modern nation to adopt a written constitution starting with a Preamble.

  4. In our Constitution the concept of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity is taken from the Constitution of which country?

    Asked in: Junior Legal Officer 2019

    1. United States of America
    2. France
    3. Ireland
    4. Spain
    Show answer

    Answer: B. France

    The ideals of the French Revolution – Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité – have been a significant influence on democratic constitutions worldwide, including India's.

Government of India Act, 1935

  1. Match the features of Indian Constitution with the sources borrowed from different constitutions of the world. (use correct codes) List 1 - Features List 2 - Sources (a) Office of the Gov‐ (i) Government of ernor India Act 1935 (ii) British Constitu‐ (b) Judicial Review tion (c) Directive Principles of (iii) Ireland Constitu‐ State Policy tion (d) Parliamentary Sys‐ (iv) American Contem of Government stitution

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2013

    1. (a)-(i), (b)-(iv), (c)-(iii), (d)-(ii)
    2. (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
    3. (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(ii)
    4. (a)-(i), (b)-(iii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(ii)
    Show answer

    Answer: A. (a)-(i), (b)-(iv), (c)-(iii), (d)-(ii)

    The Indian Constitution is a blend of features drawn from various sources, including the Government of India Act 1935 and constitutions of other countries, adapting them to Indian needs.

  2. Consider the following pairs in respect of 'Sources of Indian Constitution' and pick up the right matchings. (1) Item: Office of Governor - Source: England (2) Item: Public Service Commission - Source: Govt. of India Act-1935 (3) Item: Freedom of Trade & Commerce - Source: USA (4) Item: The Language of Preamble of Constitution - Source: Australia

    Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2022

    1. 1 and 2
    2. 2 and 3
    3. 2 and 4
    4. 3 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 2 and 4

    The Indian Constitution is known as a "bag of borrowings" as it has adopted features from various constitutions around the world and the Government of India Act, 1935.

  3. The Constitution of India adopted the federal system from the Act of

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 5 2022

    1. 1919
    2. 1935
    3. 1947
    4. 1909
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 1935

    The Government of India Act, 1935, introduced a federal structure with distribution of powers between the centre and provinces, establishment of a federal court, and features like provincial autonomy, many of which influenced the design of the Indian Constitution.

Irish Constitution (Directive Principles of State Policy, Method of Presidential Election)

  1. In the Indian Constitution, the method of election of the President of India is taken from which country?

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2020

    1. Ireland
    2. England
    3. USA
    4. Australia
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Ireland

    - The Irish Constitution also influenced the Directive Principles of State Policy in the Indian Constitution. - The UK Constitution is the source for the parliamentary system, rule of law, legislative procedure, etc. - The US Constitution is the source for Fundamental Rights, judicial review, independence of the judiciary, etc. - The Australian Constitution is the source for the Concurrent List and freedom of trade, commerce, and intercourse.

  2. The concept of the Directive Principles of State Policy in the Indian Constitution was borrowed from the Constitution of

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 69th

    1. England
    2. Switzerland
    3. Ireland
    4. None of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Ireland

    The framers of the Indian Constitution were inspired by the Directive Principles of Social Policy contained in the Irish Constitution (Article 45).

  3. Which one of the following provisions of the Constitution of India was not adopted from the British Constitution?

    Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2022

    1. First past the post system
    2. Directive Principles of State Policy
    3. Law-making procedure
    4. Parliamentary form of government
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Directive Principles of State Policy

    - First past the post system (winner takes all in constituencies) is a feature of the British electoral system adopted by India. - The basic law-making procedure and the parliamentary form of government with a cabinet system collectively responsible to the legislature are also primarily derived from the British parliamentary system.

  4. The Provision for Election Commission in Indian Constitution was inspired by which of the following countries?

    Asked in: JPSC CS Prelims 2024

    1. Ireland
    2. United Kingdom (U.K.)
    3. United States of America (U.S.A.)
    4. None of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: D. None of the above

    - The Election Commission of India is a constitutional body under Article 324. - It is responsible for superintendence, direction, and control of elections. - Its independence and comprehensive powers across different elections are distinctive. - The Indian model of the Election Commission is considered unique and not a direct inspiration from a specific foreign country's system.

  5. The Directive Principles of State Policy included in the Constitution of India have been inspired by the Constitution of:

    Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2016

    1. USA
    2. Ireland
    3. Canada
    4. Australia
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Ireland

    The concept of Directive Principles of State Policy was borrowed from the Constitution of Ireland.

  6. India borrowed the idea of Directive Principle of State Policy from the Constitution of :

    Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2019

    1. The Weimar Republic of Germany
    2. The Republic of Ireland
    3. The South Africa
    4. None of these
    Show answer

    Answer: B. The Republic of Ireland

    The DPSPs are enshrined in Part IV of the Indian Constitution and are guidelines to the central and state governments to be kept in mind while framing laws and policies. The Irish Constitution refers to them as 'Directive Principles of Social Policy'.

  7. In the Indian Constitution the Directive Principles of State Policy were borrowed from:

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 1994

    1. Britain
    2. Ireland
    3. U.S.S.R.
    4. France
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Ireland

    - The concept of Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) in the Indian Constitution is borrowed from the Constitution of Ireland. - The Irish Constitution of 1937 included a section on "Directive Principles of Social Policy".

Japanese Constitution (Procedure Established by Law)

  1. The word “procedure established by law” in the Constitution of India have been borrowed from

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 5 2022

    1. The Constitution of UK
    2. The Constitution of USA
    3. The French Constitution
    4. The Constitution of Japan
    Show answer

    Answer: D. The Constitution of Japan

    Article 21 of the Indian Constitution states, "No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law." This concept was adopted from Article 31 of the Japanese Constitution.

  2. Under Article-21 of Indian Constitution the words "Procedure established by law" are taken from the Constitution of which of the following country ?

    Asked in: Junior Legal Officer 2019

    1. (1) Japan
    2. (2) U.K.
    3. (3) U.S.A.
    4. (4) France
    Show answer

    Answer: A. (1) Japan

    Article 21 of the Indian Constitution states that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to "procedure established by law". This phrase originates from the Japanese Constitution.

  3. ‘Procedure established by law’, the terminology is taken from the Constitution of which country ?

    Asked in: Civil Judge (Junior Division) Exam 2019

    1. America
    2. Japan
    3. Canada
    4. Australia
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Japan

    The concept of 'Procedure established by law' in the Indian Constitution is derived from the Constitution of Japan.

South African Constitution (Procedure for Constitutional Amendment, Election of Rajya Sabha Members)

  1. From which Country, the Constitution of India has borrowed the Election process of the members of the Rajya Sabha on the basis of proportional representation by the State Legislatures?

    Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2024

    1. Australia
    2. South Africa
    3. Canada
    4. Germany
    Show answer

    Answer: B. South Africa

    The procedure for the election of Rajya Sabha members and the procedure for amendment of the Constitution are borrowed from South Africa.

  2. Which of the following is/are correct pair/s with regard to acceptance in the Indian Constitution?

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2023

    1. America - Post of Vice President
    2. Canada - The concept of 'Union' for the Central Government
    3. South Africa - Election method of Rajya Sabha
    4. Ireland - Nomination method of the members of the Rajya Sabha by the Pres‐ ident who have done special work in specific area A. Only A B. A and C C. A, B and D D. A, B, C and D
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Ireland - Nomination method of the members of the Rajya Sabha by the Pres‐ ident who have done special work in specific area A. Only A B. A and C C. A, B and D D. A, B, C and D

    The Indian Constitution is a blend of various features borrowed from different constitutions around the world, adapted to suit India's specific needs and context.

  3. Which of the following features of Indian Constitution are not borrowed from South Africa ? (i) Election of the members of Rajya Sabha (ii) Amendment of the Constitution

    Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2021

    1. (iii) only
    2. (ii) and (iv)
    3. (i), (ii) and (iii)
    4. (iv) only
    Show answer

    Answer: D. (iv) only

    - Features borrowed from South Africa are: Procedure for amendment of the Constitution (Article 368) and Election of members of Rajya Sabha. - The question as presented is structurally flawed as it lists only two statements but refers to four in the options, and the options imply a non-standard list of borrowings from South Africa.

  4. From which source did the Indian Constitution borrow the provision related to the election of Rajya Sabha members?

    Asked in: District Statistical Officer Assistant Director 2025

    1. British Constitution
    2. Canadian Constitution
    3. South African Constitution
    4. Government of India Act, 1935
    Show answer

    Answer: C. South African Constitution

    The method of election to the Rajya Sabha, which involves indirect election by the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States and Union Territories, is inspired by the South African model.

Soviet Constitution (Fundamental Duties, Ideals of Justice in Preamble)

  1. The provision of Fundamental Duties in Indian Constitution has been adopted from that of which country ?

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2012

    1. France
    2. USA
    3. USSR
    4. UK
    Show answer

    Answer: C. USSR

    The concept of Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution was incorporated through the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, based on the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee. This idea was inspired by the Constitution of the erstwhile Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

  2. The concept of five year plans in the Indian Constitution is borrowed from

    Asked in: WBPSC CS Prelims 2023

    1. Russia
    2. England
    3. The United States
    4. Germany
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Russia

    - The concept of centralized economic planning through five-year plans (Five-Year Plans) was first introduced in the Soviet Union in 1928 by Joseph Stalin. - India adopted this model of planning for its post-independence development, establishing the Planning Commission in 1950 and launching its First Five-Year Plan in 1951. - The idea was to promote planned economic growth and development.

  3. Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution are adopted on the lines of the Constitution of

    Asked in: APPSC Group II Prelims 2016

    1. Germany
    2. USSR
    3. Ireland
    4. Canada
    Show answer

    Answer: B. USSR

    India's Constitution has borrowed features from various countries. Fundamental duties were seen as a way to balance the focus on rights by also emphasizing the responsibilities of citizens.

  4. Which one of the followings is not correctly matched? Constitutional Provisions Sources United States of (1) Fundamental Rights America (2) Parliamentary Demo‐ Britain cracy (3) Directive Principles Ireland (4) Emergency Provi‐ Russia sions

    Asked in: Sr. Teacher Gr II (Sanskrit Edu.) Exam 2018 3 2018 · Sr. Teacher Gr II (Sanskrit Edu.) Exam 2018 4 2018

    1. Fundamental Rights - United States of Amer‐ ica
    2. Parliamentary Democracy - Britain
    3. Directive Principles - Ireland
    4. Emergency Provisions - Russia
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Emergency Provisions - Russia

    The question asks to identify the incorrectly matched pair of constitutional provisions and their sources. (1) Fundamental Rights are indeed borrowed from the USA. (2) Parliamentary Democracy is taken from Britain. (3) Directive Principles of State Policy are borrowed from Ireland. (4) Emergency Provisions are mainly inspired by the Government of India Act, 1935, and also influenced by the Weimar Constitution of Germany. The mention of Russia as the source for Emergency Provisions is incorrect.

United States Constitution (Fundamental Rights, Judicial Review, Independent Judiciary)

  1. From which country, the Indian Constitution has taken reference for the idea of the Fundamental Rights?

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 69th

    1. Ireland
    2. United States of America
    3. United Kingdom
    4. Canada
    Show answer

    Answer: B. United States of America

    The concept of Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution, enshrined in Part III (Articles 12-35), is largely inspired by the Bill of Rights (first ten amendments) in the Constitution of the United States of America.

  2. Which one of the following statements regarding the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is not correct?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2018

    1. The UN General Assembly adopted the Hu‐ man Rights Charter on 10th December, 1948.
    2. Some of the provisions of the Fundamental Rights enshrined in the Constitution of India are similar to the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
    3. The Right to Property is not a part of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
    4. India is a signatory to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
    Show answer

    Answer: D. India is a signatory to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

    - The UDHR was adopted by the UN General Assembly on Dec 10, 1948. - Many Indian Fundamental Rights align with UDHR provisions. - India is a signatory to the UDHR. - The Right to Property is included in the UDHR (Article 17).

  3. Match the following features of the Indian Constitution from their adoptions : Features Adoptions

    Asked in: PPSC CS Prelims 2018

    1. Federalism I. Canada II. Former Soviet
    2. Fundamental Duties Union
    3. Directive Principles of III. Ireland State Policy
    4. Judicial Review IV. US Choose the correct answer : A. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV B. A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV C. A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I D. A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Federalism I. Canada II. Former Soviet

    The Indian Constitution draws inspiration from various constitutions around the world, making it a blend of different features suited to India's specific needs and context. Understanding these sources is important for appreciating the structure and principles of the Indian Constitution.

  4. Match List-I with List-II and identify correct answer from the codes given below: List-I List-II (Constitutional Provision) (Source) i. British Constitu‐

    Asked in: RPSC RAS Prelims 2013

    1. Fundamental Rights tion
    2. Directive Principles of ii. Canadian Con‐ State Policy stitution iii. Irish Constitu‐
    3. Cabinet Government tion iv. U.S. Bill of
    4. Union-State Relations Rights A. A-iv, B-ii, C-iii, D-i B. A-iv, B-i, C-iii, D-ii C. A-iv, B-iii, C-i, D-ii D. A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Cabinet Government tion iv. U.S. Bill of

    - Fundamental Rights are largely inspired by the Bill of Rights in the Constitution of the United States of America. (A-iv) - Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are borrowed from the Constitution of Ireland. (B-iii) - The system of Cabinet Government is a key feature of the parliamentary system, which is primarily adopted from the British Constitution. (C-i) - The federal system with a strong centre and the distribution of powers between the Union and States, particularly residual powers vesting with the centre, is significantly influenced by the Canadian Constitution. (D-ii)

  5. Which one of the following is NOT correctly matched? (Provisions) (Sources) (a) Fundamental Rights - USA (b) Directive Principles of State - Ireland Policy (c) Residual powers of Center - Australia - Ger‐ (d) Emergency powers many

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2021

    1. Fundamental Rights - USA
    2. Directive Principles of State Policy - Ireland
    3. Residual powers of Center - Australia
    4. Emergency powers - Germany
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Residual powers of Center - Australia

    - Fundamental Rights are borrowed from the Constitution of the United States of America (USA). - Directive Principles of State Policy are borrowed from the Constitution of Ireland. - Residual powers of the Center are borrowed from the Constitution of Canada. In the Canadian federal system, residual powers rest with the central government, similar to the Indian system (Article 248). - Emergency powers, particularly the suspension of Fundamental Rights during Emergency, are influenced by the Weimar Constitution of Germany.

  6. Assertion (A): The Constitution of India has become the longest one. Reason (R): The chapter on Fundamental Rights has been borrowed from the model of American Constitution. Choose the correct answer using the code given below:

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2015

    1. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
    2. Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
    3. (A) is true, but (R) is false.
    4. (A) is false, but (R) is correct.
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

    - The length of the Indian Constitution is due to various factors including: its comprehensive nature covering details of both the Union and State governments, inclusion of DPSPs, Fundamental Duties, detailed provisions for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, minorities, detailed administrative provisions, provisions for emergency, amendments, etc. - The concept of Fundamental Rights in India draws inspiration from various sources, notably the US Constitution.

  7. The country from where the concept of Public Interest Litigation originated is

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2011

    1. Australia
    2. India
    3. U.S.A.
    4. U.K.
    Show answer

    Answer: C. U.S.A.

    Key aspects of PIL's origin in the US include its focus on structural reform litigation aiming to change laws and policies affecting large groups, and the role of legal aid societies and public interest law firms.

Weimar Constitution of Germany (Suspension of Fundamental Rights during Emergency)

  1. From which Constitution 'Suspension of Fundamental Rights during Emergency' was borrowed to Indian Constitution?

    Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2022

    1. Soviet Constitution, USSR
    2. Weimer Constitution of Germany
    3. French Constitution
    4. Swiss Constitution
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Weimer Constitution of Germany

    The provisions in the Indian Constitution regarding the suspension of fundamental rights during an emergency (specifically Articles 358 and 359) are largely borrowed from the Weimar Constitution of Germany. Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution allowed the President to take emergency measures and suspend certain fundamental rights.

  2. In our constitution, the provision relating to the suspension of fundamental rights during the emergency provisions has been taken from which country?

    Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2017

    1. England
    2. France
    3. USA
    4. Germany
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Germany

    The provisions relating to the suspension of Fundamental Rights during a National Emergency in the Indian Constitution, specifically Articles 358 and 359, are inspired by the Weimar Constitution of Germany. The Weimar Constitution (Article 48) contained provisions allowing the President to suspend civil liberties in times of emergency.

  3. Match List - I with List - II. (Common codes for English and Telugu Versions) List – I List – II (Borrowed Feature) (Source) a. Emergency Provisions i. United Kingdom b. Suspension of Fundamental Rights during ii. Australia Emergency c. Concept of Concurrent iii. Government of List India Act, 1935 iv. German Cond. Single Citizenship stitution v. USA Codes/కోǻడ్లు :

    Asked in: APPSC Group II Mains paper 1 2025

    1. (1) a - iv, b - i, c - v, d - ii
    2. (2) a - v, b - iii, c - ii, d - i
    3. (3) a - iii, b - iv, c - ii, d - i
    4. (4) a - v, b - iii, c - i, d - ii
    Show answer

    Answer: C. (3) a - iii, b - iv, c - ii, d - i

    The Indian Constitution has borrowed several features from various countries' constitutions and the Government of India Act, 1935. The Emergency Provisions, especially concerning the financial emergency and the general structure, were significantly influenced by the GoI Act, 1935. The provision allowing the suspension of Fundamental Rights during a National Emergency is specifically borrowed from the Weimar Constitution of Germany.