The Council of Ministers is part of Indian Polity and Governance. Below are notes on 12 sub-topics, followed by practice MCQs from State PSC and UPSC papers.

Appointment of other Ministers

  • Other Ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister (Article 75(1)).
  • The Prime Minister allocates portfolios among the Ministers.
  • Ministers hold office during the pleasure of the President.
  • The President can dismiss a Minister on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.
  • The position of 'Deputy Prime Minister' is not a constitutional office; it is a political designation.
  • Notable Deputy Prime Ministers and their respective Prime Ministers:
    • Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (under Jawahar Lal Nehru)
    • Morarji Desai (under Indira Gandhi)
    • Charan Singh (under Morarji Desai)
    • Ch. Devi Lal (under V.P. Singh and Chandra Shekhar)
  • Prime Ministers like Rajiv Gandhi did not designate a Deputy Prime Minister.

Appointment of the Prime Minister

  • The Prime Minister (PM) is appointed by the President (Article 75(1)).
  • The President appoints the leader of the majority party or coalition in the Lok Sabha as PM.
  • If no party has a clear majority, the President may use discretion to appoint a person most likely to command majority support, who must prove their majority within a stipulated time.
  • A person not a member of either House of Parliament can be appointed PM but must become a member (of Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha) within six months (Article 75(5)).
  • The President appoints other ministers on the advice of the PM (Article 75(1)). The PM has full discretion in the choice and reshuffle of ministers.
  • The PM is the head of the Council of Ministers (CoM) and the de facto head of the government.
  • The executive power of the Union is formally vested in the President (Article 53), exercised through the PM and CoM.
  • PMs who were members of the Rajya Sabha at the time of their appointment include Indira Gandhi (1966), I.K. Gujral (1997), and Manmohan Singh (2004, 2009).
  • H.D. Deve Gowda (1996) was Chief Minister of Karnataka and not a member of either House of Parliament when he was appointed PM. He was subsequently elected to the Rajya Sabha within six months.
  • Narendra Modi took oath as Prime Minister for his first term on 26th May 2014.
  • Tenures of notable Prime Ministers:
    • Vishwanath Pratap Singh (V.P. Singh): 1989-1990
    • Chandra Shekhar: 1990-1991
    • H.D. Deve Gowda: 1996-1997
    • Indra Kumar Gujral (I.K. Gujral): 1997-1998
    • Atal Bihari Vajpayee: 1996 (13 days), 1998-1999, 1999-2004 (He was the 12th Prime Minister).
  • Atal Bihari Vajpayee's first tenure of 13 days in 1996 is the shortest as PM. Among the listed options for shortest tenure, Chaudhary Charan Singh (1979-1980) had a relatively short term.
  • Prime Ministers who had never been Chief Ministers of a State before becoming PM include Chandra Shekhar. (Morarji Desai, Charan Singh, V.P. Singh, H.D. Deve Gowda, P.V. Narasimha Rao had all served as CMs).
  • The 'No First Use' nuclear doctrine was adopted during Atal Bihari Vajpayee's tenure (1999).
  • The PM is not the ex officio Chairman of the Civil Services Board.
  • The death or resignation of the Prime Minister automatically dissolves the Council of Ministers.
  • In case of resignation, the President may ask the PM and other ministers to continue as a caretaker government until alternative arrangements are made.
  • In case of death, the President may appoint an interim PM (e.g., the senior-most member of the outgoing CoM) until the majority party elects a new leader.

Cabinet Committees: Types, Functions, and Importance

  • Cabinet Committees are extra-constitutional bodies, not mentioned in the Constitution.
  • Their establishment is provided for in the Government of India (Transaction of Business) Rules.
  • They are an organizational device to reduce the Cabinet's workload, based on principles of division of labor and effective delegation.
  • Prime Minister sets up these committees, determines their number, nomenclature, composition, and functions.
  • Membership usually ranges from 3 to 8 ministers, typically Cabinet Ministers.
  • Prime Minister invariably chairs the most important committees (e.g., Political Affairs, Economic Affairs, Security, Appointments).
  • Other committees are chaired by senior Cabinet Ministers. If the Prime Minister is a member of a committee, he invariably chairs it.
  • Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs is chaired by the Home Minister or the Minister for Parliamentary Affairs, not the Prime Minister.
  • Cabinet Committees are of two types: standing (permanent) and ad hoc (temporary, for specific tasks).
  • They scrutinize legislative proposals and parliamentary business, including bills, facilitating detailed examination before Cabinet consideration.
  • They can take decisions, subject to review by the Cabinet.
  • The Group of Ministers (GoM) that approved the inclusion of caste in Census 2011 was headed by Pranab Mukherjee.
  • The Cabinet Secretariat ensures interministerial coordination.
  • Cabinet Secretariat provides secretarial assistance to the Cabinet and its committees.
  • The Cabinet Secretariat plays a role in the management of major crisis situations in the country (e.g., through the National Crisis Management Committee - NCMC).

Collective Responsibility of the Council of Ministers

  • The Council of Ministers (CoM) is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha (House of the People) as per Article 75(3) of the Constitution.
  • This collective responsibility is a constitutional obligation.
  • It means all ministers "swim or sink together": a vote of no-confidence passed by the Lok Sabha against any individual minister, a group of ministers, or the entire CoM, leads to the resignation of the entire Council of Ministers, including the Prime Minister.
  • The CoM remains in office only as long as it enjoys the confidence of the Lok Sabha.
  • A no-confidence motion, if passed by a majority of Lok Sabha members, mandates the resignation of the CoM. It does not require stating specific reasons or grounds for its basis.
  • In contrast, a censure motion must state the reasons for its adoption and, if passed, does not necessarily lead to the resignation of the CoM.
  • The principle of collective responsibility ensures that the government functions as a unified entity, with all decisions being binding on all ministers.
  • Ministers also have individual responsibility: they hold office during the pleasure of the President (Article 75(2)), who can remove a minister on the advice of the Prime Minister.
  • The Council of Ministers is not collectively responsible to the Rajya Sabha or the President.
  • For State governments, the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the State Legislative Assembly (Article 164(2)).
  • Premature disclosure of the budget by a minister is a serious breach leading to the resignation of the entire Council of Ministers due to collective responsibility.

Composition and Classification of Ministers (Cabinet, MoS-IC, MoS, Deputy Ministers)

  • The Council of Ministers (CoM) is provided for under Articles 74 and 75 of the Constitution.
  • Ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.
  • The total number of ministers, including the Prime Minister, in the Union CoM shall not exceed 15% of the total number of members of the Lok Sabha (91st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003).
  • For a State, the total number of ministers, including the Chief Minister, in the CoM shall not exceed 15% of the total number of members of the Legislative Assembly (91st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003).
  • A person not a member of either House of Parliament can be appointed a minister but must become a member within six consecutive months; otherwise, they cease to be a minister.
  • A minister has the right to attend and participate in the proceedings of both Houses of Parliament but can vote only in the House of which they are a member.
  • The Constitution does not classify ministers into ranks (Cabinet Minister, Minister of State with Independent Charge, Minister of State, Deputy Minister); this classification is based on parliamentary conventions.
  • Council of Ministers (CoM) is a larger body, comprising all categories of ministers, and is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha (Art. 75(3)).
  • Cabinet is a smaller, inner body of topranking ministers within the CoM, forming the real decision-making core. The Prime Minister determines who are Cabinet members and allocates portfolios.
  • Cabinet Ministers: Head major ministries, are members of the Cabinet, attend its meetings as of right, and play a pivotal role in policy-making.
  • Ministers of State (Independent Charge MoS-IC): Are in independent charge of smaller ministries/departments. They are not members of the Cabinet and attend Cabinet meetings only when specifically invited for matters concerning their ministry.
  • Ministers of State (MoS): Are attached to Cabinet Ministers, assist them, and do not have independent charge of a ministry. They do not attend Cabinet meetings unless specifically invited.
  • Deputy Ministers: Are attached to Cabinet Ministers or MoS-IC, assist them, and do not have independent charge. They do not attend Cabinet meetings and take no part in Cabinet deliberations.
  • The President is bound to act as per the advice tendered by the Council of Ministers (made binding by 42nd Amendment, 1976, and allowing for one reconsideration by 44th Amendment, 1978).
  • The Office of the Deputy Prime Minister is an extra-constitutional growth, not mentioned in the Constitution.
  • Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was the first Deputy Prime Minister of India. L.K. Advani served as Deputy PM from May 2002.
  • Rajkumari Amrit Kaur was the first woman in India to become a Cabinet Minister (Health Minister in the first Union Cabinet post-independence).
  • Nirmala Sitharaman was the first woman to independently hold the Defence Minister portfolio as a Cabinet Minister.
  • Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the first Law Minister of Independent India.
  • C.H. Bhabha was the first Commerce Minister in the first Cabinet of independent India.
  • N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar served as a Cabinet Minister without portfolio.
  • The Department of Women and Child Development was established in 1985 (under the Ministry of Human Resource Development) and was later elevated to an independent Ministry in 2006.
  • The Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment includes departments such as the Department of Social Justice and Empowerment and the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities.
  • A Parliamentary Secretary is not an administrative post.

Constitutional Provisions: Articles 74 and 75

  • Article 74: Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President
  • Article 74(1):
    • There shall be a Council of Ministers (CoM) with the Prime Minister (PM) at the head to aid and advise the President.
    • The President shall act in accordance with such advice.
    • 42nd CAA 1976: Made President bound by the CoM's advice.
    • 44th CAA 1978: President may require the CoM to reconsider such advice once; President shall act in accordance with the advice tendered after such reconsideration.
    • A CoM must always exist to advise the President.
    • Even after the dissolution of Lok Sabha, the CoM continues to exist and advise the President until a new CoM is formed.
    • The President does not acquire discretionary powers during a National Emergency; still bound by CoM advice.
    • Resignation of the PM dissolves the CoM. The President usually asks the existing CoM to continue as a caretaker until new arrangements are made.
  • Article 74(2):
    • The question of whether any, and if so what, advice was tendered by Ministers to the President shall not be inquired into in any court.
  • Article 75: Other provisions as to Ministers
  • Article 75(1):
    • The PM shall be appointed by the President.
    • Other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the PM.
    • The total number of Ministers, including the PM, in the CoM shall not exceed 15% of the total number of members of the House of the People (Lok Sabha). (91st CAA 2003, Article 75(1A)).
  • Article 75(2):
    • The Ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the President (Individual Responsibility).
    • The PM also holds office during the pleasure of the President.
  • Article 75(3):
    • The CoM shall be collectively responsible to the House of the People (Lok Sabha).
    • This means the entire CoM must resign if a no-confidence motion is passed against it in the Lok Sabha.
    • Collective responsibility applies when the Lok Sabha is not dissolved or prorogued.
  • Article 75(4):
    • Before a Minister enters office, the President shall administer the oaths of office and secrecy to them (as per the Third Schedule).
  • Article 75(5):
    • A Minister who for any period of six consecutive months is not a member of either House of Parliament shall, at the expiry of that period, cease to be a Minister.
    • A Minister (including the PM) can be a member of either Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha.
    • If the PM is from Rajya Sabha, they cannot vote in a no-confidence motion in the Lok Sabha but can speak on the budget in the Lower House and make statements in either House.
  • Article 78: Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc.
  • Article 78(a): It shall be the duty of the PM to communicate to the President all decisions of the CoM relating to the administration of the affairs of the Union and proposals for legislation.
  • Article 78(b): To furnish such information relating to the administration of the affairs of the Union and proposals for legislation as the President may call for.
  • Article 78(c): If the President so requires, to submit for the consideration of the CoM any matter on which a decision has been taken by a Minister but which has not been considered by the CoM.
  • Relationship between President & PM/CoM: Articles 74, 75, and 78 broadly govern this relationship.
  • Article 77(1): All executive actions of the Government of India shall be expressed to be taken in the name of the President.
  • Article 77(3): The President shall make rules for the more convenient transaction of the business of the Government of India, and for the allocation among Ministers of the said business.
  • State Council of Ministers (Related Articles mentioned in MCQs for context):
    • Article 163: CoM to aid and advise the Governor.
    • Article 164(1A) (91st CAA 2003): Total number of Ministers (incl. CM) in a State CoM shall not exceed 15% of the total members of the Legislative Assembly, but shall not be less than 12.
    • Article 167: Duties of Chief Minister with respect to furnishing information to the Governor, etc.

Distinction between the Council of Ministers and the Cabinet

  • Council of Ministers (COM): Broader body, includes all ministers (Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of State (Independent Charge), Ministers of State, Deputy Ministers). Its size is limited to 15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha (91st Amendment Act, 2003).
  • The COM, as a collective body, rarely meets; its functions are discharged by the Cabinet.
  • Cabinet: Smaller, inner body within the COM, comprising only Cabinet Ministers. It is the real power centre, the chief policymaking body, and guides the overall administration.
  • Constitutional Status of 'Cabinet': The term 'Cabinet' is mentioned explicitly only once in the Constitution, in Article 352 (National Emergency).
  • The term 'Cabinet' was inserted into Article 352 by the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978, requiring the President to declare National Emergency only on the written recommendation of the Cabinet.
  • Collective Responsibility: Both the Council of Ministers and the Cabinet are collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha (Article 75), thus to the Parliament.
  • The Cabinet (and the entire COM) remains in power only as long as it enjoys the confidence of the Lok Sabha.
  • Membership: Cabinet members are typically Members of Parliament (MPs). However, a person not an MP can be appointed a minister (and thus potentially a Cabinet member) for a maximum period of six months, within which they must secure a seat in either House of Parliament.
  • The Cabinet is not an institutional part of the Parliament. Parliament consists of the President, Lok Sabha, and Rajya Sabha.

Individual Responsibility of Ministers

  • Ministers hold office during the pleasure of the President (Article 75(2)).
  • This pleasure is exercised by the President solely on the advice of the Prime Minister.
  • Therefore, an individual Minister is constitutionally responsible to the President, but practically accountable to the Prime Minister.
  • The Prime Minister can ask a Minister to resign or advise the President to dismiss a Minister, even if the Council of Ministers retains the confidence of the Lok Sabha.
  • At the State level, Ministers hold office during the pleasure of the Governor (Article 164(1)).
  • The Governor exercises this pleasure on the advice of the Chief Minister.
  • Consequently, a State Minister continues in office as long as they enjoy the confidence of the Chief Minister; the CM can ask for resignation or advise the Governor to dismiss them, particularly in cases of difference of opinion.

Principle of Ministerial Responsibility and Accountability to Parliament

  • Collective Responsibility: The Council of Ministers (CoM) is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha (Art. 75(3)). This implies that all ministers 'sink or swim together'; if a NoConfidence Motion passes against the CoM, the entire Council must resign.
  • Individual Responsibility: Ministers hold office during the pleasure of the President (Art. 75(2)). The President can remove a minister only on the advice of the Prime Minister.
  • No Legal Responsibility: The Indian Constitution does not provide for a system of legal responsibility of ministers, unlike the British system. A minister is not legally responsible for the official acts done by the President or Governor on their advice.
  • Judicial Bar on Advice: Courts are explicitly barred from inquiring into the nature of advice tendered by ministers to the President (Art. 74(2)) or the Governor (Art. 163(3)). This protection is distinct from the legal responsibility concept.
  • No-Confidence Motion:
    • Moved by the Opposition in the Lok Sabha.
    • Can be moved only against the entire Council of Ministers, not against an individual minister or the Prime Minister alone.
    • If passed, the CoM must resign.
    • No specific grounds need to be stated for its introduction.
  • Censure Motion:
    • Moved by the Opposition in the Lok Sabha.
    • Can be moved against an individual Minister, a group of Ministers, or the entire Council of Ministers.
    • Requires specific grounds/reasons to be stated for the criticism (e.g., specific policy, action, or failure).
    • If passed, the CoM is not obligated to resign, but it is a severe reprimand that can indicate loss of confidence and exert political pressure.
  • Confidence Motion:
    • Moved by the ruling government (Council of Ministers).
    • Aims to prove its majority support in the Lok Sabha.
    • If it fails to pass, the CoM must resign.
  • Adjournment Motion:
    • Moved by the Opposition.
    • To draw attention of the House to a definite matter of urgent public importance.
    • Involves an element of censure against the government for its failure to act.

Qualifications for Ministers

  • A person does not need to be a member of either House of Parliament at the time of appointment as a Minister.
  • Article 75(5) mandates that any Minister who is not a member of either House of Parliament for six consecutive months shall cease to be a Minister at the expiration of that period.
  • This means a non-MP can be a Minister for a maximum period of six months.
  • Within these six months, the individual must become a member of either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha.
  • Membership can be acquired either through election or nomination (to Rajya Sabha).
  • The Constitution does not specify a direct minimum age for a Minister. However, since a Minister must become a Member of Parliament (MP), they must satisfy the age requirements for an MP:
    • At least 25 years of age to be a member of Lok Sabha (Article 84(b)).
    • At least 30 years of age to be a member of Rajya Sabha (Article 84(b)).
  • Effectively, a person must be at least 25 years old to become and continue as a Minister (by qualifying for Lok Sabha membership).

Role and Functions of the Council of Ministers/Cabinet

  • Council of Ministers (CoM):
    • Headed by the Prime Minister (PM). PM is the real head of the CoM.
    • Advises the President in the exercise of functions (Art. 74).
    • President can ask the CoM to reconsider any advice (44th Amendment Act, 1978).
    • Advice given by the CoM is not subject to judicial scrutiny (Art. 74(2)).
    • Collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha (Art. 75(3)).
    • PM appoints ministers and can recommend their dismissal to the President.
    • Death or resignation of the PM automatically brings about the dissolution of the CoM.
    • In a parliamentary government, real powers of the State are vested in the CoM headed by the PM.
  • Prime Minister (PM):
    • Appointed by the President.
    • Performs the functions of the real executive.
    • The Prime Minister’s Secretariat was renamed to the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) during Shri Morarji Desai’s Prime Ministership.
    • Director of Public Grievances is part of the PMO.
    • Examples of PMs who did not have to seek a trust vote from the Lok Sabha: Indira Gandhi, Manmohan Singh.
    • Dr. Manmohan Singh was the Union Minister of Finance (during P.V. Narasimha Rao's tenure), Governor of Reserve Bank of India, and Deputy Chairman of Planning Commission.
  • Cabinet Secretariat:
    • Came into existence in 1950.
    • Functions directly under the Prime Minister.
    • It is a staff agency (not a line agency).
    • Functions as the chief coordinating agency in the Central Government.
    • The administrative head is the Cabinet Secretary.
    • The Cabinet Secretary is also the exofficio Chairman of the Civil Services Board.
    • Responsible for the administration of the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961, and Government of India (Transaction of Business) Rules, 1961.
    • Note: Direct Benefit Transfer Mission and Office of Principal Scientific Advisor are generally associated with Cabinet/PMO oversight but not core parts of the Cabinet Secretariat's direct administrative structure. Department of Personnel and Training is part of the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions.
  • Other Ministries and Officials:
    • The Finance Minister represents the Government of India while presenting the budget to the Parliament.
    • Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions is responsible for framing the Code of Conduct for Ministers of the Union (usually held by PM).
    • Ministry of Shipping was renamed as the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways.
    • The Chairperson of the Central Advisory Council (e.g., in Housing context) shall be the Minister to the Central Government dealing with that subject ex-officio.
    • Chief Secretary (State Level): Is the Principal Advisor of the Chief Minister and the Head of the State Civil Services.

Tenure and Resignation of Ministers

  • Ministers hold office during the pleasure of the President (Article 75(2)).
  • The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha (Article 75(3)).
  • A minister can resign by submitting a letter of resignation to the President.
  • The Prime Minister's resignation automatically leads to the resignation of the entire Council of Ministers.
  • A person appointed as a minister who is not a member of either House of Parliament must become a member within six months; otherwise, they cease to be a minister (Article 75(5)).
  • When a Council of Ministers resigns, the President usually asks them to continue as a caretaker government until a new government is formed; President's Rule is not imposed at the Union level.
  • A minister who has resigned may, with the consent of the Speaker, make a personal statement in the House explaining their resignation, after its acceptance by the President.

21. The Attorney General and the C.A.G.

Practice MCQs: The Council of Ministers

Appointment of other Ministers

  1. Who among the following allots the portfolios to the Union Ministers?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2023

    1. President
    2. Prime Minister
    3. Speaker of the Lok Sabha
    4. President of the party in power
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Prime Minister

    - The President appoints ministers based on the Prime Minister's advice. - The allocation of specific ministries (portfolios) is the prerogative of the Prime Minister. - The Prime Minister is the link between the President and the Council of Ministers.

  2. The President can dismiss a member of the Council of Ministers

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2023

    1. On his own
    2. On the recommendation of the Prime Minister
    3. Only under emergency conditions
    4. With the consent of the Speaker
    Show answer

    Answer: B. On the recommendation of the Prime Minister

    - Ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister (Article 75). - Ministers hold office during the pleasure of the President. However, this 'pleasure' is not exercised discretionarily by the President but on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. - If the Prime Minister decides to remove a minister, he can advise the President to dismiss the minister, and the President is bound by this advice.

  3. Which one of the following powers of the Prime Minister in relation to the Council of Ministers has been wrongly listed?

    Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2014

    1. He can dismiss any Minister if he finds that the Minister is not cooperating with him.
    2. The members of the Council of Ministers are appointed by the President on the recommenda‐ tion of the Prime Minister.
    3. He allocates portfolios among the members of the Council of Ministers.
    4. He presides over the meetings of the Council of Ministers.
    Show answer

    Answer: A. He can dismiss any Minister if he finds that the Minister is not cooperating with him.

    While the Prime Minister has the effective power to secure the removal of a minister (due to the principle of collective responsibility and the fact that ministers serve at the pleasure of the President, which is exercised on the PM's advice), the formal act of dismissal of a minister is carried out by the President, not the Prime Minister directly. The PM can ask a minister to resign, and if the minister refuses, the PM advises the President to dismiss the minister.

  4. Which one of the following powers of the Prime Minister of India is codified in the Constitution of India itself ?

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 2 2016

    1. The power of advising the President as regards the appointment of other Ministers
    2. The power to allocate business amongst the Ministers
    3. The power to summon the meeting of the Cab‐ inet
    4. The power to transfer a Minister from one Department to another
    Show answer

    Answer: A. The power of advising the President as regards the appointment of other Ministers

    While the Prime Minister holds many crucial powers as the head of government and the Council of Ministers, not all of these are explicitly detailed in the Constitution. Many powers are derived from parliamentary conventions and rules of business established under constitutional provisions. The question asks for a power codified in the Constitution itself.

  5. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched ? Deputy Prime Ministers - Prime Ministers - Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel - Jawahar Lal Nehru - Morarji Desai - Indira Gandhi - Ch. Devi Lal - Charan Singh - Charan Singh - Morarji Desai - Question not attempted

    Asked in: Sr. Teacher (Sec. Edu.) Comp. Exam 2024 group a 2024

    1. (1)
    2. (2)
    3. (3)
    4. (4)
    Show answer

    Answer: C. (3)

    The office of Deputy Prime Minister is not a constitutional office but a discretionary one, often created to accommodate senior political leaders or to signify a particular arrangement within a coalition government. Several Prime Ministers have appointed Deputy Prime Ministers, including Jawaharlal Nehru, Morarji Desai, Indira Gandhi, V.P. Singh, and Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

  6. Which of the following Prime Minister did not designate a Minister as Deputy Prime Minister ?

    Asked in: Sr. Teacher Gr II (Sec. Edu.) Comp. Exam 2022

    1. Rajiv Gandhi
    2. Jawahar Lal Nehru
    3. Indira Gandhi
    4. Chandra Shekhar
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Jawahar Lal Nehru

    c-2022 The office of Deputy Prime Minister is not a constitutional one and is created at the discretion of the Prime Minister. Jawaharlal Nehru, as the first Prime Minister of India, did not appoint any Deputy Prime Minister during his tenure (1947-1964). While Rajiv Gandhi and Chandra Shekhar also did not appoint a Deputy Prime Minister, Nehru's case is often cited due to his foundational role in Indian governance and setting precedents. Indira Gandhi, on the other hand, did appoint Morarji Desai as Deputy Prime Minister in 1967.

Appointment of the Prime Minister

  1. Prime Minister of India is

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2013

    1. Elected
    2. Selected
    3. Nominated
    4. Appointed
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Appointed

    Article 75 of the Constitution of India states that the Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President.

  2. Sri Narendra Modi took oath as Prime Minister of India on

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2014 · National Democratic Alliance (NDA) in the 2014

    1. 26th May 2014
    2. 12th June 2014
    3. 29th May 2014
    4. 15th June 2014
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 26th May 2014

    Shri Narendra Modi was sworn in as the Prime Minister of India following the victory of the General Election. The oath-taking ceremony took place on May 26, 2014.

  3. Match the Prime Ministers with their tenure. (i) Devegowda (a) 1999-2004 (ii) Chandrashekhar (b) 1989-90 (iii) Atal Bihari Bajpayee (c) 1990-91 (iv) Indra Kumar Gujral (d) 1996-97 (v) Vishwanath Pratap Singh (e) 1997-98 A. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (a) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) B. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (b) (v) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i) C. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (c) (iii) (i) (ii) (v) (iv) D. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (d) (iii) (v) (ii) (i) (iv) Ans: D - Accurate knowledge of the tenures of Prime Ministers is required. - The period covered (late 1980s to early 2000s) saw several coalition governments and relatively short tenures for some PMs. 10. The Prime Minister is

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2014 · JPSC CS Prelims 2011

    1. elected by the Lok Sabha
    2. elected by the Parliament
    3. appointed by the President
    4. nominated by the party enjoying majority in the Lok Sabha
    Show answer

    Answer: C. appointed by the President

    While the Prime Minister is typically the leader of the party or coalition that holds a majority in the Lok Sabha and is consequently chosen based on the support they command in the lower house, the formal act of appointing the Prime Minister is done by the President of India.

  4. Consider the following statements regarding Atal Bihari Vajpayee : He was the Prime Minister of India from 1996 to 2004, three times. He was a member of the Lok Sabha eight times and Rajya Sabha thrice. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2015

    1. a only
    2. b only
    3. Both a and b
    4. Neither a nor b
    Show answer

    Answer: A. a only

    Atal Bihari Vajpayee served as the Prime Minister of India three times, with tenures starting in 1996 (13 days), 1998 (13 months), and 1999 (full term until 2004). Thus, his PMship falls within the period 1996-2004 across three terms. Statement a is broadly correct in this context. Statement b is incorrect; he was a member of the Lok Sabha nine times and the Rajya Sabha twice.

  5. Consider the following statements: a. In Britain the Prime Minister should definitely be a member of the House of Commons. b. In India a person who is not a member of either House of Parliament can be appointed as Prime Minister. Which of the above statements is/are correct ?

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2016

    1. Only a
    2. Only b
    3. Both a and b
    4. Neither a nor b
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Both a and b

    Statement a is correct. In Britain, by strong constitutional convention, the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in the House of Commons and must be a member of that House. While technically the monarch appoints the PM, the political reality dictates the PM comes from the elected lower house. Statement b is correct. In India, the Constitution provides that a person who is not a member of either House of Parliament can be appointed as Prime Minister (or any minister), but they must become a member of either Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha within six months, failing which they cease to be Prime Minister (Article 75(5)).

  6. Who among the following had the shortest span in office as the Prime Minister of India?

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 1 2022

    1. Lal Bahadur Shastri
    2. Chaudhary Charan Singh
    3. Chandra Shekhar
    4. H. D. Deve Gowda
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Chaudhary Charan Singh

    Let's examine the tenures of the listed Prime Ministers: - Lal Bahadur Shastri: 9 June 1964 – 11 January 1966 (approx. 1 year and 7 months) - Chaudhary Charan Singh: 28 July 1979 – 14 January 1980 (approx. 5 months and 17 days) - Chandra Shekhar: 10 November 1990 – 21 June 1991 (approx. 7 months and 11 days) - H. D. Deve Gowda: 1 June 1996 – 21 April 1997 (approx. 10 months and 20 days) Comparing these tenures, Chaudhary Charan Singh had the shortest span in office.

  7. Who among the following became the Prime Minister of India without being earlier the Chief Minister of a State? 1. Moraji Desai 2. Charan Singh 3. V.P. Singh 4. Chandra Sekar Select the correct answer from the codes given below : Codes :

    Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2014

    1. 1, 2 and 4
    2. 1, 2 and 3
    3. 2 only
    4. 4 only
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 4 only

    Morarji Desai was Chief Minister of Bombay State (1952-1956). Charan Singh was Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh (1967-68 and 1970). V.P. Singh was Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh (1980-1982). Chandra Shekhar served as Prime Minister from November 1990 to June 1991 and had a long career as a Member of Parliament but was never a Chief Minister.

  8. Who was the Prime Minister of India when the basic principle of India's Nuclear Doctrine of 'No First Use' was adopted ?

    Asked in: UKPSC CS Prelims 2021

    1. I.K. Gujral
    2. Atal Bihari Vajpayee
    3. Manmohan Singh
    4. Indira Gandhi
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Atal Bihari Vajpayee

    India announced its draft nuclear doctrine, including the 'No First Use' policy, in August 1999, during the tenure of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. The doctrine was formally adopted by the Cabinet Committee on Security in January 2003, also under his premiership.

Cabinet Committees: Types, Functions, and Importance

  1. Read the following statements related to Cabinet Committees and choose the correct option : Statement I : Cabinet Committees are not mentioned in the Constitution Statement II : Cabinet Committees are set up by the Prime Minister according to the exigencies of the time and requirements of the situation Statement III : If Prime Minister is the member of Committee, he may not necessarily be the Chairman of Committee Statement IV : Parliamentary Affairs Committee is chaired by the Prime Minister

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2020

    1. All statements are true
    2. Statements I, II and III are true, but Statement IV is false
    3. Statements II, III and IV are true, but Statement I is false
    4. Statements I and II are true, but Statements III and IV are false
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Statements I and II are true, but Statements III and IV are false

    - Statement I: Cabinet Committees are extra-constitutional bodies. They are not mentioned in the Constitution of India but are established under the Government of India (Transaction of Business) Rules, 1961. Thus, Statement I is true. - Statement II: Cabinet Committees are constituted by the Prime Minister to facilitate decision-making on specific issues and are formed according to the specific needs and requirements of the situation. Thus, Statement II is true. - Statement III: While the Prime Minister usually chairs the most important Cabinet Committees (like the Cabinet Committee on Security, Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs, etc.), he may be a member of other committees chaired by senior ministers. For instance, the Parliamentary Affairs Committee is typically chaired by the Minister of Defence or Home Minister, even though the Prime Minister might be a member. Thus, Statement III is true. - Statement IV: The Parliamentary Affairs Committee is usually chaired by a senior minister like the Minister of Defence or Home Minister, not the Prime Minister. Thus, Statement IV is false.

  2. The group of ministers (GoM) who gave its approval for inclusion of caste in Census, 2011 was headed by

    Asked in: JPSC CS Prelims 2011

    1. Sharad Pawar
    2. P. C. Chidambaram
    3. S. M. Krishna
    4. Pranab Mukherjee
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Pranab Mukherjee

    A Group of Ministers (GoM) was constituted to consider the demand for the inclusion of caste in the Census 2011. This GoM was headed by the then Finance Minister, Pranab Mukherjee.

  3. Consider the following statements: They are a subset of Council of Ministers. The scrutiny of Legislative and Constitutional Amendment Bills gets done in these Committees. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2012

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 2 only

    - Parliamentary Committees are parliamentary bodies formed to perform specific functions delegated by the Parliament. - They play a crucial role in the legislative process, including the scrutiny of bills. - The Council of Ministers is the executive body, headed by the Prime Minister.

  4. Which among the following is/are the function/functions of the Cabinet Secretariat? 1. To ensure interministerial coordi- nation 2. Management of major crisis situations in the country Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2022

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Both 1 and 2

    The Cabinet Secretariat provides secretarial assistance to the Cabinet and its committees, facilitating coordination among ministries and departments. The Cabinet Secretary also heads the Crisis Management Group, which reviews and coordinates the response to major crises in the country.

Collective Responsibility of the Council of Ministers

  1. A motion of no-confidence is moved against

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2021

    1. an individual Minister.
    2. the Council of Ministers.
    3. the Prime Minister.
    4. a political party.
    Show answer

    Answer: B. the Council of Ministers.

    The no-confidence motion is a tool used by the Lok Sabha to check the accountability of the Executive (Council of Ministers) based on the principle of collective responsibility.

  2. If budget is disclosed before introducing in the Legislative Assembly, what will happen ?

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2016

    1. Council of Ministers will have to resign
    2. Chief Minister will have to resign
    3. Finance Minister will have to resign
    4. All of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Council of Ministers will have to resign

    - Budget is a highly confidential document. - Premature disclosure is a breach of privilege and confidentiality. - The Finance Minister bears primary responsibility for the budget. - Leaking the budget is a sufficient ground for the Finance Minister's resignation.

  3. Which of the following statements is/are not correct ? 1. As per the provisions of the Constitution, the Council of Ministers is both collectively and individually responsible to the Lok Sabha. 2. A censure motion must state the reason for its adoption. 3. A no-confidence motion must set out the grounds on which it is based. 4. If a no-confidence motion is passed by the Lok Sabha, the Council of Ministers is bound to resign. Select the correct answer using the code given below :

    Asked in: PPSC CS Prelims 2018

    1. 1, 2 and 4 only
    2. 2 only
    3. 3 only
    4. 2, 3 and 4 only
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 3 only

    Statement 1: "As per the provisions of the Constitution, the Council of Ministers is both collectively and individually responsible to the Lok Sabha." The Constitution (Article 75(3)) states that the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. Article 75(2) states that Ministers hold office during the pleasure of the President, implying individual responsibility to the President. Therefore, the statement that they are both collectively and individually responsible to the Lok Sabha is constitutionally incorrect regarding individual responsibility. However, the intended answer being C suggests statement 1 was considered correct in the context of the exam, perhaps interpreting individual responsibility to Lok Sabha in terms of parliamentary accountability. Statement 2: "A censure motion must state the reason for its adoption." This is correct parliamentary procedure. A censure motion is specific to a policy or action and requires reasons. Statement 3: "A no-confidence motion must set out the grounds on which it is based." This statement is incorrect. As per the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha, a motion of no- confidence "shall not require any ground to be stated". It simply expresses a lack of confidence in the Council of Ministers. Statement 4: "If a no- confidence motion is passed by the Lok Sabha, the Council of Ministers is bound to resign." This is correct, reflecting the principle of collective responsibility under Article 75(3). The passing of a no-confidence motion indicates that the government has lost the confidence of the Lok Sabha. Based on the options and the likely intended answer, only statement 3 is considered not correct.

  4. Consider the following statements relevant to the Principles of Ministerial Responsibility:

    Asked in: TSPSC Group 1 Prelims 2022

    1. The Council of Ministers shall be col‐ lectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
    2. The Council of Ministers shall meet at least once in a month.
    3. Ministry as a body shall resign as soon as it loses the confidence of the Lok Sabha.
    4. The Ministers shall hold the office during the pleasure of the President. A. A, B & C only B. B, C & D only C. A, B & D only D. A, C & D only
    Show answer

    Answer: D. The Ministers shall hold the office during the pleasure of the President. A. A, B & C only B. B, C & D only C. A, B & D only D. A, C & D only

    Collective responsibility to the Lok Sabha is a cornerstone of parliamentary government in India.

  5. Council of Minister is collectively responsible to whom ?

    Asked in: UKPSC CS Prelims 2012

    1. Prime Minister
    2. President
    3. Rajya Sabha
    4. Lok Sabha
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Lok Sabha

    Article 75(3) of the Constitution of India states: "The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the House of the People." This means that the entire Council of Ministers stands or falls together. If a no-confidence motion is passed against the Council of Ministers in the Lok Sabha, the entire ministry has to resign.

  6. Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and other as Reason (R): Assertion (A): The Council of Ministers in India is collectively responsible to both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Reason (R): Members of both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are eligible to become Ministers in Union Government. Select the correct answer using the codes given below. Codes

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2021

    1. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is correct explanation of (A)
    2. Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not correct explanation of (A)
    3. (A) is true, but (R) is false
    4. (A) is false, but (R) is true
    Show answer

    Answer: D. (A) is false, but (R) is true

    Collective responsibility of the Council of Ministers to the Lok Sabha is a fundamental principle of parliamentary democracy in India, ensuring executive accountability to the elected representatives of the people.

  7. The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to which of the following ?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2012

    1. Prime Minister
    2. President
    3. Rajya Sabha
    4. Lok Sabha
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Lok Sabha

    - Collective responsibility is a fundamental principle of the parliamentary system in India. - The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha (House of the People). - This ensures accountability of the executive to the legislature, specifically the lower house which is directly elected by the people.

  8. The Council of Ministers has to resign if a no-confidence motion is passed by a majority of members of

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2012

    1. Lok Sabha
    2. Rajya Sabha
    3. Both the Houses separately
    4. Both the Houses in joint sitting
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Lok Sabha

    - Article 75(3) of the Constitution states that the Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the House of the People. - A no-confidence motion can only be moved in the Lok Sabha. - Passing of a no-confidence motion requires a majority of the total number of members of the Lok Sabha (though typically understood as a majority of members present and voting, subject to quorum).

Composition and Classification of Ministers (Cabinet, MoS-IC, MoS, Deputy Ministers)

  1. Which one of the following statements is not correct?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2022

    1. All executive actions of the Government of India are taken in the name of the President of In‐ dia.
    2. The President of India appoints a person as Attorney General of India provided she/he is qualified to be a Judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court.
    3. The total number of Ministers in the Council of Ministers cannot exceed ten percent of the total number of members of the House of People.
    4. The President of India is bound to act as per the advice tendered by the Council of Ministers.
    Show answer

    Answer: C. The total number of Ministers in the Council of Ministers cannot exceed ten percent of the total number of members of the House of People.

    The maximum strength of the Council of Ministers in the Union is capped at fifteen percent of the total strength of the Lok Sabha.

  2. The total number of members in the Union Council of Ministers in India shall not exceed

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2019

    1. 10% of the total number of members of the Parliament
    2. 15% of the total number of members of the Parliament
    3. 10% of the total number of members of the Lok Sabha
    4. 15% of the total number of members of the Lok Sabha
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 15% of the total number of members of the Lok Sabha

    The maximum strength of the Union Council of Ministers is capped at 15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha by the 91st Amendment Act, 2003.

  3. In which rank, Nirmala Sita-Raman is female Defence Minister in India ?

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2017

    1. First
    2. Second
    3. Third
    4. Fourth
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Second

    - Indira Gandhi was the first female Defence Minister. - Nirmala Sitharaman was the second female Defence Minister. - Nirmala Sitharaman was the first full-time female Defence Minister.

  4. Who was the first Deputy Prime Minister of India ?

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2024

    1. Sri Morarji Desai
    2. Sri Jagjivan Ram
    3. Chaudhary Charan Singh
    4. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

    The post of Deputy Prime Minister is not constitutionally mandated but is based on political considerations. Sardar Patel held significant portfolios like Home Affairs and States.

  5. Which of the following are the departments of the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2022

    1. Department of Social Justice and Empower‐ ment
    2. Department of Empowerment of persons with disabilities
    3. Both (A) and (B)
    4. Neither (A) nor (B)
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Both (A) and (B)

    - The Ministry is responsible for the welfare, social justice, and empowerment of disadvantaged and marginalized sections of society, including Scheduled Castes, Other Backward Classes, Senior Citizens, Victims of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse, Transgender Persons, and the homeless, among others. - The Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (Divyangjan) specifically focuses on the rehabilitation and empowerment of persons with disabilities.

  6. Who was the first woman in India to become a Cabinet Minister in the Indian Subcontinent? Also, one of the heroes remembered during 75 years of Independence.

    Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2024

    1. Mavis Dunn Lyngdoh
    2. Rajkumari Amrit Kaur
    3. Sucheta Kripalani
    4. Vijaya Raje Scindia
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Rajkumari Amrit Kaur

    Rajkumari Amrit Kaur served as the first Health Minister of independent India from 1947 to 1957 in Jawaharlal Nehru's first cabinet. She was a prominent figure in the Indian independence movement, a Gandhian, and a social reformer. She was also a member of the Constituent Assembly.

  7. Which one of the following statements about the Union Executive in India is correct?

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 2 2016

    1. According to the Constitution of India, the total number of members of the Council of Minis‐ ters cannot exceed 20% of the total number of Members of the House of the People.
    2. The rank of the different Ministers is determined by the President.
    3. The Ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.
    4. Only a member of either House of Parliament can be appointed as a Minister.
    Show answer

    Answer: C. The Ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.

    The President is the head of the Union Executive, but acts on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister plays a crucial role in the appointment and allocation of portfolios among ministers.

  8. Who among the following was the Cabinet Minister without portfolio?

    Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2019

    1. C. Rajagopalachari
    2. T. T. Krishnamachari
    3. N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar
    4. G. L. Nanda
    Show answer

    Answer: C. N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar

    - N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar was a Minister without Portfolio in the first post-independence Indian cabinet. - He was responsible for handling the issue of Jammu and Kashmir. - T. T. Krishnamachari also held this position later, but N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar's tenure in this role is historically very significant.

Constitutional Provisions: Articles 74 and 75

  1. Regarding the Union Council of Council of Ministers, choose the wrong answer.

    Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2018

    1. A Council of Ministers must always exist to advise the President.
    2. Even after the dissolution of Lok Sabha, Council of Ministers exists to advise the Presid‐ ent.
    3. Even after the resignation of the Prime Minis‐ ter, Council of Ministers exists to advise the Pres‐ ident.
    4. During the period of National Emergency, the President acquires discretionary powers, and can take independent decisions.
    Show answer

    Answer: D. During the period of National Emergency, the President acquires discretionary powers, and can take independent decisions.

    The Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister, plays a crucial role in advising the President. This advice is binding on the President in most circumstances. Even after the dissolution of the Lok Sabha or the resignation of the Prime Minister, the Council of Ministers continues to function to advise the President until a new government is formed. This ensures continuity in governance.

  2. Regarding the Union Council of Ministers, choose the wrong answer.

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2018

    1. A Council of Ministers must always exist to advise the President.
    2. Even after the dissolution of Lok Sabha, Council of Ministers exists to advise the Presid‐ ent.
    3. Even after the resignation of the Prime Minis‐ ter, Council of Ministers exists to advise the Pres‐ ident.
    4. During the period of National Emergency, the President acquires discretionary powers, and can take independent decisions.
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Even after the resignation of the Prime Minis‐ ter, Council of Ministers exists to advise the Pres‐ ident.

    The Indian parliamentary system is based on the principle that the President acts on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers. This principle holds even during an emergency. The resignation of the Prime Minister dissolves the Council of Ministers, while a caretaker Council of Ministers continues to exist after the dissolution of the Lok Sabha until a new government is formed.

  3. Which one of the following Articles of the Constitution of India requires the Prime Minister of India to furnish information related to decisions of the Council of Ministers to the President of India?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2022

    1. Article 78
    2. Article 74
    3. Article 75
    4. Article 81
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Article 78

    Article 78 defines the Prime Minister's duty to inform the President about decisions of the Council of Ministers and matters of administration and legislation.

  4. A Minister who for any period of six (6) consecutive months is not a member of either House of Parliament shall cease to be a Minister after the expiry of this period. This is mentioned in which Article of the Constitution ?

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2024

    1. Article 75(5)
    2. Article 75(3)
    3. Article 75(4)
    4. Article 75(2)
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Article 75(5)

    This provision ensures ministerial accountability to the legislature. A person can be appointed as a Minister without being a Member of Parliament, but they must get elected or nominated to either the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha within six months to continue in office.

  5. Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct in the case when the Prime Minister of India belongs to the Upper House of Parliament? He will not be able to vote in his favour in the event of a no-confidence motion. He will not be able to speak on the budget in the Lower House. He can make statements only in the Upper House. He has to become a member of the Lower House within six months after being sworn-in as the Prime Minister.

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2018

    1. Only 1
    2. Only 1 and 2
    3. Only 1, 2 and 3
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Only 1

    - The Prime Minister can be a member of either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha. - Ministers have the right to participate in the proceedings of both Houses, but can only vote in the House they are a member of. - A government is formed in the Lok Sabha, and the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.

  6. The council of ministers of the Parliament hold office during the pleasure of

    Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2021

    1. Prime Minister
    2. President
    3. Parliament
    4. None of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: B. President

    Article 75(2) of the Constitution of India states that "The Ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the President."

  7. Which of the following articles broadly Govern the relationship between the Prime Minister and the President?

    Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2021

    1. Articles 74, 75 and 78
    2. Articles 51, 74 and 75
    3. Articles 85, 74 and 75
    4. Articles 74, 75 and 79
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Articles 74, 75 and 78

    Articles 74, 75, and 78 of the Indian Constitution outline the constitutional framework governing the relationship between the President and the Prime Minister.

  8. Match the following constitutional articles related to Chief Minister of a State: Article Subject Matter No. (a) Council of Ministers to aid and 1. 164 advice the Governor (b) Other provisions as to Ministers 2. 166 (c) Conduct of business of the 3. 167 Government of a State (d) Duties of Chief Minister with respect to furnishing of information to 4. 163 Governor etc.

    Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2022

    1. 1 3 2 4
    2. 2 4 1 3
    3. 3 2 1 4
    4. 4 1 2 3
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 4 1 2 3

    Key articles in Part VI of the Constitution dealing with the State Executive, particularly the Governor, Chief Minister, and Council of Ministers, are important.

Distinction between the Council of Ministers and the Cabinet

  1. Which one of the following is not a correct description of the Union Cabinet ?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2021

    1. It is part of the Parliament.
    2. It is responsible to the Parliament.
    3. It remains in power till it enjoys the confidence of the Parliament.
    4. A person from outside the Parliament can never be appointed a member of the Cabinet.
    Show answer

    Answer: D. A person from outside the Parliament can never be appointed a member of the Cabinet.

    The Union Cabinet is part of the Executive, responsible to the Parliament (Lok Sabha), and holds office based on the confidence of the Lok Sabha.

  2. Consider the following statements: (I) The term ‘Union Cabinet’ is mentioned only once in the constitution. (II) This term was inserted in the constitution through 42nd Amendment.

    Asked in: School Lecturer (Sanskrit Edu.) 2018

    1. Only (I) is correct
    2. Only (II) is correct
    3. Both (I) and (II) are correct
    4. Neither (I) nor (II) is correct
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Only (I) is correct

    Statement (I) is correct because the term 'Union Cabinet' is indeed mentioned only once in the Constitution of India, specifically in Article 352(3) which deals with the National Emergency. Statement (II) is incorrect. The term 'Union Cabinet' was not inserted by the 42nd Amendment. It was already present in Article 352(3) prior to the 42nd Amendment. However, the 42nd Amendment did make significant changes regarding the President's power to declare an emergency, including specifying that the President can only issue a proclamation of national emergency after receiving a written recommendation from the Cabinet. The term 'Cabinet' was explicitly added to Article 352(3) by the 44th Amendment Act, 1978, not the 42nd Amendment.

Individual Responsibility of Ministers

  1. Though the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha, the individual Ministers are constitutionally responsible to :

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2018

    1. The Prime Minister
    2. The President
    3. The Speaker
    4. None of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: B. The President

    - Article 75(3) establishes the principle of collective responsibility: the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the House of the People (Lok Sabha). - Article 75(2) establishes the principle of individual responsibility: the ministers hold office during the pleasure of the President. - This means that an individual minister can be removed by the President at any time, usually on the advice of the Prime Minister. Thus, individual ministers are constitutionally responsible to the President.

  2. Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R). Assertion (A) : A Minister at the State level continues in office till he enjoys the confidence of the Chief Minister. Reason (R) : The Chief Minister can ask him to resign or advice the Governor to dismiss him in case of difference of opinion. Choose the correct option.

    Asked in: GS CompApp RA 09 2024 1009 2024

    1. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
    2. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
    3. (A) is true but (R) is false.
    4. (A) is false but (R) is true.
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

    The collegium of the Council of Ministers is headed by the Chief Minister. The Chief Minister is the leader of the Council of Ministers and has the authority to recommend the dismissal or resignation of any minister. This power ensures collective responsibility and functional harmony within the state government.

Principle of Ministerial Responsibility and Accountability to Parliament

  1. In the following questions, there are two statements. One is labelled as Assertion (A) and other is labelled as Reason (R) : Assertion (A) : The courts are barred from enquiring into the advice rendered by the ministers to the Governor. Reason (R) : There is no provision in the Indian Constitution for the system of legal responsibility of the ministers in the States. In the context of the above two statements which of the following is correct?

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2021

    1. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is correct explanation of Assertion (A)
    2. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not correct explanation of Assertion (A)
    3. Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false
    4. Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is correct explanation of Assertion (A)

    Assertion (A) correctly states that courts cannot inquire into the nature or content of advice tendered by ministers to the Governor (as per Article 163(3)). Reason (R) correctly states that there is no constitutional provision for legal responsibility of ministers in the States (unlike a historical concept in the UK, Indian ministers are politically, not legally, responsible for their official actions to the legislature).

  2. Which one of the following statements is not correct?

    Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2022

    1. A censure motion can be moved against a single Minister of the Council of Ministers.
    2. A motion of no-confidence cannot be moved against the Prime Minister alone.
    3. A censure motion cannot be moved against the entire Council of Ministers.
    4. A censure motion can be moved against a group of Ministers.
    Show answer

    Answer: C. A censure motion cannot be moved against the entire Council of Ministers.

    A censure motion needs to state the reasons for its adoption, unlike a no-confidence motion. If a censure motion is passed by the Lok Sabha, the Council of Ministers is not obliged to resign (though it indicates a loss of confidence and may lead to a no-confidence motion). If a no-confidence motion is passed, the entire Council of Ministers must resign.

  3. Which one of the following motions, the Council of Ministers in India can move ?

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2010

    1. No Confidence Motion
    2. Censure Motion
    3. Adjournment Motion
    4. Confidence Motion
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Confidence Motion

    A Confidence Motion is a motion moved by the government (Council of Ministers) in the Lok Sabha to prove that it commands the support of the majority of the members of the House. If the motion is passed, it signifies the House's confidence in the government. If it fails, the government must resign. No Confidence Motion, Censure Motion, and Adjournment Motion are typically moved by the opposition to express lack of confidence in the government, disapprove its policies, or discuss urgent matters, respectively.

Qualifications for Ministers

  1. A person who is not a member of either House of Parliament appointed as Minister, according to Article 75(5) shall become a member of any one of the Houses of Parliament before the expiry of

    Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2011

    1. 12 months
    2. 3 months
    3. 6 months
    4. 9 months
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 6 months

    Constitutional provisions regarding ministerial appointments and parliamentary membership. Article 75(5) sets a time limit for a non-member minister to become a parliamentarian.

  2. A person who is not a member of Parliament can be appointed as a Minister by the President for a maximum period of

    Asked in: PPSC CS Prelims 2015

    1. 9 months
    2. 3 months
    3. 12 months
    4. 6 months
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 6 months

    - A non-MP can be appointed as a Minister in India. - They must secure a seat in Parliament within 6 months. - Failure to do so results in ceasing to be a Minister.

  3. Consider the following statements: A person who is not a member of either House of the Parliament can be appointed a member of the Council of Ministers. Anyone can be appointed as a member of the Council of Ministers for a maximum period of three years. A person shall not be less than 25 years of age in order to become a minister. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2013

    1. 1, 2 and 3
    2. 1 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 2 and 3 only
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 1 and 3 only

    - Statement 1: Article 75(5) of the Constitution states that a person who is not a member of either House of Parliament can be appointed as a Minister, but they must become a member of either House within a period of six consecutive months. If they fail to do so, they shall cease to be a Minister at the expiration of that period. Thus, a non-member can be appointed as a member of the Council of Ministers. This statement is correct. - Statement 2: The maximum period for which a non-member can continue as a Minister without becoming a member of Parliament is six months, not three years. This statement is incorrect. - Statement 3: To become a Minister and continue beyond six months, a person must become a Member of Parliament. The minimum age requirement for being a Member of the Lok Sabha is 25 years (Article 84(b)). While the minimum age for Rajya Sabha is 30, a person can qualify to be an MP by meeting the Lok Sabha age criteria. Thus, effectively, to be able to become a member of Parliament (specifically Lok Sabha) and thereby continue as a minister, one must be at least 25 years of age. This statement is correct in this context.

  4. Under the Indian Constitution it is necessary to be a member of a house after 6 months of becoming a minister. In what way should a minister become a member of the house?

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 5 2021

    1. By nomination
    2. By election
    3. Either by election or nomination
    4. None of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Either by election or nomination

    Article 75(5) (for Union Ministers) and Article 164(4) (for State Ministers) state that a minister who is not a member of the legislature (Parliament at the Union level, State Legislature at the State level) for a period of six consecutive months shall cease to be a minister. To continue in office beyond six months, the person must become a member of either House of the legislature. Membership can be acquired either by being elected in a by-election or general election, or by being nominated (if nomination provisions exist for the house).

  5. A person can be a member of the Council of Ministers without being a Member of Parliament for the maximum period of

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 5 2019

    1. one month
    2. three months
    3. six months
    4. one year
    Show answer

    Answer: C. six months

    Article 75(5) of the Constitution states that a Minister who for any period of six consecutive months is not a member of either House of Parliament shall at the expiration of that period cease to be a Minister.

  6. If a person is not a member of either House of Parliament, he cannot be appointed a Minister at the Centre for a period of more than :

    Asked in: Civil Judge (Junior Division) Exam 2015

    1. 3 months
    2. 6 months
    3. 10 months
    4. 12 months
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 6 months

    Article 75(5) of the Constitution of India states that a minister shall hold office during the pleasure of the President, but no minister shall continue to hold office for a longer period than six months unless, within that period, he is appointed a member of either House of Parliament.

Role and Functions of the Council of Ministers/Cabinet

  1. Consider the following statements about the Cabinet Secretariat. (1) The Cabinet Secretariat functions directly under the Vice-President of India. (2) The administrative head of the Secretariat is the Cabinet Secretary who is also the ex-officio Chairman of the Civil Services Board. Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct ?

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2023

    1. (1) only
    2. (2) only
    3. Both (1) and (2)
    4. None of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: B. (2) only

    Statement (1) is incorrect because the Cabinet Secretariat functions directly under the Prime Minister, not the Vice-President of India. Statement (2) is correct; the Cabinet Secretary is the administrative head of the Cabinet Secretariat and is also the ex-officio Chairman of the Civil Services Board.

  2. The Prime Minister’s Secretariat was renamed to the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) during the Prime Ministership of _______.

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2019

    1. Shri Jawaharlal Nehru
    2. Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri
    3. Shri Morarji Desai
    4. Smt. Indira Gandhi
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Shri Morarji Desai

    - The change in nomenclature from Prime Minister's Secretariat to Prime Minister's Office occurred in

  3. - Morarji Desai was the Prime Minister of India from 1977 to 1979, leading the Janata Party government. 116. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct regarding Cabinet Secretariat and Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) ? 1. The Cabinet Secretariat functions directly under the Prime Minister Office (PMO) 2. Direct Benefit Transfer Mission and Office of Principal Scientific Advisor are also part of the Cabinet Secretariat. 3. Director of Public Grievances is part of the PMO 4. Department of Personnel and Training is also part of the Cabinet Secretariat

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2022

    1. [Missing, but assumed to be] 1, 2, 3 and 4
    2. 1 and 4 only
    3. 1, 2 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: A. [Missing, but assumed to be] 1, 2, 3 and 4

    - The Cabinet Secretariat and PMO are distinct bodies supporting the Prime Minister. - The Cabinet Secretariat provides secretarial support to the Cabinet and administers rules of business. - The PMO assists the Prime Minister in various functions. - The Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser is under the Cabinet Secretariat. - DBT Mission coordination is often overseen by the Cabinet Secretariat. - DARPG and DoPT are part of the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, not the PMO or Cabinet Secretariat.

  4. Which of the following statements are true about the Cabinet Secretariat?

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2020

    1. It came into existence in 1950.
    2. It operates under the direction of Prime Minis‐ ter.
    3. It is a Line agency.
    4. It functions as the Chief coordinating agency in the Central Government.
    Show answer

    Answer: D. It functions as the Chief coordinating agency in the Central Government.

    The Cabinet Secretariat provides secretarial assistance to the Cabinet and its Committees and is responsible for administering the Government of India (Transaction of Business) Rules, 1961 and the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961. Its primary role is to ensure smooth transaction of business in Ministries/Departments and to facilitate inter-Ministerial coordination.

  5. Who represents the Goverment of India while presenting the budget to the Parliament?

    Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2019

    1. The Prime Minister
    2. The Finance Minister
    3. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha
    4. The Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
    Show answer

    Answer: B. The Finance Minister

    The Union Budget, which is formally the Annual Financial Statement, is presented to the Parliament by the Minister of Finance on behalf of the Government of India.

  6. Which one of the following statements about Dr. Manmohan Singh is not correct?

    Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2009

    1. Dr. Manmohan Singh is the first Indian Prime Minister to return to power after completing a full five-year term.
    2. He was the Union Minister of Finance during the tenure of then-Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao.
    3. He was the Governor of Reserve Bank of India and thereafter the Deputy Chairman of Planning Commission.
    4. From 1998 to 2004, he was the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha.
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Dr. Manmohan Singh is the first Indian Prime Minister to return to power after completing a full five-year term.

    - Statement A is incorrect: Dr. Manmohan Singh served two consecutive terms as Prime Minister (2004-2009 and 2009-2014), thus completing a full five-year term and returning to power. However, he was not the first Indian Prime Minister to achieve this. Jawaharlal Nehru also completed full five-year terms (e.g., 1952-1957, 1957-1962) and returned to power. - Statement B is correct: Dr. Manmohan Singh served as the Union Minister of Finance under Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao from 1991 to 1996, during which he was instrumental in India's economic reforms. - Statement C is correct: Before becoming Finance Minister, he served as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (1982-1985) and subsequently as the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission (1985-1987). - Statement D is correct: He was indeed the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha from 1998 to 2004.

  7. Who among the following Prime Ministers of India never had to seek trust vote (vote of confidence) from the Lok Sabha ?

    Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2009

    1. Indira Gandhi
    2. P.V. Narasimha Rao
    3. H.D. Devegowda
    4. Manmohan Singh
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Manmohan Singh

    - The question asks which Prime Minister never had to seek a trust vote. This phrasing is open to interpretation. - Historically, Prime Ministers like Jawaharlal Nehru and Lal Bahadur Shastri, who led governments with large majorities, did not face crucial trust votes or no-confidence motions that threatened their survival. Rajiv Gandhi, during his 1984-89 term, also had a large majority and did not face a critical confidence test in Parliament during that period (though he resigned before a vote of confidence after the 1989 election). However, these names are not among the options. - Among the given options: - Indira Gandhi faced numerous no- confidence motions and also initiated confidence votes at critical junctures (e.g., in 1969). - P.V. Narasimha Rao's government faced and won a critical no-confidence motion in 1993. - H.D. Devegowda's government faced and lost a vote of confidence in 1997. - Manmohan Singh's government faced and won a crucial vote of confidence in 2008, which was initiated by the government after withdrawal of support by the Left parties. - Based on known historical facts, all four Prime Ministers listed in the options did face situations where their government's confidence was tested in the Lok Sabha. Manmohan Singh notably sought a trust vote in 2008. - The question is likely flawed or uses a specific, non-standard definition of "had to seek trust vote" which is not immediately apparent from standard constitutional practice or historical accounts. However, if forced to choose from the options, and noting that PVNR, HDG, and MMS faced recent and highly publicized confidence tests directly linked to government survival in coalition politics, perhaps a distinction is intended regarding Indira Gandhi's strong majority periods, or some obscure technicality regarding the nature of the 2008 vote for Manmohan Singh. Given conflicting interpretations and potential flaws, it's difficult to definitively justify any single option as factually correct based on a standard understanding of parliamentary proceedings. However, if we rely on external claims often associated with this specific question, Manmohan Singh is sometimes provided as the answer.

  8. Which one of the following statements about the Union Council of Ministers is not correct?

    Asked in: UPSC CISF AC EXE 2017

    1. The Prime Minister is the Head of the Council of Ministers.
    2. The Council of Ministers advises the President in the exercise of his function.
    3. The President can ask the Council of Ministers to reconsider any advice.
    4. The advice given by the Council of Ministers is subject to judicial scrutiny.
    Show answer

    Answer: D. The advice given by the Council of Ministers is subject to judicial scrutiny.

    This statement is incorrect. Article 74(2) of the Constitution of India explicitly states that "the question whether any, and if so what, advice was tendered by Ministers to the President shall not be inquired into in any court." This grants confidentiality and immunity from judicial review to the advice given by the Council of Ministers to the President.

Tenure and Resignation of Ministers

  1. A member who has resigned the office of Minister may, with the consent of the Speaker, make a personal statement in explanation of her or his resignation on any day during the session in which the resignation has been accepted by

    Asked in: UPSC SO Steno 2018

    1. the Prime Minister
    2. the Secretary-General
    3. the Vice President
    4. the President
    Show answer

    Answer: D. the President

    Ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister and hold office during the pleasure of the President (Article 75(1) & (2)). While a Minister might submit their resignation to the Prime Minister, the formal acceptance is done by the President. Rule 234 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha allows a former Minister to make a statement regarding their resignation once it has been accepted.

  2. In India a minister who is not a member of either House of Parliament will cease to be a minister after :

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 1995

    1. Six month
    2. One years
    3. Two years
    4. Three years
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Six month

    Article 75(5) of the Indian Constitution states that a Minister who for any period of six consecutive months is not a member of either House of Parliament shall at the expiration of that period cease to be a Minister. This provision allows a non-member of Parliament to be appointed as a Minister, but requires them to become a member (either by election or nomination) of either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha within six months to continue in office.

  3. Which one of the following is not a correct situation of the status of a Central Council of Ministers at the time of their resignation ?

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2010

    1. President's rule will be imposed.
    2. The president will ask to continue till alternative arrangement.
    3. Alternative arrangement means earliest pos‐ sible general election to be held to form a new Government.
    4. Outgoing Council of Ministers may have to hold charge till the formation of new Govern‐ ment.
    Show answer

    Answer: A. President's rule will be imposed.

    When a Council of Ministers resigns (e.g., due to loss of confidence in Lok Sabha), the President usually asks the outgoing Council of Ministers to continue in office as a caretaker government until an alternative arrangement is made. An alternative arrangement can mean the formation of a new government from the existing Lok Sabha or holding early general elections. President's rule (Article 356) is applied to states, not to the Union Government failing at the Centre. The failure of the central government leads to either a new government formation or dissolution of Lok Sabha and elections, not 'President's Rule' as understood under Article 356.

  4. A person can remain a member of the Council of Ministers without being a member of the Parliament for

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2015

    1. Three years
    2. Two years
    3. One years
    4. Six months
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Six months

    A person appointed as a minister must become a member of either House of Parliament within six months to continue in office.

  5. According to the Constitution, in the Union Council of Ministers, a minister shall hold his/ her office

    Asked in: School Lecturer (School Edu.) 2018 2 2018

    1. during the pleasure of Prime Minister
    2. during the pleasure of President
    3. during the pleasure of Lok Sabha Speaker
    4. during the pleasure of Rajya Sabha Chairman
    Show answer

    Answer: B. during the pleasure of President

    Ministers in the Union Council of Ministers hold office during the pleasure of the President, as per Article 75(2) of the Constitution.

  6. As per provision of the Indian Constitution, if the Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers wants to resign, he should address his resignation letter to the

    Asked in: ASSISTANT ENGINEER(ELECTRICAL) 2016

    1. Rajya Sabha
    2. Lok Sabha
    3. Chief Justice of India
    4. President of India
    Show answer

    Answer: D. President of India

    The Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers submit their resignation to the President of India.