The Parliament: notes and MCQs for State PSC prelims

The Parliament is part of Indian Polity and Governance. Below are notes on 14 sub-topics, followed by practice MCQs from State PSC and UPSC papers.

Budget in Parliament: Financial Procedures and Funds

Annual Financial Statement (AFS): Popularly known as the 'Budget', referred to in Article 112 of the Constitution.
Budget Presentation:

Conventionally, presented on the last working day of February; since 2017, presented on February 1st.
Economic Survey is presented one day before the Budget (for a full budget).
Time shifted from 5:30 p.m. to 11:00 a.m. in 2001.
Presented by the Finance Minister on behalf of the President.
Until 2017, Railway Budget was presented separately before the General Budget; now merged.
Prime Ministers, when holding the Finance portfolio, have presented budgets (e.g., J. Nehru, I. Gandhi); Rajiv Gandhi did not present a budget as Prime Minister.

Budget Enactment Stages in Parliament: Presentation of Budget (Annual 1. Financial Statement). General Discussion. 2. Scrutiny by Departmental Committees. 3. Voting on Demands for Grants. 4. Passing of Appropriation Bill. 5. Passing of Finance Bill. 6.
Demands for Grants (Article 113):

Estimates of expenditure are submitted to Parliament in the form of multiple 'Demands for Grants'.
Lok Sabha alone can vote on Demands for Grants.
No demand for a grant can be made except on the recommendation of the President.
Rajya Sabha can discuss but not vote on Demands for Grants.

Financial Bills:

Appropriation Bill:

Authorizes the Government to withdraw funds from the Consolidated Fund of India for sanctioned expenditures.
Carries an automatic repeal clause, meaning it ceases to operate after March 31 of the financial year.

Finance Bill:

Contains provisions related to revenue collection (taxation proposals).
Must be enacted by Parliament within 75 days of its introduction (or budget presentation).

Both the Finance Bill and Appropriation Bill are presented to Parliament along with the Budget.

Parliamentary Powers over Taxation:

Parliament can reduce or abolish a tax.
Parliament cannot increase a tax beyond what is proposed by the Executive in the Finance Bill.

Government Funds:

Consolidated Fund of India (CFI Article 266):

All revenues, loans, and recoveries form this fund.
No amount can be withdrawn without the authorization from the Parliament of India.
Expenditure 'charged' on CFI is discussed by Parliament but is not subject to vote.
Expenditures charged on CFI include:
Emoluments and allowances of the President and related expenditure.
Salaries and allowances of the Chairman/Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha, and the Speaker/ Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha.
Salaries and allowances of Supreme Court judges, Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG), and Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) Chairman.
Pensions of High Court judges (charged on Union CFI, their salaries on State CFI).
Debt charges for which the Government of India is liable.
Administrative expenses of the Supreme Court.
Any sum required to satisfy any judgment, decree, or award of any court or arbitral tribunal.
Not charged on CFI: Salaries and allowances of the Prime Minister, Grants for Railways (are votable).

Public Account of India (Article 266):

Comprises all other public money (e.g., provident fund deposits, small savings).
Disbursements from Public Account do not require prior parliamentary authorization.

Contingency Fund of India (Article 267):

Placed at the disposal of the President to meet unforeseen urgent expenditures.
Expenditures from it require subsequent parliamentary approval and replenishment from the CFI.

Each State also has its own Consolidated Fund, Public Account, and Contingency Fund.

Types of Grants/Motions:

Vote on Account (Article 116):

An advance grant by Parliament to meet temporary and running requirements of the Government for a short period (usually 2 months) in the new financial year, pending regular passage of the full budget.
Deals only with expenditure.
Still relevant even after the budget cycle rescheduling.

Interim Budget:

Presented by a government (often during an election year) to ensure continuity until a new government is formed or a full budget is passed.
Includes both expenditure and receipts for a short period.
The government generally cannot propose new taxes or major policy reforms.

Supplementary Grant: Granted when the amount authorized for a service for the current financial year is found to be insufficient, or for a new service not contemplated in the budget.
Exceptional Grant: Granted for a special purpose, forming no part of the current service of any financial year.
Excess Grant: Granted when money has been spent on any service during a financial year in excess of the amount granted in the budget. Voted by Lok Sabha after the financial year.
Vote of Credit: A 'blank cheque' grant for meeting an unexpected demand upon the resources of India, due to the magnitude or indefinite character of the service.
Token Grant: Granted when funds are needed for a new service but can be met by reappropriation of funds from an existing service; a token amount (e.g., Re 1) is voted.

Cut Motions (during Voting on Demands for Grants):

Object is to reduce expenditure in the Budget proposals.
Policy Cut Motion: "That the amount of the demand be reduced to Re 1". Expresses disapproval of the policy underlying the demand.
Economy Cut Motion: "That the amount of the demand be reduced by a specified amount". Represents economy that can be effected.
Token Cut Motion: "That the amount of the demand be reduced by rupees one hundred". Vents a specific grievance within the sphere of the Government of India.

Guillotine:

Associated with financial procedure in Parliament.
A parliamentary device to expedite the passing of the budget by putting all outstanding demands for grants to a vote without discussion, due to time constraints.

Rule of Lapse: All unspent grants sanctioned for a financial year lapse at the end of that financial year (March 31). Funds cannot generally be carried over.
Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS):

Fully funded by the Government of India.
Annual entitlement per MP is ₹ 5 crore.
MPs recommend works; the District Authority is responsible for sanctioning, executing, and completing works.
Nominated Members of Parliament can recommend works for implementation anywhere in the country.
Funds must be used to create durable assets (e.g., physical infrastructure for health, education).
A specified portion (15% for SC, 7.5% for ST) of each MP's fund must benefit SC/ST populations.
Unused funds can be carried forward to the next year.
The District Authority must inspect at least 10% of all works under implementation every year.

Composition of Parliament (President, Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha)

Indian Parliament (Westminster model) consists of the President, Lok Sabha (House of the People), and Rajya Sabha (Council of States) (Article 79).
President:

Is an integral part of Parliament, though not a member of either House.
Does not sit in Parliament, except to deliver addresses (e.g., opening address, Article 87).
A Bill passed by both Houses requires Presidential assent to become law.
Summons joint sittings of Parliament (Article 108).

Lok Sabha (House of the People):

Maximum Strength: Envisaged as 552 members (530 from States, 20 from UTs).
Nominated Members: The provision for nominating two Anglo-Indian members to Lok Sabha was abolished by the 104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019.
Members are chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in states and UTs.
Seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs).
Uttar Pradesh has the largest representation (80 seats).
Arunachal Pradesh has 2 Lok Sabha seats.
A sitting is valid when presided over by the Speaker or competent member; presence of ministers is not necessary.

Rajya Sabha (Council of States):

Is a permanent body and cannot be dissolved.
Representatives of States are elected indirectly by the elected members of State Legislative Assemblies.
Nominated Members: 12 members are nominated by the President for special knowledge/practical experience in literature, science, art, and social service.
Uttar Pradesh has the largest representation (31 seats).
Assam elects 7 members.
The Vice-President of India is the exofficio Chairman of Rajya Sabha (not a member of the House). The Deputy Chairman is elected from among its members.
A Minister who is a member of Rajya Sabha can participate in Lok Sabha deliberations.
Nominated members can vote in the Vice-Presidential election but not in the Presidential election.
No constitutional bar for a nominated member to be appointed as a Union Minister.

General Parliamentary Facts:

Both Houses (Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha) were constituted in 1952 (Rajya Sabha: April 3, 1952; Lok Sabha: April 17, 1952).
Bicameralism: Provides a check on majoritarianism, prevents hasty legislation, and acts as a constitutional safeguard.
Quorum: One-tenth (1/10th) of the total membership of the House (e.g., 25 for Rajya Sabha, 55 for Lok Sabha).
The Speaker of Lok Sabha does not take a separate oath as Speaker but takes oath as an MP.
Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha enjoy equal powers in matters like Constitutional Amendment.
Union Territories get representation in both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
The word 'Parliament' is derived from the French word 'Parle' (to talk).
Parliament regulates service conditions of Secretariat staff for both Houses.
The Golden Jubilee of the Indian Parliament was celebrated on 13-05-2002.
The new Parliament building was designed by Bimal Patel and inaugurated by the Prime Minister.

Devices of Parliamentary Procedure: Questions Hour, Zero Hour, Motions, Resolutions

Quorum: For the House, 1/10th of total membership. For Parliamentary Committee, approximately 1/3rd of total members. House/ Committee cannot commence sitting without quorum. Presiding Officer ensures quorum.
Yielding the Floor: Speaker asks a member to stop speaking, allowing another to speak.
Guillotine: Stopping debate on outstanding clauses/demands for grants and putting them to vote together due to time constraints.
Point of Order: A member's objection regarding the violation of parliamentary rules/ procedure/Constitution; suspends proceedings immediately; no debate on it.
Private Members' Business: Transacted during the last 2.5 hours of a Friday sitting in Lok Sabha. Speaker can allot other days in consultation with the Leader of the House.
Suspension of Members (Lok Sabha Rule 374A): For grave disorder, a member named by the Speaker "shall stand automatically suspended" for a period not exceeding five sittings or the remainder of the session, whichever is less.
Minister's Resignation Statement: A resigning Minister needs the Speaker's permission to make a personal statement in Lok Sabha about their resignation.
Sub-judice Matters: Questions/discussions are not allowed on matters that are sub-judice.
Question Hour: The first hour of every sitting (11 AM to 12 PM) in both Houses, devoted to asking questions. Questions are generally asked by MPs from Ministers (and occasionally private members).
Starred Questions: Desire an oral answer. Supplementary questions can be asked. Max 20 listed per day, max 1 per member per day.
Unstarred Questions: Desire a written answer. No supplementary questions can be asked.
Short Notice Questions: Relate to matters of urgent public importance. Can be asked for oral answer with a notice less than 10 days. Admissible if the Minister concerned agrees. Supplementary questions can be asked. Not asked during Question Hour.
Half-an-Hour Discussion: Discusses matters arising out of questions already answered; can be held in both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
Questions to Private Members: Permitted if the subject matter relates to a bill, resolution, or other matter for which that member is responsible.
Speaker's Discretion on Questions: The Speaker decides admissibility of questions; can disallow any question or direct it to be placed on a later date.
Zero Hour: An Indian innovation (since 1962). It is not mentioned in the Rules of Procedure (an informal device). It occurs immediately following Question Hour (traditionally 12 noon to 1 PM, generally limited to one hour) and before the regular agenda of the House. Members raise matters of urgent public importance without prior notice (though notice is given to the Speaker between 8 AM and 9:30 AM on the same day). Questions/matters are not circulated in advance. No formal maximum limit on matters raised, but practically around 30 matters per day are allowed.
Motions - General Admissibility: Must be precise, relate to a definite matter, and avoid arguments, inferences, ironical expressions, imputations or defamatory statements. Speaker decides admissibility.
Substantive Motion: An independent, selfcontained proposal dealing with very important matters (e.g., impeachment of President, removal of Election Commissioner/CAG).
Subsidiary Motion: Relates to or arises out of another motion; has no meaning by itself.
Kangaroo Closure: A type of closure motion where only important clauses/sections of a bill or resolution are debated and voted upon, while the rest are passed without discussion (guillotined).
No-Confidence Motion (Lok Sabha only): Expresses want of confidence in the Council of Ministers. No mention of it in the Constitution (based on Lok Sabha Rule 198). Requires support of 50 members to be admitted. Need NOT state reasons/grounds for its adoption. If passed, the government MUST resign. Once admitted, it has to be taken up within ten days of the leave being granted. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister to face a no-confidence motion. It is considered the most powerful weapon for Parliament to ensure executive accountability. Rajya Sabha is not empowered to entertain it.
Censure Motion (Lok Sabha only): MUST state reasons/grounds for its adoption. Can be moved against the Council of Ministers or an individual Minister, or a group of Ministers for their failure to act or for their policy. If passed, the government NEED NOT resign (but implies severe disapproval). Requires leave of the House. The government is NOT free to fix time and date for its discussion; the Speaker decides.
Adjournment Motion (Lok Sabha only): Purpose is to draw the attention of the House to a definite, recent, urgent matter of public importance. It interrupts the normal business of the House. It involves an element of censure against the government (pinpoints government failure). Requires notice by 10 AM on the day the motion is proposed. Speaker has discretion to admit/refuse the motion (it is not mandatory for the Chair to permit it). The scope of Adjournment Motion was restricted by Calling Attention Notices. Rajya Sabha cannot make use of Adjournment Motion.
Calling Attention Motion (Indian Innovation, 1954): Introduced by an MP to call the attention of a Minister to a matter of urgent public importance and seek an authoritative statement from him. It is mentioned in the Rules of Procedure (unlike Zero Hour). It does NOT involve an element of censure against the Government. Notices must be given in writing by 10 AM; a member can give not more than one Calling Attention Notice for any one sitting.
Privilege Motion: Moved by a member when a minister or another member has committed a breach of privilege of the House or one or more of its members.
Cut Motions (Lok Sabha only, related to Union Budget/Demands for Grants):

Economy Cut: Proposes a reduction of the amount of the demand by a specified amount (can be specific, or symbolic like Rs. 100).
Token Cut: Reduces the demand by Rs. 100 to ventilate a specific grievance.
Disapproval of Policy Cut: States that the amount of the demand be reduced to Re. 1, expressing disapproval of the policy underlying the demand. Rajya Sabha cannot move cut motions.

Motion of Thanks: Moved and discussed after the President's address to both Houses of Parliament at the beginning of the Budget session. This motion is voted upon. Maximum time limit for discussion in Rajya Sabha is 12 hours.
Matters Under Rule 377 (Lok Sabha): Members raise matters of urgent public importance not covered by questions or motions. Maximum number of matters allowed to be raised is around 20-22 per day.
Resolutions: All resolutions are a type of motion. Resolutions are put to vote to ascertain the decision of the House.
Whip: The Minister of Parliamentary Affairs acts as the Chief Whip of the government party in Lok Sabha.
Joint Sitting: Summoned by the President under Article 108 of the Constitution.

Functions of Parliament (Legislative, Executive, Financial, etc.)

Legislative Functions: 1.

Makes laws on matters included in the Union List and Concurrent List.
Can legislate on State List matters under specific conditions:

If Rajya Sabha passes a resolution (Art 249) by 2/3rd members present & voting, declaring it necessary in the national interest (valid for 1 year, renewable).
During a National Emergency (Art 250).
When two or more states request Parliament to do so (Art 252).
To implement any international treaty, agreement, or convention (Art 253), without the consent of any state.
During President's Rule (Art 356).

Has exclusive power to make laws on Residuary subjects (Art 248), i.e., matters not enumerated in any of the three lists.
Power to amend the Constitution (Art 368), with both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha having equal powers in the amendment process.
Can alter the boundaries of states or create new states (Art 3).
Can create or abolish State Legislative Councils (Art 169) on recommendation by the concerned state assembly.
Can enact laws for preventive detention for reasons connected with defense, foreign affairs, or the security of India.
Can establish a common High Court for two or more states and extend the jurisdiction of a High Court.
Can establish additional courts for better administration of any existing law with respect to a matter in the Union List.
Exercises control over delegated legislation.
Power to make laws for the whole or any part of India, and for Indian subjects resident and their property situated anywhere in the world. Executive Functions / Control over Execut12. ive:
The Council of Ministers (including the Prime Minister) is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
Lok Sabha alone has the power to pass a vote of no-confidence against the Council of Ministers.
Exercises control over the executive through various mechanisms like questions, discussions, adjournment motions, and resolutions.
If the Prime Minister belongs to the Upper House, they cannot vote in their favour in the event of a no-confidence motion (which is moved in the Lok Sabha). Financial Functions: 5.
Enacts the Union Budget.
Money Bills can only be introduced in Lok Sabha; Rajya Sabha has limited powers regarding Money Bills.
No tax can be levied or collected without parliamentary authorization (law).
Determines the salaries and allowances of Members of Parliament by law from time to time.
Lok Sabha has the power to make cut motions during budget discussions. Constituent (Amendment) Functions: 6.
Amends the Constitution (Art 368). Both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha have equal powers in the amendment process.
Types of Majority:

Absolute Majority: More than 50% of the total membership of the House.
Simple Majority: More than 50% of the members present and voting.
Effective Majority: More than 50% of the effective strength of the House (total strength excluding vacancies).
Special Majority: Generally requires 2/3rd of members present and voting, and in some cases, also a majority of the total strength of the House (e.g., Art 368). For resolutions under Art 249 or Art 312, it is 2/3rd members present and voting. Electoral Functions: 3.

Participates in the election of the President of India (elected members of both Houses).
Participates in the election of the VicePresident of India (all members of both Houses).
Elects its own presiding officers (Speaker and Deputy Speaker for Lok Sabha; Chairman and Deputy Chairman for Rajya Sabha). Judicial Functions: 4.
Can impeach the President of India.
Initiates the procedure for the removal of the Vice-President of India (only in Rajya Sabha).
Can recommend the removal of Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG), and the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC).
Can punish its members or outsiders for breach of privilege or contempt of the House. Emergency Powers: 5.
Approves all three types of Emergency proclamations (National, State, Financial). Special Powers of Rajya Sabha: 2.
Can authorize Parliament to make laws on a subject enumerated in the State List in the national interest (Art 249).
Can authorize the creation of new AllIndia Services common to both the Centre and the States (Art 312) by a 2/3rd majority resolution.
Has the exclusive power to initiate the procedure for the removal of the VicePresident of India. Miscellaneous Powers: 4.
The President summons joint sittings of both Houses (Art 108), which are presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.

Legislative Procedure: Types of Bills (Ordinary, Money, Financial, Constitution Amendment) and their passage

Types of Bills: 1.

Ordinary Bill: Deals with any matter other than financial subjects specified in Articles 110, 117.
Money Bill (Article 110): Deals exclusively with matters listed in Art. 110, primarily taxation, government borrowing, Consolidated Fund of India (CFI), Contingency Fund of India (CoFI) custody/withdrawal, and appropriation from CFI. Excludes fines/ penalties or fees for licenses/services (Art. 110(2)).
Financial Bills (Article 117):

Category I (Article 117(1)): Contains matters of Art. 110 (Money Bill matters) AND other general legislative matters.
Category II (Article 117(3)): Contains provisions involving expenditure from CFI, but not any of the matters listed in Art. 110. All Money Bills are Financial Bills, but not all Financial Bills are Money Bills.

Constitution Amendment Bill (Article 368): Deals with amendment of the provisions of the Constitution.
Public Bill: Introduced by a Minister, reflects government policy, high chance of passing.
Private Bill: Introduced by any Member of Parliament who is not a Minister (Private Member), reflects private member's stand, lower chance of passing. Requires one month notice. Debated on specific days (e.g., Fridays in Lok Sabha). Ordinary Bill Passage: 2.
Can be introduced in either Lok Sabha (LS) or Rajya Sabha (RS).
Does not require President's recommendation for introduction.
Stages: First Reading (Introduction, no discussion), Second Reading (General discussion, committee stage Select Committee/Joint Committee, clause-by-clause consideration, circulation for public opinion), Third Reading (Discussion on acceptance/rejection of bill as a whole, no amendments).
Passage in the other House follows similar stages.
President's Assent (Article 111): President can give assent, withhold assent, or return for reconsideration. If returned and passed again by Parliament (with or without amendments), President must give assent. Money Bill Passage (Article 110 & 109): 3.
Can only be introduced in Lok Sabha.
Requires prior recommendation of the President for introduction.
Can be introduced only by a Minister.
Speaker of Lok Sabha's decision is final on whether a Bill is a Money Bill; this decision cannot be questioned in court. Speaker endorses the Bill as a Money Bill.
Rajya Sabha's Powers:

Cannot reject or amend a Money Bill.
Can only make recommendations to Lok Sabha.
Must return the Bill to Lok Sabha within 14 days.
If Lok Sabha accepts any recommendation, the Bill is deemed passed by both Houses with those amendments.
If Lok Sabha rejects all recommendations, the Bill is deemed passed by both Houses in its original form.
If Rajya Sabha does not return the Bill within 14 days, it is deemed passed by both Houses in its original form.
Rajya Sabha cannot vote on Demands for Grants but can discuss the Annual Financial Statement (Budget).

President's Assent: President can give assent or withhold assent. President cannot return a Money Bill for reconsideration.
No provision for Joint Sitting in case of disagreement.
Examples: Budget (Annual Financial Statement), Appropriation Bill, Finance Bill (Art. 110(1)(a) component).
Appropriation Bill (Art. 114) must be passed by both Houses. No money can be withdrawn from CFI except under Appropriation Act. Financial Bills Passage (Article 117): 4.
Category I (Art. 117(1)):

Can only be introduced in Lok Sabha.
Requires prior recommendation of the President for introduction.
Can be amended or rejected by Rajya Sabha.
Provision for Joint Sitting in case of deadlock.

Category II (Art. 117(3)):

Can be introduced in either House.
Does not require President's recommendation for introduction.
Cannot be passed by either House unless the President has recommended its consideration.
Can be amended or rejected by Rajya Sabha.
Provision for Joint Sitting in case of deadlock. Constitution Amendment Bill Passage 5. (Article 368):

Can be introduced in either House.
Does not require prior recommendation of the President for introduction.
Can be introduced by a Minister or a Private Member.
Must be passed by each House separately by a special majority: (1) majority of the total membership of the House, AND (2) majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting.
No provision for Joint Sitting in case of disagreement.
President's Assent: President must give assent (obligatory assent after 24th Amendment Act, 1971) and cannot withhold or return for reconsideration. Joint Sitting of Parliament (Article 108): 6.
Purpose: To resolve legislative deadlock between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha on an Ordinary Bill or Financial Bills (Category I & II).
Conditions for Summoning: If (a) a Bill passed by one House is rejected by the other; or (b) the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be made in the Bill; or (c) more than six months elapse from the date of reception of the Bill by the other House without its being passed by it.
Summoned by: The President.
Presided over by: The Speaker of Lok Sabha. In Speaker's absence, Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha. In their absence, Deputy Chairperson of Rajya Sabha.
Quorum: One-tenth of the total membership of both Houses.
Passage: By a simple majority of members present and voting.
Not Applicable to: Money Bills and Constitution Amendment Bills.
A joint sitting can be held even if Lok Sabha dissolves after the President has notified his intention to summon a joint sitting, but before the sitting takes place.
Historical instances: Dowry Prohibition Bill (1961), Banking Service Commission (Repeal) Bill (1978), Prevention of Terrorism Bill (2002). Lapsing of Bills on Dissolution of Lok Sabha 7. (Article 107):
Lapse:

A Bill originating in Lok Sabha and pending in Lok Sabha.
A Bill passed by Lok Sabha but pending in Rajya Sabha.
A Bill passed by Rajya Sabha but pending in Lok Sabha (originating in RS or LS).

Do Not Lapse:

A Bill pending in Rajya Sabha but not passed by Lok Sabha (i.e., originated in Rajya Sabha and is still in RS).
A Bill passed by both Houses but pending President's assent.
A Bill passed by both Houses but returned by the President for reconsideration.
A Bill for which the President has notified his intention to summon a joint sitting before the dissolution of Lok Sabha.

Bills do not lapse on prorogation of either House.

Lok Sabha: Composition, Duration, Electoral System

Composition (Article 81):
Maximum strength provided by Constitution: 552 members (530 from States, 20 from Union Territories, 2 nominated Anglo-Indians).
104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019, abolished the provision for nomination of Anglo-Indians to Lok Sabha, making the effective maximum strength 550.
Current elected strength: 543 members.
Reservation of Seats (Article 330): 84 seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and 47 seats for Scheduled Tribes (STs). These are based on population.
Delimitation: Process of redrawing constituency boundaries. Delimitation Commission appointed by President, its orders have force of law and cannot be challenged in court.
84th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2001, froze the total number of Lok Sabha seats and their allocation among states till 2026, based on the 1971 Census.
87th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003, allowed delimitation of constituencies within states based on the 2001 Census.
Areawise largest Lok Sabha Constituency: Ladakh.
States with highest Lok Sabha seats: Uttar Pradesh (80 seats).
States/Union Territories with only one Lok Sabha seat (as per recent elections): Sikkim, Mizoram, Nagaland, Chandigarh, Lakshadweep, Puducherry, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Ladakh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu (merged UT has two seats but single seat entities existed previously).
Uttarakhand has 5 Lok Sabha seats.
Duration (Article 83):
Normal term: 5 years from the date of its first meeting.
Can be dissolved earlier by the President.
Term extension: Can be extended by Parliament for one year at a time during a proclamation of National Emergency (Article 352). Extension cannot exceed 1 year at a time and ceases 6 months after emergency revocation.
5th Lok Sabha (1971-1977) had its term extended by about 6 years during the Emergency.
Lok Sabhas that did not complete their full five-year term include: 6th (1977-79), 9th (1989-91), 11th (1996-98), 12th (1998-99).
Shortest span of Lok Sabha: 12th Lok Sabha (1998-99).
Hung Parliament Election: 11th Lok Sabha Election (1996).
Electoral System & Qualifications:
Electoral System: Members are directly elected by the voters on the basis of adult suffrage from territorial constituencies, following the First-Past-The-Post (FPTP) system.
Voting Age: 18 years (reduced from 21 years by the 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988).
Qualifications for Lok Sabha Membership (Article 84):

Citizen of India.
Must not be less than 25 years of age.
Must be registered as a voter in any parliamentary constituency.
Possess other qualifications prescribed by Parliament (e.g., Representation of People Act, 1951).

Maximum representation from Union Territories to Lok Sabha: 20 members, who are directly elected.
Distinction with Rajya Sabha: Lok Sabha members are directly elected; Rajya Sabha members are indirectly elected by elected members of State Legislative Assemblies through proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.
12 members of Rajya Sabha are nominated by the President (not PM) for special knowledge or practical experience in literature, science, art, and social service.
Historical & Current Context:
First Lok Sabha constituted on 17th April 1952.
Member returned unopposed to the first Lok Sabha: Joginder Sen.
The 17th Lok Sabha was formed after the General Elections held in April-May 2019.
Highest number of women elected to Lok Sabha: 78 in the 17th Lok Sabha.
Lowest number of women members in Lok Sabha: 1977.
Prime Ministers who were members of Lok Sabha during their premiership: Chandrashekhar, Deve Gowda, I.K. Gujral. (Dr. Manmohan Singh was a Rajya Sabha member).
Woman Parliamentarian to win election for eight consecutive times from the same Lok Sabha Constituency: Sumitra Mahajan.

Parliamentary Forums and Groups

Indian Parliamentary Group (IPG):

Established in 1949.
It is an autonomous body.
Serves as the National Group of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) and the main branch of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA).
Membership: Open to all sitting Members of Parliament and former Members of Parliament (on payment of annual subscription).
Ex-officio President: Speaker of Lok Sabha.
Ex-officio Vice-Presidents: Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha and Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha.
Ex-officio Secretary-General: Secretary-General of Lok Sabha.
Aims to promote personal contact among MPs, study parliamentary questions, and facilitate exchange of ideas.

Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs:

Sponsors Goodwill Delegations of Members of Parliament to other countries.
Receives similar governmentsponsored delegations of parliamentarians from other countries, facilitated through the Ministry of External Affairs.

Parliamentary Privileges and Immunities

Parliamentary privileges are special rights, immunities, and exemptions enjoyed by each House of Parliament, its committees, and its members.
These privileges are essential to ensure the independence, authority, and dignity of the Houses and their members.
Privileges are also extended to persons entitled to speak and take part in House proceedings (e.g., Attorney General, Ministers), even if not members.
Sources: Article 105 (for Parliament) and Article 194 (for State Legislatures) of the Constitution, Acts of Parliament (no comprehensive law yet), Rules of each House, and conventions.
Types of Privileges:

Collective Privileges (of the House):

Right to publish its reports, debates, and proceedings, and to prohibit others from publishing them.
Right to exclude strangers from its proceedings.
Right to make rules to regulate its procedure and conduct of business (Art 118).
Right to punish members as well as outsiders for breach of its privileges or for its contempt.
No court can inquire into the validity of any proceedings of Parliament (Art 122).
Right to receive immediate information of arrest, detention, conviction, imprisonment, and release of a member.
Inquiry into proceedings or conduct of an officer of the House relating to House business only by the House.

Individual Privileges (of Members):

Freedom of Speech: Absolute freedom of speech in Parliament and its committees. No member is liable to any proceedings in any court for anything said or any vote given therein (Art 105(2)). This overrides Article 19(1)(a) regarding parliamentary proceedings. This freedom of speech does not extend to a member's private or personal capacity.
Freedom from Arrest: Immunity from arrest applies only in civil cases during the session and for 40 days before and 40 days after the session. It does not apply to criminal cases or preventive detention cases.
Exemption from attendance as witness/juror: Cannot be compelled to attend as a witness in a court case or serve on a jury while Parliament is in session, unless permitted by the House.

Breach of Privilege: Disregard or violation of any of the privileges or immunities.
Contempt of the House: A wider term than breach of privilege, it includes any act or omission that obstructs or impedes a House in performing its functions, or a member/ officer in discharging duties, or disrespects the House's authority/dignity.
Parliament can punish both its members and outsiders for breach of privilege or contempt of the House. Punishment can include reprimand, admonition, suspension (for members), or imprisonment.
Privilege Motion: Any member can move a privilege motion when they believe a breach of privilege has occurred.

Lok Sabha: Rule No. 222 (Chapter XX).
Rajya Sabha: Rule No. 187 (Chapter XVI).

Parliamentary privileges are not absolute and are generally read subject to certain Fundamental Rights, particularly Articles 20, 21, 22, and 32, which ensure basic human rights and remedies.

Presiding Officers: Speaker, Deputy Speaker, Chairman, Deputy Chairman

Speaker of Lok Sabha Election: Elected by the Lok Sabha 1. from amongst its members. The date of election is fixed by the President. Oath: No separate oath as Speaker; 2. takes oath as a member of Parliament. Term of Office: Holds office during the 3. life of the Lok Sabha. Vacates office if ceases to be a member of the House. Continues in office even after the dissolution of the Lok Sabha until immediately before the first meeting of the new Lok Sabha. Resignation: Submits resignation in 4. writing to the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha. Removal: Can be removed by a resolu5. tion passed by a majority of all the then members of the House (effective majority). A 14-day advance notice is required for such a resolution. The notice for removal is addressed to the Secretary-General of Lok Sabha. Powers & Functions: 6.

Presides over the sittings of the Lok Sabha and maintains order.
Adjourns the House or suspends the meeting in the absence of a quorum (1/10th of total members).
Does not vote in the first instance; exercises a casting vote only in case of a tie.
Presides over a Joint Session of both Houses of Parliament (summoned by the President).
Decides whether a bill is a Money Bill; this decision is final and cannot be questioned. Endorses a certificate on Money Bills.
Decides on the disqualification of a member of the Lok Sabha under the Tenth Schedule (Antidefection Law); his decision is subject to judicial review.
Can allow any member to speak in their mother tongue (Article 120(1)).
Considered a quasi-judicial body and the ultimate interpreter/arbiter of provisions related to the functioning of the House.
Sole representative of the House in the international arena.
Directly supervises the Lok Sabha Secretariat.
His conduct in regulating procedure and maintaining order in the House is generally not subject to the jurisdiction of any court. During Removal Proceedings: While a 7. resolution for his removal is under consideration:
He shall not preside over the House.
He can be present, speak, and take part in the proceedings of the House.
He can vote in the first instance on such a resolution or any other matter during the proceedings, but not in case of an equality of votes (i.e., no casting vote). Salary & Allowances: Charged on the 8. Consolidated Fund of India. Rank: Has a higher rank than the 9. Deputy Prime Minister. Historical Facts: 10.
First Speaker: G. V. Mavalankar (also known as the 'Father of Lok Sabha', and first against whom a no-confidence motion was moved).
First Woman Speaker: Meira Kumar (15th Lok Sabha).
First Tribal Speaker: P. A. Sangma.
Longest Serving Speaker: Balram Jakhar.
Notable Speakers mentioned in MCQs: M.A. Ayyangar, G.S. Dhillon, Balram Jakhar, P.A. Sangma, G.M.C. Balayogi, Manohar Joshi, Somnath Chatterjee, Meira Kumar, Sumitra Mahajan, Om Birla.

Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha Election: Elected by the Lok Sabha 1. from amongst its members. The date of election is fixed by the Speaker. Term of Office: Vacates office if ceases 2. to be a member of the House. Vacates office on the dissolution of the Lok Sabha. Resignation: Submits resignation in 3. writing to the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. Removal: Same process as the Speaker 4. (effective majority, 14-day notice). Powers & Functions: 5.

Performs the duties of the Speaker's office when it is vacant.
Presides over the House when the Speaker is absent from a sitting.
Has the same powers as the Speaker when presiding over a sitting of the House, and no appeal lies against his rulings. Convention: The post of Deputy 6. Speaker usually goes to the opposition party (though not a mandatory constitutional provision). First Deputy Speaker: M. A. Ayyangar. 7.

Pro-tem Speaker Appointment: Appointed by the Presid1. ent. Usually the senior-most member of the newly elected Lok Sabha. Functions: 2.

Administers the oath to the newly elected members.
Presides over the first sitting of the newly elected Lok Sabha.
Conducts the election of the new Speaker.
His office ceases to exist once the new Speaker is elected.

Panel of Chairpersons (Lok Sabha) Nomination: Speaker nominates a pan1. el of up to 10 members from amongst the members of the Lok Sabha. Function: Can preside over the House 2. when both the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are absent. Powers: When presiding, they have the 3. same powers as the Speaker. Vacancy: Cannot preside when the of4. fices of Speaker or Deputy Speaker are vacant. In such cases, a member appointed by the President performs the duties.
Chairman of Rajya Sabha (Vice President) Ex-officio Chairman: The Vice-Presid1. ent of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. Presiding: Presides over the sittings of 2. the Rajya Sabha. Joint Session: Does not preside over 3. the Joint Session of Parliament (Speaker of Lok Sabha does). Vote: Does not vote in the first in4. stance; exercises a casting vote only in case of a tie. Removal: Cannot be removed by a res5. olution of the Rajya Sabha alone; is removed as Vice-President.
Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha Election: Elected by the Rajya Sabha 1. from amongst its members. Resignation: Submits resignation to 2. the Chairman. Removal: Can be removed by a resolu3. tion passed by a majority of all the then members of the Rajya Sabha. A 14-day advance notice is required. Powers & Functions: Performs the du4. ties of the Chairman's office when it is vacant or when the Chairman is absent from a sitting. Has the same powers as the Chairman when presiding. Current (as per MCQ context): 5. Harivansh Narayan Singh.
Secretary-General of Lok Sabha Role: The chief administrative officer 1. of the Lok Sabha Secretariat. Relationship with Speaker: Advisor to 2. the Speaker, acts under the authority of the Speaker, works under delegated authority, and passes orders in the name of the Speaker. Notice for Removal: A member wish3. ing to give notice of a resolution for the removal of the Speaker or Deputy Speaker addresses it in writing to the Secretary-General.

Qualifications and Disqualifications of Members of Parliament

Qualifications (Article 84 & Representation of the People Act, 1951 - RPA, 1951)

Citizen of India.
Make and subscribe oath/affirmation before Election Commissionauthorised person.
Age:

Lok Sabha (LS): Not less than 25 years.
Rajya Sabha (RS): Not less than 30 years.

Other qualifications (RPA, 1951):

LS: Elector for any parliamentary constituency.
RS: Elector for a parliamentary constituency in the state/territory from which seeking election (domicile requirement removed by RPA (Amendment) Act, 2003).

Disqualifications (Article 102 & Tenth Schedule & RPA, 1951)

Constitutional Disqualifications (Article 102(1)):

Holds any office of profit under Government of India or any State Government (unless exempted by Parliament by law).
Is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court.
Is an undischarged insolvent.
Is not a citizen of India, or has voluntarily acquired citizenship of a foreign state, or is under any acknowledgement of allegiance/adherence to a foreign state.
Is disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament.

Statutory Disqualifications (Representation of the People Act, 1951):

Found guilty of certain election offences or corrupt practices.
Convicted for any offence resulting in imprisonment for two or more years (disqualified from date of conviction for 6 years after release).
Has failed to lodge election expenses account within time.
Has interest in government contracts, works, or services.
Is a director/managing agent/ holds office of profit in a corporation where government has at least 25% share.
Dismissed from government service for corruption or disloyalty (disqualified for 5 years).
Punishment for promoting enmity, bribery, undue influence, or practicing untouchability, dowry, Sati.

Disqualification on ground of Defection (Tenth Schedule):

Voluntarily gives up membership of the political party.
Votes or abstains from voting in the House contrary to any direction issued by the political party, without prior permission.
An independent member joins any political party after election.
A nominated member joins any political party after 6 months from the date of taking seat in the House.

Vacation of Seats (Article 101)

Double Membership:

Both Houses of Parliament: Must resign one seat within 10 days; otherwise, RS seat becomes vacant.
Parliament and State Legislature: Must resign State Legislature seat within 14 days; otherwise, MP seat becomes vacant (RPA, 1951, Sec 69).
Two seats in same House: Must resign one; otherwise, both seats become vacant.

Disqualification: If disqualified under Article 102 or Tenth Schedule.
Resignation: By letter to Speaker/ Chairman. Not effective if deemed not voluntary/genuine by Presiding Officer.
Absence: Absent for 60 days from all meetings without permission of the House.
Other cases: Election declared void, expulsion, election to President/VP, appointment as Governor.

Decision on Disqualification

Article 102(1) Disqualifications (Constitutional & RPA, 1951 grounds):

Final decision is taken by the President.
The President must obtain the opinion of the Election Commission (EC).
The President acts in accordance with the EC's opinion.

Tenth Schedule Disqualifications (Anti-defection):

Decision is taken by the Presiding Officer of the House (Speaker for Lok Sabha, Chairman for Rajya Sabha).
This decision is subject to judicial review (Kihoto Hollohan case, 1992).

Penalty for Sitting and Voting when Disqualified (Article 104)

A person sitting or voting as an MP when disqualified or not qualified, is liable to a penalty of Rs. 500 per day.

Office of Profit:

The Constitution does not define 'Office of Profit'.
Its interpretation has evolved through pronouncements by the Supreme Court.
Parliament, by law (e.g., Parliament (Prevention of Disqualification) Act, 1959), can declare certain offices not to disqualify their holders. Many statutory body positions (e.g., Chairperson of NCW) are typically exempted.

Rajya Sabha: Composition, Duration, Electoral System

Composition:
Maximum strength: 250 members.
Currently: 245 members.
Elected members: Not more than 238 (currently 233) representing States and Union Territories.
Nominated members: 12, nominated by the President.
Nominated members are persons having special knowledge or practical experience in literature, science, art, and social service.
Electoral System:
Elected members are indirectly elected by the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies.
Election is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.
Representation to states is based on population.
The requirement of 'domicile' in the State concerned for election to the Rajya Sabha was removed in 2003 (addressed in Kuldip Nayar V/s Union of India case).
Minimum age to become a member is 30 years.
Duration:
Rajya Sabha is a permanent body and is not subject to dissolution.
Members are elected for a term of six years.
One-third of its members retire every two years.
The term of Rajya Sabha members was fixed by Parliament.
Quorum:
Minimum quorum is one-tenth of the total membership of the House (i.e., 25 members).
Chairman:
The Vice-President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
Dr. S. Radhakrishnan was the only Chairman of Rajya Sabha for two consecutive terms.
Special Powers/Exclusive Jurisdiction:
Under Article 249, it can authorise Parliament to make a law on a subject enumerated in the State List in the national interest.
Under Article 312, it can authorise Parliament to create new All India Services.
It has the exclusive power to initiate a resolution for the removal of the VicePresident of India.
Status Compared to Lok Sabha:
Equal Status: Introduction and passage of ordinary bills, constitutional amendment bills, financial bills (not Money Bills), election and impeachment of the President, election of the Vice-President, removal of Supreme Court/High Court judges, Chief Election Commissioner, Comptroller and Auditor General, and approval of proclamation of all three types of emergencies.
Unequal Status (Less power for Rajya Sabha):
Cannot introduce Money Bills (only Lok Sabha can).
Cannot vote on the demands for grants (Budget).
Money Bills can originate only in Lok Sabha; Rajya Sabha can only recommend changes within 14 days.
Cannot pass a no-confidence motion against the Council of Ministers (exclusive to Lok Sabha).
Lok Sabha generally has an upper hand in a joint sitting due to its larger numerical strength.
Key Facts:
Rajya Sabha was constituted for the first time in 1952.
The First Constitutional Amendment's ratification was not taken from the Rajya Sabha as it was enacted before its formation.
Nominated members of Rajya Sabha participate in the election of the Vice-President but not the President.
Uttar Pradesh has the largest number of Rajya Sabha seats (31).
States like Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand have a low number of seats (3 each).
Andhra Pradesh (11), Bihar (16), Karnataka (12), Gujarat (11), Odisha (10), Rajasthan (10), Tamil Nadu (18), Maharashtra (19), West Bengal (16), Madhya Pradesh (11), Kerala (9), Punjab (7), Jharkhand (6), Chhattisgarh (5). (Note: Andhra Pradesh seats refer to post-bifurcation).

Role of the Opposition in Parliament

Leader of Opposition (LoP):

Party must secure at least 1/10th of the total strength of the House to be recognized.
Enjoys the rank, salary, and allowances of a Cabinet Minister.
Office statutorily recognized by the `Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977`.
Role: Scrutinizes government, provides alternative views, and chairs key parliamentary committees (e.g., Public Accounts Committee).
Consulted for appointments to statutory bodies (e.g., CVC, Lokpal, CBI Director).

Whip:

Not mentioned in the Constitution of India or Rules of Procedure of the Houses; based on parliamentary conventions.
Every political party (ruling or opposition) appoints its own Whips (Chief Whip, Deputy Whips).
Appointed by the respective political party, responsible primarily to the party leader.
Function: Ensures party members' attendance, voting according to party line, and maintaining discipline.
The Government's Chief Whip in Lok Sabha is often the Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs.
The `Leaders and Chief Whips of Recognised Parties and Groups in Parliament (Facilities) Act, 1998` provides facilities for recognised Whips.

No-Confidence Motion:

Can only be moved in Lok Sabha (Article 75).
Requires the support of at least 50 members to be admitted.
If passed, the Council of Ministers must resign.
Prime Ministers defeated by NoConfidence Vote:

Viswanath Pratap Singh (1990)
H.D. Deve Gowda (1997)
Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1999, by one vote)

Morarji Desai resigned before a noconfidence motion could be voted on (1979).
Manmohan Singh Government won a Vote of Confidence on July 22, 2008, by a margin of 19 votes.

Sessions of Parliament: Summons, Prorogation, Adjournment, Dissolution

Sessions: Parliament consists of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
Summoning (Art 85(1)): President summons each House of Parliament to meet.
Maximum Gap: The maximum gap between two sessions of a House cannot exceed six months (Parliament must meet at least twice a year).
Number of Sessions: The Constitution does not specify the number of sessions. Conventionally, there are three main sessions annually: Budget Session (Feb-May), Monsoon Session (Jul-Sep), and Winter Session (NovDec).
Place of Meeting: The President can summon Parliament to meet at such place as he/she thinks fit.
Adjournment:

Done by the Presiding Officer (Speaker of Lok Sabha / Chairman of Rajya Sabha).
Terminates a sitting of the House, for a specified period (e.g., hours, days, weeks) or indefinitely.
Adjournment Sine Die: Terminating a sitting of the House for an indefinite period. Also done by the Presiding Officer.
Does not affect the life of a bill or any other pending business; they are carried over to the next sitting.
The Presiding Officer can call a sitting before the date/hour to which it was adjourned or at any time after adjournment sine die.
Quorum (1/10th of total members) is necessary to commence a sitting; presence of Minister(s) is not.

Prorogation (Art 85(2)(a)):

Done by the President (on the advice of the Council of Ministers).
Terminates a session of the House.
Can occur when the House is in session or after it has been adjourned sine die.
Effect on Business:

Bills do not lapse on prorogation. They are carried over to the next session.
All pending notices (except for introducing bills), motions, and resolutions lapse.
A new session begins with a fresh notice period.

Dissolution (Art 85(2)(b)):

Applies only to the Lok Sabha. Rajya Sabha is a permanent body and cannot be dissolved.
Done by the President (either on the advice of the Council of Ministers or if a Council of Ministers loses confidence and no alternative government can be formed).
Terminates the life of the Lok Sabha, necessitating fresh general elections. It is irrevocable.
Can occur automatically at the end of its five-year term (unless extended during an Emergency or dissolved sooner).
Effect on Business: All business (bills, motions, resolutions, notices, questions, petitions, etc.) pending before the Lok Sabha lapse on its dissolution. Key specifics:

Bills pending in the Lok Sabha lapse.
Bills passed by the Lok Sabha and pending in the Rajya Sabha lapse.
Bills originating in the Rajya Sabha, passed by the Rajya Sabha, and pending in the Lok Sabha lapse.
Bills originating in the Rajya Sabha, but not passed by the Lok Sabha, do not lapse.
A Bill passed by both Houses but awaiting the President's assent does not lapse.
A Bill passed by both Houses but returned by the President for reconsideration does not lapse.
A Bill where the President has notified his/her intention to summon a joint sitting before dissolution does not lapse. (The joint sitting can still be held).
All business pending before parliamentary committees of the Lok Sabha lapse.
Assurances given by Ministers on the floor of the House do not lapse.
Supplementary Demands for Grants do not lapse.
A motion for the removal of a Judge (if admitted) do not lapse.
Privilege issues related to a dissolved House cannot be raised by the new House.

Speaker's Office: The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the dissolved Lok Sabha do not vacate their offices immediately; they continue until immediately before the first meeting of the new Lok Sabha.

Vacation of Seats, Oath, and Anti-defection Law (10th Schedule)

Vacation of Seats (Articles 101, 104)

Double Membership:

If elected to both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha), member must choose one within 10 days, or the Rajya Sabha seat becomes vacant.
If elected to both Parliament & a State Legislature, member must choose one within 14 days, or the Parliament seat becomes vacant.

Disqualification (Article 102): Seat becomes vacant if a member becomes subject to constitutional disqualifications (e.g., holding office of profit, unsound mind, undischarged insolvent, not a citizen of India, disqualified by law made by Parliament like RPA 1951).
Resignation:

A member of Lok Sabha addresses resignation to the Speaker.
A member of Rajya Sabha addresses resignation to the Chairman.
Speaker/Chairman may not accept if not voluntary or genuine.

Absence: A seat can be declared vacant if a member absents himself from all meetings of the House for a continuous period of 60 days without permission of the House.

In computing this 60-day period, no account is taken of any period during which the House is prorogued or adjourned for more than four continuous days.
The constitutional provision for declaring a seat vacant due to absence is mandatory.

Other Grounds: Election declared void by a court, expulsion by the House.

Oath or Affirmation (Article 99, Third Schedule)

Every member of Parliament must make and subscribe an oath or affirmation before the President or some person appointed by him (e.g., Pro-tem Speaker).
Consequences before taking Oath:

Cannot sit or vote in the House.
Cannot ask questions in the House.
Not entitled to receive salary and allowances.

Permissible actions before taking Oath:

Can resign from membership.
Can seek leave of absence from the House.
Can be elected or nominated as a member of a parliamentary committee and function as such.

Status of Membership: A person becomes a full member of the House, with all privileges and responsibilities for participation, only from the date on which they make and subscribe the oath or affirmation.
Process:

Oath administered in a sitting of the House is a part of the proceedings of the House.
Oath can be administered by the Speaker/Chairman or a person appointed by the President. It can be taken in the Chamber or a designated place within Parliament premises.

Anti-defection Law (Tenth Schedule)

Introduced by: 52nd Amendment Act, 1985.
Purpose: To prevent political defections and promote party loyalty.
Grounds for Disqualification (Para 2):

If an elected member voluntarily gives up his membership of the political party from which he was elected.
If an elected member votes or abstains from voting in the House contrary to any direction (whip) issued by his political party, without prior permission, AND such act is not condoned by the party within 15 days.
If an independent elected member joins any political party after his election.
If a nominated member joins any political party after the expiry of six months from the date of his nomination.

Exceptions (Para 4 - Merger): A member is not disqualified if his original political party merges with another political party, and he (and at least two-thirds of the members of the original party) opt to join the new party or form a new party. (Note: Provision related to 'split' was removed by the 91st Amendment Act, 2003).
Not a Ground for Disqualification:

If a member is expelled by his political party from which he had been elected. (He remains an unattached member).

Deciding Authority:

Any question regarding disqualification on the ground of defection is decided by the Presiding Officer of the concerned House (Speaker for Lok Sabha, Chairman for Rajya Sabha).
The decision of the Presiding Officer is subject to judicial review (Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu, 1992).

24. Parliamentary Committees

Practice MCQs: The Parliament

Budget in Parliament: Financial Procedures and Funds

In the context of the enactment of Budget, which of the following statement/statements is/ are valid ? I. The Appropriation Bill carries an automatic repeal clause. II. The provision 'Vote on Account' has become ineffectual after the re-scheduling of the budget cycle from the last day of February to the first day of February. III. Amendments to either reject or reduce a tax can not be moved in case of the Finance Bill. IV. The expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India can only be discussed. Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2024
1. I and IV
2. I and III
3. Only II
4. Only IV
Show answer
Answer: D. Only IV
Statement I is incorrect. The Appropriation Bill does not carry an automatic repeal clause. It is a money bill that authorizes the government to draw funds from the Consolidated Fund of India for specified purposes for a particular financial year. Statement II is incorrect. The provision of 'Vote on Account' remains effectual even after the re- scheduling of the budget cycle. It allows the government to draw funds for a part of the financial year while the full budget is being debated and passed. Statement III is incorrect. Amendments can be moved in the Lok Sabha to either reject or reduce a tax proposed in the Finance Bill. However, amendments that increase a tax are not allowed. Statement IV is correct. Expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India, such as the salaries of the President, Lok Sabha Speaker, Supreme Court judges, etc., cannot be voted upon by Parliament. It can only be discussed, not subjected to a vote that could lead to its reduction or rejection.
In the Parliamentary terminology, under Article 112 the Annual Financial Statement is called
Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2011
1. Annual Plan
2. Budget
3. Finance Bill
4. Treasury Bill
Show answer
Answer: B. Budget
Article 112 of the Constitution of India mandates the Union Government to lay before Parliament an "Annual Financial Statement," which is the formal name for what is commonly known as the Union Budget. It is a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India for a financial year.
Which document is conventionally placed before the Indian Parliament on the last working day of the month of February?
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2014
1. The Five Year Plan Document
2. The Union Budget
3. The Economic Survey
4. The Railway Budget
Show answer
Answer: C. The Economic Survey
The Economic Survey is an annual document prepared by the Chief Economic Adviser and the Ministry of Finance. It reviews the Indian economy over the past financial year, summarises the performance on major development programmes, and highlights the policy initiatives of the government. It traditionally preceded the Union Budget.
Pick up the wrong statement/statements regarding an Interim Budget in India. (i) It provides continuity in governance during transition period between two governments. (ii) The government cannot propose new taxes or policy reforms in the Budget. (iii) The 'Economic Survey' is presented one day before the presentation of the Interim Budget. (iv) It is an authorization for incurring specific expenditure necessary until a new government is formed. Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2023
1. (i) only
2. (i) and (ii) only
3. (iii) only
4. (ii) and (iv) only
Show answer
Answer: C. (iii) only
- Statement (i) is correct: An Interim Budget (also known as a Vote on Account) is presented during a transition period, especially before general elections, to allow the government to meet necessary expenditures until a full budget is presented by the new government. - Statement (ii) is correct: By convention, an Interim Budget typically does not propose major policy changes, new taxes, or new schemes. Its primary focus is on authorizing essential government spending. - Statement (iii) is incorrect: The Economic Survey is traditionally presented one day before the presentation of the full Union Budget, not the Interim Budget. In an election year, the outgoing government may not present a full Economic Survey, or it might be released later by the new government. - Statement (iv) is correct: The core purpose of an Interim Budget is to obtain parliamentary approval for government expenditure for a limited period (usually a few months) until a regular budget is passed. This authorization is called a 'Vote on Account'.
Vote on Account is meant for
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 60 62rd
1. Vote on the report of CAG
2. To meet unforeseen expenditure
3. Appropriating funds pending passing of budget
4. Budget
Show answer
Answer: C. Appropriating funds pending passing of budget
- A Vote on Account is sought because the government needs funds to run the administration and carry out its activities from the beginning of the new financial year (April 1st), but the full budget (General Budget) usually takes time to be debated and passed by Parliament. - It is essentially an interim permission to spend money. - It deals only with the expenditure side of the government budget.
How many (number) 'Demands for Grants' are put before the Parliament as a part of the Annual Budget in pursuance to Article 113 of the Constitution?
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 67th Cancelled
1. 98
2. 96
3. 104
4. 109
Show answer
Answer: C. 104
Demands for Grants are the form in which estimates of expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India, included in the annual financial statement (Budget), are submitted to Parliament for voting. Article 113 of the Constitution mandates this process.
Which of the following statements is not correct regarding the Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS)?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2020
1. Members of the Parliament (MPs) sanction, execute and complete works under the scheme.
2. Nominated Members of the Parliament can re‐ commend works for implementation anywhere in the country.
3. The scheme is fully funded by the Government of India.
4. The annual entitlement per MP is ₹ 5 crore.
Show answer
Answer: A. Members of the Parliament (MPs) sanction, execute and complete works under the scheme.
- MPLADS is a Central Sector Scheme. - The funds are released directly to the District Authority. - Nominated Members of Parliament can recommend works for implementation anywhere in the country. (Option B is correct) - The scheme is fully funded by the Government of India. (Option C is correct) - The annual entitlement per MP was ₹ 5 crore (Note: This was the case before the scheme was suspended temporarily from April 2020 onwards and then restored with reduced entitlement). (Option D is correct based on the typical understanding of the scheme prior to the suspension).

Composition of Parliament (President, Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha)

Consider the following Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and choose the correct code: Assertion (A) : The Parliament of India consists of the President and two Houses. Reason (R) : The President is a part of the legislature even though he does not sit in Parliament except for the purpose of delivering his opening address.
Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2023
1. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
2. Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
3. (A) is true, but (R) is false.
4. (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Show answer
Answer: A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Assertion (A) states that the Parliament of India consists of the President and two Houses (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha). This is a fact derived directly from Article 79 of the Constitution of India. Reason (R) explains that the President is considered part of the legislature because of his integral role in the legislative process, despite not being a sitting member of either House, except for ceremonial addresses. This role includes summoning and proroguing Parliament, dissolving the Lok Sabha, and assenting to Bills, without which a Bill cannot become law. Thus, the President's inclusion is essential for the legislative function.
The President
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 64th
1. is not a part of the Parliament
2. is a part of the Parliament
3. is a part of the Parliament and sits in the Par‐ liament
4. can vote in the Parliament
Show answer
Answer: B. is a part of the Parliament
The President is an integral part of the Union Parliament, even though they do not sit in or participate in its proceedings (like voting).
Which one of the following statements about the composition of the Parliament is not correct ?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2021
1. Representatives of the states in Rajya Sabha are elected directly by the people.
2. Representatives from Union Territories in Lok Sabha are chosen by direct elections.
3. Rajya Sabha has 12 nominated members.
4. Lok Sabha has seats reserved for SCs and STs.
Show answer
Answer: A. Representatives of the states in Rajya Sabha are elected directly by the people.
Members of Rajya Sabha from states are indirectly elected by state legislative assemblies, while members of Lok Sabha from states and UTs are generally directly elected by the people. Rajya Sabha includes nominated members, and Lok Sabha has reserved seats for SCs and STs.
Which among the following is not the strength or chief benefit of Bicameralism?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2022
1. Second chambers check the first chambers and prevent majoritarian rule.
2. It checks the powers of the executive.
3. The second chambers can act as a constitution‐ al safeguard.
4. It often acts as a check on democratic rule, particularly when their members are non-elected or indirectly elected.
Show answer
Answer: D. It often acts as a check on democratic rule, particularly when their members are non-elected or indirectly elected.
Bicameralism aims to provide checks and balances within the legislature, offer diverse representation, and ensure careful consideration of laws. A second chamber whose members are not directly elected can be perceived as undemocratic, which is a potential drawback, not a benefit, in the context of democratic governance.
Who among the following can participate in the deliberations of Lok Sabha while being a member of Rajya Sabha ?
Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2013
1. Nominated member of Rajya Sabha who is an expert in a field
2. Deputy chairperson of Rajya Sabha
3. Minister who is a member of Rajya Sabha
4. Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha
Show answer
Answer: C. Minister who is a member of Rajya Sabha
- Article 88 of the Indian Constitution grants Ministers and the Attorney-General of India the right to speak in, and otherwise take part in the proceedings of, either House, any joint sitting of the Houses, and any committee of Parliament of which he may be named a member. - However, this article explicitly states that they shall not be entitled to vote in the House of which they are not a member. - Therefore, a Minister who is a member of Rajya Sabha can participate in the deliberations of the Lok Sabha.
Who among the following doesn't take oath of the office ?
Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2016
1. President
2. Vice President
3. Prime Minister
4. Speaker
Show answer
Answer: D. Speaker
The President, Vice President, Prime Minister (along with other Union Ministers), and Judges of the Supreme Court are required by the Constitution to take oaths or affirmations specific to their respective offices. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha, however, is elected by the House from among its members. They have already taken an oath as a Member of Parliament before being elected as Speaker. There is no separate constitutional requirement for the Speaker to take a fresh oath specifically for the office of Speaker.
Which statement of the following statements is incorrect?
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2018
1. The maximum strength of the House envis‐ aged by the Constitution is 552.
2. Out of 552, 530 members represent the States and 20 members represent the Union Territories through elections.
3. The Chairman of All Parliamentary commit‐ tees are nominated by the Speaker.
4. None of the above
Show answer
Answer: C. The Chairman of All Parliamentary commit‐ tees are nominated by the Speaker.
- The maximum strength of Lok Sabha was constitutionally envisaged as 552. - The distribution of elected members is 530 from states and up to 20 from UTs. - The appointment/nomination of chairpersons of Parliamentary committees varies depending on the committee and the House. It is not exclusively done by the Speaker for all committees.

Devices of Parliamentary Procedure: Questions Hour, Zero Hour, Motions, Resolutions

The quorum of the Parliament is fixed at
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2016
1. one-tenth of the membership of the House
2. two-thirds of the membership of the House
3. one-third of the membership of the House
4. one-eighth of the membership of the House
Show answer
Answer: A. one-tenth of the membership of the House
- Quorum is the minimum number of members required for the valid transaction of business in a legislative body. - For Lok Sabha (total strength max 550), the quorum is 55 members. - For Rajya Sabha (total strength max 250), the quorum is 25 members.
The speaker can ask a member of the House to stop speaking and let another Member speak.
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2016 · UPPCS Prelims 2000
1. decorum
2. crossing the floor
3. interpellation
4. yielding the floor
Show answer
Answer: D. yielding the floor
This is known as - In parliamentary procedure, "yielding the floor" refers to a member who currently has the right to speak (the floor) giving up that right, often to allow another member to speak, ask a question, or for other procedural reasons. - While typically a member yields voluntarily, the Speaker, who controls the debate and decides who has the floor, can effectively cause a member to yield by directing them to stop speaking, thereby allowing another member to gain the floor.
Which of the following statements are correct about the difference between censure and no-confidence motion? (i) A censure motion should state the reason for its adoption. On the other hand, a no-confidence motion need not state the reason for its adoption. (ii) A no-confidence motion can be moved only against the Council of Ministers. In contrast, a censure motion can be moved against the Council of Ministers or an individual Minister, or a group of Ministers. (iii) The government must resign if a no- confidence motion is passed. On the other hand, the government need not resign if a censure motion is passed. (iv) A censure motion can be moved in both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, whereas a no-confidence motion can be moved only in the Lok Sabha. Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2023
1. (i), (iii) and (iv) only
2. (ii), (iii) and (iv) only
3. (i) and (ii) only
4. (i), (ii) and (iii) only
Show answer
Answer: D. (i), (ii) and (iii) only
- No-confidence motion: Against the entire Council of Ministers, needs no stated reason in the motion, results in resignation if passed, moved only in Lok Sabha. - Censure motion: Against COM, a group of ministers, or an individual minister, needs a stated reason, does not require resignation if passed, moved only in Lok Sabha. - Both motions require support of 50 members to be admitted in Lok Sabha.
Which one of the following regarding the procedure and conduct of business in the Parliament is not correct?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2018
1. To discuss State matters
2. To discuss issues of the use of police force in suppressing the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe communities
3. To discuss issues in dealing with violent dis‐ turbances in an Undertaking under the control of the Union Government
4. To discuss issues for putting down the demands of the industrial labour
Show answer
Answer: D. To discuss issues for putting down the demands of the industrial labour
Parliament primarily legislates and discusses matters related to the Union List and Concurrent List. Matters falling exclusively under the State List are ordinarily within the jurisdiction of State Legislatures.
What is correct about starred questions? (i) Answer is given oral (ii) Answer is given in written (iii) Supplementary questions can be asked (iv) Supplementary questions can not be asked (v) May be discussed on answer (vi) Speaker controls on answer
Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2014
1. (ii) (iv)
2. (i) (iii)
3. (v) (vi)
4. (iii) (v)
Show answer
Answer: B. (i) (iii)
Starred questions require oral answers and allow for supplementary questions, facilitating immediate follow-up and discussion.
After resigning a Minister needs the permission of whom, to give a personal statement in Loksabha about his resignation in India ?
Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2015
1. Prime Minister
2. Speaker
3. President
4. Supreme Court
Show answer
Answer: B. Speaker
The Speaker is the head of the Lok Sabha and is responsible for regulating its proceedings, including granting permission for members (including former ministers) to make statements in the House.
What is meaning of Guillotine in Parliamentary Procedure ?
Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2017
1. To stop the debate on the bill
2. To continue the debate on the bill
3. Boycott of house by members
4. To adjourn the house
Show answer
Answer: A. To stop the debate on the bill
- Guillotine is a procedural device to expedite legislative business. - It curtails discussion to ensure timely passage of bills or financial matters like demands for grants.

Functions of Parliament (Legislative, Executive, Financial, etc.)

The Prime Minister of India is responsible to whom?
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 63rd
1. The Cabinet
2. The President
3. The Lok Sabha
4. The Rajya Sabha
Show answer
Answer: C. The Lok Sabha
The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers are collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
Which one of the following is NOT a power of the Lok Sabha?
Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2021
1. Makes laws on matters included in the Union and Concurrent Lists
2. Can introduce and enact money and non- money bills
3. Can initiate procedure for removal of Vice- President of India
4. Amends the Constitution of India
Show answer
Answer: C. Can initiate procedure for removal of Vice- President of India
The initiation of the removal of the Vice-President is an exclusive power of the Rajya Sabha.
Given below are two statements: Statement I : President can dissolve the Lok Sabha on the advice of Speaker. Statement II : Rajya Sabha under Article 312 enjoys special power to appoint members of Human Rights Commission. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2023
1. Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
2. Both Statement I and Statement II are incor‐ rect
3. Statement I is correct and Statement II is in‐ correct
4. Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct
Show answer
Answer: B. Both Statement I and Statement II are incor‐ rect
- The power to dissolve the Lok Sabha lies with the President, exercised on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers. - Article 312 is a unique power vested in the Rajya Sabha, reflecting its federal character as the council of states. - The committee recommending NHRC members includes the Prime Minister, Speaker of Lok Sabha, Home Minister, Leaders of the Opposition in both Houses, and the Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha.
According to the Constitution, a new All- India Service can be instituted with the initiative taken by ?
Asked in: HAS Prelims 2019
1. More than two-thirds of state Assemblies
2. The Rajya Sabha
3. Presidential Order
4. The Lok Sabha
Show answer
Answer: B. The Rajya Sabha
- Article 312 of the Indian Constitution provides the power to create new All-India Services. - It states that if the Rajya Sabha declares by a resolution supported by not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest to create one or more All-India Services common to the Union and the States, Parliament may by law provide for the creation of such service(s).
Consider the following statements: A. The Parliament of India alone has the power to make laws on matters not enumerated in any of the three lists in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India. B. The Parliament of India has the power to legislate on matters in the State List in the national interest. C. The Parliament of India has the power to make laws to implement any treaty, agreement or convention with any country or international body. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2015
1. A only
2. A and C only
3. B and C only
4. A, B and C
Show answer
Answer: D. A, B and C
Statement A refers to Residuary Powers (Article 248 read with Entry 97 of Union List), which are exclusively with the Parliament. Statement B refers to Parliament's power to legislate on State List matters in the national interest (Article 249). Statement C refers to Parliament's power to make laws for implementing international treaties (Article 253).
Keeping control over delegated legislation is the power of:
Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2020
1. Rajya Sabha
2. Lok Sabha
3. Prime Minister
4. Supreme Court
Show answer
Answer: A. Rajya Sabha
Control over delegated legislation in India is a crucial aspect of parliamentary oversight to ensure that the executive, when exercising powers delegated by the legislature, acts within the confines of the parent act and the Constitution. This control is exercised by Parliament, specifically through committees in both the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha. The Committee on Subordinate Legislation in each House scrutinizes the rules, regulations, and by-laws laid before the House. If the committees find any such statutory instrument to be ultra vires, inconsistent with the parent act, involving financial implications requiring a vote of the House, or requiring clarification, they report to the respective House, which can then take action, including annulment or modification. While both Houses exercise this control, some sources and historical accounts give a slight emphasis or historical precedence to the Rajya Sabha Committee on Subordinate Legislation, which was constituted earlier than its Lok Sabha counterpart. The power essentially lies with Parliament, but among the given options of individual houses, Rajya Sabha is sometimes cited in contexts related to the detailed scrutiny of executive rules. However, it is important to note that this is a function performed by both houses.
Which of the following statements are correct in respect of 'Types of Majority in Parliament'? (1) Absolute Majority -More than 50% of the House's total Strength (2) Simple Majority - The majority of more than 50% of those present and voting (3) Effective Majority : Majority of the House's effective strength. (4) Effective Strength : means total strength excluding number of vacancies (5) Special Majority : Majority of 2/3 members of total strength of the House
Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2022
1. 1, 3, 4 and 5
2. 2, 3 and 5
3. 2, 3 and 4
4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Show answer
Answer: D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
- Statement 1 is correct. Absolute Majority is more than 50% of the total membership of the House. This is used in situations like forming a government (in Lok Sabha) or during general elections. - Statement 2 is correct. Simple Majority is the majority of more than 50% of the members present and voting. This is the most commonly used type of majority in Parliament for passing ordinary bills, motions, resolutions, etc. - Statement 3 is correct. Effective Majority is more than 50% of the effective strength of the House. - Statement 4 is correct. Effective Strength means the total strength of the House minus the number of vacancies (seats that are vacant due to death, resignation, or disqualification). Effective Majority is used, for example, in the removal of the Vice-President in the Rajya Sabha (Article 67(b)) or removal of the Speaker/Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha/State Legislative Assembly (Article 94/179). - Statement 5 is correct as a description of one type of Special Majority. However, "Special Majority" is a broader term encompassing several types. The statement "Majority of 2/3 members of total strength of the House" describes the special majority required for the impeachment of the President (Article 61). Other types of special majority include 2/3 members present and voting (e.g., Article 249, 312, removal of judges) or 2/3 members present and voting along with more than 50% of the total strength (e.g., Article 368 for constitutional amendment). While statement 5 correctly describes a type of special majority, statements 1-4 define distinct primary types or components. Option D includes 1, 2, 3, and 4, which are fundamental definitions. Given the options, it is most likely that the question considers 1, 2, 3, and 4 as the core correct statements about different types and concepts, and statement 5, describing a specific application of special majority, is intended to be excluded or considered less central to the general types.

Legislative Procedure: Types of Bills (Ordinary, Money, Financial, Constitution Amendment) and their passage

In the context of distinctions existing between a Public Bill and a Private Bill, select the statement/statements that is/are valid : I. A Private Bill which has been introduced by a Member of Parliament sitting in the opposition and which has been approved by the House will have to be referred to the law department for consultation. II. A Public Bill is always introduced in the Parliament by the Minister or a member of the government party. III. A Private Bill will not reflect the policy of the government but upon its approval by the House, a Private Bill would have reflected the policy of the government. IV. Public Bills and Private Bills, regardless of the differences between them, are governed by the same general procedure, and are required to be passed through the same stages in the House. Select the correct answer using the codes given below :
Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2024
1. II and III
2. I, III and IV
3. Only I
4. Only IV
Show answer
Answer: D. Only IV
All bills, whether public or private, must undergo the same legislative process and pass through identical stages in both Houses of Parliament before becoming law. The distinction lies in who introduces the bill and the government's support for it.
In connection with the lapsing of Bills, which of the following statement/statements is/ are valid ? I. If the Lok Sabha has passed the Bill, but if the Bill has still not been discussed in the Rajya Sabha, then such a Bill does not lapse. II. A Bill returned by the President for reconsideration of the Houses will not lapse. However, the Lok Sabha should not have been dissolved by the time the Bill is returned. III. A Bill that is passed by both the Houses but pending for President's assent will not lapse. IV. A Bill that is pending in the Rajya Sabha but which has not been passed by the Lok Sabha will also lapse. Select the correct answer using the codes given below :
Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2024
1. Only III
2. I, III and IV
3. II and IV
4. None
Show answer
Answer: A. Only III
The lapsing of Bills is primarily dependent on the stage of the Bill and the dissolution of the Lok Sabha. Bills passed by both Houses and pending Presidential assent do not lapse.
Which Of the following is not a Money Bill ?
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2013
1. Budget
2. Appropriation Bill
3. Bill seeking Vote on Account
4. Finance Bill
Show answer
Answer: D. Finance Bill
While related to government finance, the "Budget" (Annual Financial Statement) is not a legislative bill itself, unlike the Finance Bill, Appropriation Bill, or a Bill for Vote on Account, which are instruments used to implement the budget and are typically Money Bills.
If any question arises whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, whose decision shall be final?
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2016
1. The Supreme Court of India
2. The President of India
3. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha
4. The Joint Parliamentary Committee
Show answer
Answer: C. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha
- Article 110 of the Constitution of India defines a Money Bill. - Article 110(3) explicitly states that if any question arises whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, the decision of the Speaker of the House of the People (Lok Sabha) thereon shall be final.
Consider the following statements about the Rajya Sabha of the Indian Parliament : (i) The Rajya Sabha has no power either to reject or to amend a Money Bill. (ii) The Rajya Sabha cannot vote the Demands of Grants. (iii) The Rajya Sabha cannot discuss the Annual Financial Statement. (iv) If any question arises regarding whether a Bill is Money Bill or not, the decision of the Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha thereon shall not be final. Select the correct statements using the codes given below.
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2022
1. Only (i) and (iv)
2. Only (ii) and (iii)
3. Only (i), (ii) and (iv)
4. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
Show answer
Answer: C. Only (i), (ii) and (iv)
(i) The Rajya Sabha cannot reject or amend a Money Bill; it can only make recommendations to the Lok Sabha within 14 days, which the Lok Sabha is free to accept or reject (Article 109). (ii) The power to vote on Demands for Grants (part of the budget) is exclusively vested in the Lok Sabha (Article 113(2)). (iii) The Rajya Sabha can discuss the Annual Financial Statement (the Budget) (Article 112(1)). However, it cannot vote on the Demands for Grants. (iv) The final decision on whether a Bill is a Money Bill rests solely with the Speaker of the Lok Sabha (Article 110(3)). The decision of the Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha is not final.
Money Bill can be presented
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 63rd
1. only in the Lok Sabha
2. only in the Rajya Sabha
3. in both the Houses
4. in joint meeting of both the Houses
Show answer
Answer: A. only in the Lok Sabha
- A Bill is deemed to be a Money Bill if it contains only provisions dealing with certain matters listed in Article 110(1), such as taxation, government borrowing, Consolidated Fund of India, etc. - The Speaker of the Lok Sabha has the final authority to decide whether a Bill is a Money Bill.
Which one among the following motions cannot be made while introducing an ordinary Bill in the Parliament ?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2021
1. That the Bill be taken into consideration
2. That the Bill be circulated for the purpose of eliciting public opinion
3. That the Bill be referred to a Select Committee
4. That the Bill be referred to a Joint Committee of the House without the concurrence of the other House
Show answer
Answer: D. That the Bill be referred to a Joint Committee of the House without the concurrence of the other House
- After a Bill is introduced, the member in charge can move one of several motions: to take it into consideration, to refer it to a Select Committee of that House, to refer it to a Joint Committee of both Houses, or to circulate it for public opinion. - Referring a Bill to a Select Committee (C) is a motion confined to the House where the Bill is being considered. - Referring a Bill to a Joint Committee (D) involves members from both Houses. This requires the approval (concurrence) of the other House. Therefore, a motion to refer a Bill to a Joint Committee cannot be made unilaterally "without the concurrence of the other House". - Taking the Bill into consideration (A) and circulating it for public opinion (B) are standard motions possible after introduction.

Lok Sabha: Composition, Duration, Electoral System

Which Lok Sabha Election resulted in a Hung Parliament?
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2014
1. 9th Lok Sabha Election (1989)
2. 10th Lok Sabha Election (1991)
3. 11th Lok Sabha Election (1996)
4. 13th Lok Sabha Election (1999)
Show answer
Answer: C. 11th Lok Sabha Election (1996)
- A hung parliament is when no party/coalition gets a simple majority (> 50% of seats) required to form a government. - Identifying which election results led to such a situation. - 1989, 1991, and 1996 elections resulted in hung parliaments in India.
What is the maximum strength of the Lok Sabha provided by the Constitution of India?
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2015
1. 552
2. 545
3. 530
4. 500
Show answer
Answer: A. 552
The maximum strength of the Lok Sabha constitutionally provided for is 552 members.
Areawise, which one of the following is the largest Lok Sabha Constituency?
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2016
1. Kutch
2. Kangra
3. Patna Sahib
4. Ladakh
Show answer
Answer: D. Ladakh
Ladakh constituency spans an area of approximately 173,266 square kilometers, making it the largest parliamentary constituency in India in terms of geographical size.
In order to be chosen a member of the Lok Sabha, a person must not be less than the age of
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 64th
1. 18 years
2. 21 years
3. 25 years
4. 30 years
Show answer
Answer: C. 25 years
The minimum age for contesting elections for the Lok Sabha is 25 years. The minimum age for Rajya Sabha is 30 years.
The tenure of which Lok Sabha was about 6 years?
Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2016
1. 5th Lok Sabha
2. 7th Lok Sabha
3. 9th Lok Sabha
4. 11th Lok Sabha
Show answer
Answer: A. 5th Lok Sabha
The normal tenure of the Lok Sabha is five years from the date of its first meeting after the general elections. However, under Article 83(2), this period may be extended during a Proclamation of Emergency for a period not exceeding one year at a time, and not exceeding in any case beyond a period of six months after the Proclamation has ceased to operate. The 5th Lok Sabha, which was elected in 1971, had its term extended twice due to the National Emergency declared in 1975. Its term lasted from March 1971 to January 1977, effectively serving for almost six years.
The present Lok Sabha is the
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2024 · GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2023
1. 14th Lok Sabha
2. 15th Lok Sabha
3. 16th Lok Sabha
4. 17th Lok Sabha
Show answer
Answer: D. 17th Lok Sabha
The numbering of the Lok Sabha is based on the general elections held every five years to constitute a new House of the People.
The minimum age to qualify for election to the Lok Sabha is
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2024
1. 25 years
2. 21 years
3. 18 years
4. 35 years
Show answer
Answer: A. 25 years
Article 84(b) of the Constitution of India specifies the qualification for membership of Parliament, stating that a person must be not less than thirty years of age for a seat in the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and not less than twenty-five years of age for a seat in the House of the People (Lok Sabha).

Parliamentary Forums and Groups

In reference to Indian Parliamentary Group, which of the following statements is/are true? (i) It is not an autonomous body (ii) Former Members of Parliament can become its member (iii) Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha and Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha are its ex-officio Vice-Presidents
Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2021
1. (i), (ii) and (iii)
2. (i) and (ii)
3. Only (i)
4. Only (iii)
Show answer
Answer: D. Only (iii)
The Indian Parliamentary Group facilitates interactions between Indian parliamentarians and those from other countries, serves as the National Group of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), and is involved in various parliamentary exchange programs.
_______ ministry sponsors Goodwill Delegation of Members of Parliament to other countries and receives similar Government- sponsored delegations of parliamentarians under the exchange programme from other countries through the Ministry of External Affairs.
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2019
1. Ministry of Culture
2. Ministry of External Affairs
3. The Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs
4. Ministry of Human Resource Development
Show answer
Answer: C. The Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs
The Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs facilitates the interaction between the Indian Parliament and other countries' parliaments through exchange programs and delegations.

Parliamentary Privileges and Immunities

Privileged communication between husband and wife can be admitted as evidence in a
Asked in: UPSC CISF AC EXE 2019
1. charge of murder against the husband
2. case of embezzlement by the husband
3. case of matrimonial dispute between them
4. charge of sedition against the husband
Show answer
Answer: C. case of matrimonial dispute between them
- Communications between spouses during marriage are generally privileged and cannot be compelled or permitted to be disclosed without consent. - This privilege is subject to exceptions, including legal proceedings directly between the spouses or where one is accused of a crime against the other.
Which one of the following regarding witnesses under the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 is not correct?
Asked in: UPSC CISF AC EXE 2019
1. An accomplice cannot be a witness.
2. Communication between lawyer and client is privileged, hence cannot be admitted as evidence.
3. Competency of witness shall be decided by Court.
4. A dumb witness may give his/her witness only in writing which may amount to oral wit‐ ness.
Show answer
Answer: A. An accomplice cannot be a witness.
Section 133 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 states that "An accomplice shall be a competent witness against an accused person; and a conviction is not illegal merely because it proceeds upon the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice." Therefore, an accomplice can be a witness.
Which of the following statements is not correct? According to the Central Industrial Security Force Rules
Asked in: UPSC CISF AC EXE 2019
1. a member of the Central Industrial Security Force may use all means necessary to effect an arrest as long as such Force is minimum re‐ quired in that particular situation
2. the member of the Force making an arrest may also search the person so arrested but only if that person volunteers to be searched so as to prevent allegations of violation of the human rights
3. if a search is carried out, a copy of the inventory of the items taken in possession after the search is required to be prepared and given to the person so arrested
4. an inventory is required to be prepared even if nothing is seized after search
Show answer
Answer: B. the member of the Force making an arrest may also search the person so arrested but only if that person volunteers to be searched so as to prevent allegations of violation of the human rights
This statement is incorrect. Standard legal procedures for arrest in India (e.g., under the Code of Criminal Procedure, which generally applies unless specific rules override it) permit a police officer (and similarly, security forces with arrest powers) to search the person arrested to prevent concealment of weapons, evidence, etc. There is no requirement for the arrested person to "volunteer" for the search. Lawful search upon arrest is a permissible procedure under the law and does not depend on the suspect's consent; consent is generally required for searches without lawful authority or warrant under other circumstances.
The National Industrial Security Academy is located at
Asked in: UPSC CISF AC EXE 2019
1. Hyderabad
2. Arakkonam
3. Mundali
4. Bhilai
Show answer
Answer: A. Hyderabad
The National Industrial Security Academy (NISA) is the premier training institution for the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF). It is located in Hakimpet, Hyderabad, Telangana.
Which of the following does not fall within the scope of technical consultancy services rendered by the Central Industrial Security Force?
Asked in: UPSC CISF AC EXE 2019
1. Study of the industrial security and fire protection related problems and suggesting appropriate solutions
2. Preparing disaster management and contin‐ gency plan and conducting rehearsals for such plans
3. Planning and designing of communication network and preparation of related operations instructions
4. Procurement of security equipment for the establishment to which it has to provide secur‐ ity
Show answer
Answer: D. Procurement of security equipment for the establishment to which it has to provide secur‐ ity
The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) provides technical consultancy services related to security and fire protection. Their scope includes assessing problems, suggesting solutions, planning security systems, preparing disaster/contingency plans, and designing communication networks. However, the actual procurement of security equipment is typically the responsibility of the establishment seeking the security services, based on the recommendations provided by CISF. CISF acts as a consultant, not a purchasing agent for the client organization.
Central Industrial Security Force was created
Asked in: UPSC CISF AC EXE 2019
1. under an Act of the Parliament
2. as per a Resolution of the Cabinet
3. as per an Executive order issued by the Ministry of Defence
4. as per an Executive order issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs
Show answer
Answer: A. under an Act of the Parliament
The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) was established under an Act of the Parliament of India. The Central Industrial Security Force Act, 1968, provided for the constitution and regulation of an armed force of the Union for the better protection and security of industrial undertakings owned by the Central Government. Over time, its mandate has expanded to include other types of establishments and critical infrastructure.
What is the minimum number of escort(s) required for a dangerous prisoner on board an aeroplane ?
Asked in: UPSC CISF AC EXE 2020
1. 4
2. 3
3. 2
4. 1
Show answer
Answer: C. 2
- Security protocols for transporting dangerous or high-risk prisoners are strict due to the potential threat posed during transit. - A single escort would be insufficient for controlling a dangerous individual, especially in the confined and potentially disruptive environment of an aircraft. - While more escorts might be required depending on the specific risk assessment, two escorts provide a basic level of security and control, allowing for redundancy and mutual support.

Presiding Officers: Speaker, Deputy Speaker, Chairman, Deputy Chairman

Who presides over the Joint Session of both the Houses of the Parliament in India?
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2014 · UPPSC Upper Mains 2010
1. The President of India
2. The Prime Minister of India
3. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha
4. The Vice President of India
Show answer
Answer: C. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the designated presiding officer for joint sessions of Parliament.
Who was the first Speaker of the Lok Sabha of the Indian Parliament?
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2020
1. Hukum Singh
2. K. S. Hegde
3. M. A. Ayyangar
4. G. V. Mavalankar
Show answer
Answer: D. G. V. Mavalankar
He served as the Speaker of the provisional Parliament (1946-1952) and then as the first Speaker of the First Lok Sabha (1952-1956).
Which one of the following statements about the Speaker of Lok Sabha is not correct?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2022
1. He shall vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the House of the People.
2. He may, at any time, resign by writing his resignation to the President of India.
3. He may be removed from his office by a resol‐ ution of the House of the People passed by major‐ ity of all the then members of the House.
4. While the office of the Speaker is vacant, the duties of the office shall be performed by the Deputy Speaker.
Show answer
Answer: B. He may, at any time, resign by writing his resignation to the President of India.
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha addresses their resignation to the Deputy Speaker, not the President.
Which one among the following is not correct about the Secretary General of the Lok Sabha?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2020
1. The Secretary General is the advisor to the Speaker.
2. The Secretary General acts under authority in the name of the Speaker.
3. The Secretary General works under the Speaker with delegated authority.
4. The Secretary General passes orders in the name of the Speaker.
Show answer
Answer: D. The Secretary General passes orders in the name of the Speaker.
The Secretary General is a permanent, non-partisan officer of Parliament, distinct from the elected Speaker.
Consider the following: 1. M.A. Ayyangar 2. G.S. Dhillon 3. Balram Jakhar 4. P.A. Sangma How many of them were the Speaker of the Lok Sabha?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2022
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
Show answer
Answer: D. 4
M.A. Ayyangar was the first Deputy Speaker and the second Speaker of the Lok Sabha (1956-1962). 2. G.S. Dhillon served as Speaker (1969-1975). 3. Balram Jakhar served as Speaker for two terms (1980-1989), the longest tenure for a Speaker. 4. P.A. Sangma served as Speaker (1996-1998). 381. Consider the following statements regarding the role and functions of a Speaker of the Lok Sabha. 1. Speaker is a quasi-judicial body 2. Ultimate interpreter and arbiter of those provisions which relate to the functioning of the House. 3. Sole representative of the House in the international arena. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2024
1. 1, 2
2. 2, 3
3. 1, 3
4. 1, 2, 3
Show answer
Answer: D. 1, 2, 3
The Speaker is the head of the Lok Sabha, performing administrative, procedural, quasi-judicial, and representational functions.
Who among the following was the Speaker of the first Lok Sabha ?
Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2010 · UPPCS Prelims 2015
1. Sardar Gurmukh Nihal Singh
2. G.V. Mavalankar
3. A.S. Ayangar
4. Balram Jakhar
Show answer
Answer: B. G.V. Mavalankar
He was also the Speaker of the Central Legislative Assembly before independence and continued as the Speaker of the Constituent Assembly (Legislative) and Provisional Parliament before becoming the first Speaker of the Lok Sabha after the first general elections in 1952.

Qualifications and Disqualifications of Members of Parliament

What is the minimum age for a Member of the Parliament?
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 63rd
1. 18 years
2. 21 years
3. 25 years
4. 30 years
Show answer
Answer: C. 25 years
The minimum age to become a Member of Parliament is 25 years for the Lok Sabha and 30 years for the Rajya Sabha. The lowest age to be a member of Parliament is thus 25.
A person is disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a Member of either House of the Parliament if the person 1. holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State other than an office declared by the Parliament by law not to disqualify its holder 2. is an undischarged insolvent 3. is so disqualified under the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution of India 4. is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent Court Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2018
1. 1, 2 and 4 only
2. 1, 2, 3 and 4
3. 3 and 4 only
4. 1, 2 and 3 only
Show answer
Answer: B. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Article 102(1) states that a person shall be disqualified if he: 1. holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State, other than an office declared by Parliament by law not to disqualify its holder (Covers statement 1). 2. is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court (Covers statement 4).
is an undischarged insolvent (Covers statement 2). 4. is not a citizen of India, or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State, or is under any acknowledgment of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State. 5. is so disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament.Additionally, Article 102(2) states that a person shall be disqualified for being a member of either House of Parliament if he is so disqualified under the Tenth Schedule (Anti-Defection Law) (Covers statement 3). 456. Which among the following is not a condition for the disqualification of a Member of Parliament?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2021
1. Voluntary acquisition of citizenship of a foreign country
2. Holding the office of the Chairperson of the National Commission for Women
3. The Member abstains from voting in the House without prior permission
4. The Member holds the office of the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the National Coal Development Corporation Ltd.
Show answer
Answer: C. The Member abstains from voting in the House without prior permission
If any member of Parliament is elected for any State Legislature, within how many days he has to resign from the State Legislature, otherwise his membership of Parliament will become void?
Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2022
1. 10 days
2. 14 days
3. 30 days
4. None of the above
Show answer
Answer: B. 14 days
The Constitution and associated rules prevent simultaneous membership in Parliament and a State Legislature, requiring the elected person to choose one within a specified timeframe.
If a member of Parliament is found sitting in the other house of the Parliament, how much maximum fine he/she may have to pay ?
Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2012
1. ₹ 1000
2. ₹ 2500
3. ₹ 5000
4. There is no such fine
Show answer
Answer: C. ₹ 5000
Article 104 of the Constitution of India imposes a penalty on a person who sits or votes as a member of either House of Parliament when they know they are not qualified or are disqualified, or prohibited from doing so by law. The penalty is "five hundred rupees to be recovered as a debt due to the Union" in respect of each day on which they so sit or vote. The question's phrasing "maximum fine he/she may have to pay" and the options being cumulative amounts suggest a potential total penalty over multiple days.
After how many days of absence from Parliament without permission can a M.P. be disqualified?
Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2018
1. 30 days
2. 60 days
3. 90 days
4. 120 days
Show answer
Answer: B. 60 days
Absence from Parliament for a specified period without permission can lead to disqualification of an MP's seat.
A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of either House of the Parliament if she/he 1. holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State, other than an office exempted by the Parliament by law 2. is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court 3. remains absent from all meetings of the House for a period of 60 days without the permission of the House
Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2013
1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1, 2 and 3
4. 1 and 3 only
Show answer
Answer: C. 1, 2 and 3
- Statement 1: Article 102(1)(a) of the Constitution states that a person shall be disqualified if they hold any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State, other than an office declared by Parliament by law not to disqualify its holder. This statement is correct. - Statement 2: Article 102(1)(b) states that a person shall be disqualified if they are of unsound mind and stand so declared by a competent court. This statement is correct. - Statement 3: Article 101(4) of the Constitution states that if a member of either House of Parliament is for a period of sixty days absent from all meetings thereof without the permission of the House, the House may declare his seat vacant. While this provision is under "Vacation of Seats" (Article 101) rather than "Disqualifications for Membership" (Article 102), the result of the seat being declared vacant is that the person is no longer able to be a member. The question asks for conditions for "being chosen as, and for being, a member". Losing one's seat due to absence effectively disqualifies a person from being a member. Therefore, within the context of disqualification for continuing membership, this statement is considered correct.

Rajya Sabha: Composition, Duration, Electoral System

The equal status of the Rajya Sabha with the Lok Sabha can be described by which of the following statement/statements ? I. Introduction and passage of Money Bills. II. Consideration of the CAG's report. III. Initiating the removal of the Vice- President. IV. Approval of proclamation of all the three types of emergencies by the President. Select the correct answer using the codes given below :
Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2024
1. I, III and IV
2. II and IV
3. All
4. Only II
Show answer
Answer: B. II and IV
The Rajya Sabha has equal footing with the Lok Sabha in matters like the consideration of the CAG's report and initiating the removal of the Vice- President. However, it has a subordinate role in financial matters like Money Bills.
In the Indian Parliamentary System, the members of Rajya Sabha are elected according to
Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2011
1. Non transferable vote system
2. Single transferable vote system
3. Cumulative vote system
4. Weighted vote system
Show answer
Answer: B. Single transferable vote system
Members of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) are elected by the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies and the Electoral College for Union Territories, using the system of proportional representation by means of the Single Transferable Vote (STV).
Out of the following, which is not a power granted to Rajya Sabha ?
Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2016
1. Authorizing Parliament in the national interest to make a law on a matter in the State List
2. Authorizing State Assemblies in the national interest to make law on matters in the Union List
3. To return a Money Bill with recommendations
4. Authorizing Parliament in the national interest for creation of an All India Service
Show answer
Answer: B. Authorizing State Assemblies in the national interest to make law on matters in the Union List
Rajya Sabha's special powers primarily relate to its role as the representative of states and its ability to allow Parliament to encroach upon state legislative domain or create services for both Union and States.
The Rajya Sabha has exclusive jurisdiction
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2013
1. creation and abolition of States
2. approving a proclamation of emergency
3. the election of the Vice President
4. authorizing Parliament to legislate on a subject in the State List.
Show answer
Answer: D. authorizing Parliament to legislate on a subject in the State List.
Article 249 of the Constitution grants the Rajya Sabha the power to pass a resolution, supported by a two-thirds majority, authorizing Parliament to make laws on a subject enumerated in the State List if it is deemed necessary or expedient in the national interest.
The representation in the Rajya Sabha includes
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 68th
1. members directly elected by citizens
2. members indirectly elected by citizens through their representatives
3. members nominated by the President of India
4. More than one of the above
Show answer
Answer: D. More than one of the above
- Representation from States and UTs (indirectly elected). - Representation from nominated members (nominated by the President).
Which of the following statements regarding Rajya Sabha is / are correct ? 1. The maximum permissible strength of Rajya Sabha is 250 2. In Rajya Sabha, 238 members are elected indirectly from the States and Union Territories 3. It shares legislative powers equally with Lok Sabha in matters such as creation of All India Services Select the correct answer using the code given below :
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2016
1. 1 and 2 only
2. 1, 2 and 3
3. 2 and 3 only
4. 1 only
Show answer
Answer: B. 1, 2 and 3
Statements 1 and 2 accurately describe the maximum strength and the method of election/nomination for the Rajya Sabha. Statement 3 is incorrect because the power to initiate the creation of All India Services is a special power of the Rajya Sabha (under Article 312), where it does not share equal legislative power for initiation with the Lok Sabha.
Rajya Sabha has exclusive jurisdiction in
Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2019
1. creation of new States
2. declaring a war
3. financial emergency
4. authorizing Parliament to legislate on a subject in the State List
Show answer
Answer: D. authorizing Parliament to legislate on a subject in the State List
- Article 249 of the Constitution grants the Rajya Sabha the power to pass a resolution, by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting, declaring that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest that Parliament should make laws with respect to any matter enumerated in the State List specified in the resolution. - Upon passing such a resolution, Parliament gains the power to make laws on that specific State List subject for a period not exceeding one year, which can be extended. - This power is unique to the Rajya Sabha as the representative body of the states, allowing it to enable central legislation on state matters when deemed necessary in the national interest.

Role of the Opposition in Parliament

Which of the following statement/statements is/are valid regarding the office of the 'Whip'? I. Although not mentioned in the Constitution of India, the office of the 'Whip' has however been incorporated in the Rules of the House by the 'Leaders and Chief Whips of Recognised Parties and Groups in Parliament (Facilities) Act, 1998'. II. The role of the Chief Whip of the government party in the Lok Sabha is served by the Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs. III. All political parties – whether ruling or opposition, will have their own Whips in the Parliament. IV. The Chief Whip is not responsible to the leader of the House but is responsible only to the leader of the party that has appointed him/her to the office of Chief Whip. Select the correct answer using the codes given below :
Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2024
1. I and IV
2. Only III
3. II and III
4. II and IV
Show answer
Answer: B. Only III
The Whip is a political party officer in a legislature who is responsible for ensuring party discipline and coordinating the party's legislative activities.
Who among the following Prime Ministers of India were defeated by a vote of No Confidence ? 1. Morarji Desai 2. Viswanath Pratap Singh 3. H.D. Deve Gowda 4. Atal Bihari Vajpayee Select the correct answer using the code given below :
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2016
1. 1, 2, 3 and 4
2. 1, 2 and 3 only
3. 2, 3 and 4 only
4. 1 and 4 only
Show answer
Answer: A. 1, 2, 3 and 4
V.P. Singh (1990), H.D. Deve Gowda (1997), and Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1999) all lost a vote of No Confidence in the Lok Sabha, leading to their defeat as Prime Ministers. Morarji Desai resigned before the scheduled vote of No Confidence in 1979, thus not being technically 'defeated by a vote'.
The leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha enjoys the rank of a –
Asked in: WBPSC CS Prelims 2015
1. Central Minister
2. Governor
3. High Court Judge
4. Supreme Court Judge
Show answer
Answer: A. Central Minister
- The position is recognized to provide an alternative voice and hold the government accountable. - To be recognized as the Leader of the Opposition, a party generally needs to have at least 10% of the total strength of the House (i.e., 55 members in Lok Sabha).
Manmohan Singh Government owns the by a margin of.
Asked in: Vote of Confidence in Lok Sabha on 22 07 2008 · UPPSC Upper Mains 2006
1. 18 votes
2. 19 votes
3. 20 votes
4. 21 votes
Show answer
Answer: B. 19 votes
- The trust vote was necessitated after the Left Front withdrew support from the UPA government over the Indo-US Civil Nuclear Agreement. - The final vote count was 275 in favour of the motion and 256 against.

Sessions of Parliament: Summons, Prorogation, Adjournment, Dissolution

A sitting of the Parliament can be terminated by adjournment, prorogation or dissolution. In this regard choose the correct answer.
Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2018
1. Adjournment terminates sitting as well as session of the House.
2. All pending notices including introducing bills lapse on prorogation.
3. Dissolution ends all business including bills and motions before the Lok Sabha.
4. Adjournment sine die means terminating a sitting for an indefinite period.
Show answer
Answer: D. Adjournment sine die means terminating a sitting for an indefinite period.
The termination of Parliament's functioning can occur through three distinct mechanisms: adjournment, prorogation, and dissolution. Each has specific implications for the business before the Houses. Adjournment is a short-term suspension of a sitting. Prorogation terminates a session. Dissolution terminates the Lok Sabha entirely.
What is the maximum gap of time between two Sessions of the Parliament and also the State Legislative Assembly respectively?
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2014
1. No such rule exists
2. Six months
3. One year
4. None of the above
Show answer
Answer: B. Six months
The maximum permissible gap between two sessions of Parliament or a State Legislature is six months.
What is the maximum permissible time gap between two Sessions of the Parliament?
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2015
1. 3 months
2. 6 months
3. 9 months
4. 12 months
Show answer
Answer: B. 6 months
The Constitution specifies that the time gap between two sessions of Parliament cannot exceed six months.
A sitting of the Parliament can be terminated by adjournment, prorogation or dissolution. In this regard choose the correct answer. Adjournment terminates sitting as well as session of the House. All pending notices including introducing bills lapse on prorogation. Dissolution ends all business including bills and motions before the Lok Sabha. Adjournment sine die means terminating a sitting for an indefinite period.
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2018
1. Adjournment terminates sitting as well as session of the House.
2. All pending notices including introducing bills lapse on prorogation.
3. Dissolution ends all business including bills and motions before the Lok Sabha.
4. Adjournment sine die means terminating a sitting for an indefinite period.
Show answer
Answer: C. Dissolution ends all business including bills and motions before the Lok Sabha.
Adjournment sine die means terminating a sitting of the House for an indefinite period, i.e., without specifying a date for the next sitting. The presiding officer (Speaker or Chairman) can do this. A session is typically concluded by prorogation by the President, which usually follows an adjournment sine die.
Generally how many sessions are there in the Lok Sabha?
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 67th Re Exam
1. 4
2. 5
3. 6
4. 3
Show answer
Answer: D. 3
Conventionally, there are three main sessions held in the Lok Sabha (and Rajya Sabha) each year: the Budget Session (usually February to May), the Monsoon Session (usually July to September), and the Winter Session (usually November to December).
What will be happened if President summons for the joint session of Parliament and in the meantime Lok Sabha dissolved ?
Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2018
1. Joint session will be held in scheduled time
2. Joint session will be cancelled
3. Joint session will be held after composition of New Lok Sabha
4. Bill will be lapsed
Show answer
Answer: A. Joint session will be held in scheduled time
According to Article 108(5) of the Constitution, a joint sitting may be held notwithstanding that a dissolution of the House of the People has intervened since the President notified his intention to summon the joint sitting, provided the Bill has been passed by one House and sent to the other House before the dissolution.
Which of the following statements regarding sessions of Parliament is incorrect?
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2018
1. Adjourned sine die is done by the President, while Adjournment is done by the Speaker.
2. Prorogation ends a session of the House, while Adjournment only ends a sitting.
3. Dissolution of the Lok Sabha happens either automatically or by the President.
4. Dissolution of the Rajya Sabha can't take place because it is a permanent body.
Show answer
Answer: A. Adjourned sine die is done by the President, while Adjournment is done by the Speaker.
- Adjournment: Suspends work in a sitting for a specified time. - Adjournment Sine Die: Terminates a sitting without fixing a future date; implies the end of a session unless prorogued earlier. Done by Presiding Officer. - Prorogation: Ends a session of the House. Done by the President. - Dissolution: Ends the life of the Lok Sabha. Elections are held thereafter. Rajya Sabha is not subject to dissolution. Done by the President (or automatic expiry).

Vacation of Seats, Oath, and Anti-defection Law (10th Schedule)

Which of the following statements about membership of the Indian Parliament is/are false? (i) For qualifying to the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, a person must be at least 25 years and 35 years of age respectively. (ii) A person belonging to the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes can contest elections from a general constituency too. (iii) If a member of the Parliament votes against the directions of his/her party, he/ she can be deemed to be disqualified on the ground of defection. Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2022
1. Only (i)
2. Only (ii)
3. Both (ii) and (iii)
4. Both (i) and (iii)
Show answer
Answer: A. Only (i)
(i) For qualifying to the Lok Sabha, a person must be at least 25 years of age (Article 84(b)). For qualifying to the Rajya Sabha, a person must be at least 30 years of age (Article 84(b)). The statement says 35 years for Rajya Sabha, which is incorrect. (ii) A person belonging to the Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes is not restricted from contesting elections from a general constituency; they are eligible to contest from any constituency, including those reserved for SC/ST. (iii) The Tenth Schedule (Anti-defection Law) provides for disqualification of a member of Parliament if they vote or abstain from voting in the House contrary to any direction issued by their political party, subject to certain exceptions.
A seat of a M.P. can be declared vacant if he absents himself from the house for a continuous period of
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 60 62rd
1. Six months
2. Two months
3. Three months
4. One year
Show answer
Answer: B. Two months
- This provision is found in Article 101(4) of the Constitution. - The period of sixty days is counted when the House is in session. Any period during which the House is prorogued or adjourned for more than four consecutive days is not counted.
A Member of Lok Sabha does not become disqualified to continue as a Member of the House if the Member :
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2016 · UPSC SO Steno 2017
1. voluntarily gives up his / her membership of the political party from which he / she was elected
2. is expelled by the political party from which he / she had been elected to the House
3. joins a political party after being elected as an independent candidate
4. abstains from voting contrary to the direc‐ tion by his / her political party
Show answer
Answer: B. is expelled by the political party from which he / she had been elected to the House
Expulsion from a political party is not a direct ground for disqualification under the Tenth Schedule (Anti-Defection Law).
Any question pertaining to the disqualification of a member of the Lok Sabha on the ground of defection is decided by :
Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2023
1. The President of India
2. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha
3. The Supreme Court of India
4. The concerned Political Party
Show answer
Answer: B. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha
- The Tenth Schedule was added by the 52nd Amendment Act, 1985. - It lays down the grounds for disqualification on account of defection. - The decision of the Speaker (or Chairman) is subject to judicial review, as established by the Supreme Court in the Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu case (1992).
In Lok Sabha, the resignation of a Member is addressed to the
Asked in: UPSC Combined Section Officer 2021 22
1. Speaker of Lok Sabha
2. Prime Minister of India
3. President of India
4. Leader of the Opposition party
Show answer
Answer: A. Speaker of Lok Sabha
The Speaker of Lok Sabha is the competent authority to whom a Member's resignation is submitted.
Consider the following statements: 1. Making and subscribing oath is not a proceeding of the House if the person administering the oath is other than a Presiding officer. 2. Oath administered in a sitting is a part of the proceedings of the House. 3. Oath cannot be taken by a member outside the Chamber of Lok Sabha/Rajya Sabha. Which of the above statements is/are correct ?
Asked in: UPSC SO Steno 2017
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. 1 and 2 only
4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: B. 2 only
Statement 1: Making and subscribing oath is a formal requirement under the Constitution (Article 99) before a member can take their seat. Oath administered during a sitting, even by a person authorized by the Presiding Officer (who is not the Presiding Officer at that exact moment), is part of the official proceedings of the House. Hence, Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2: Oath administered in a sitting is recorded in the House proceedings and is a formal part of the business conducted during that sitting. Hence, Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3: Rules allow for oath/affirmation to be made before the Speaker or a person authorized by him when the House is not in session. This would typically happen outside the Chamber. Hence, Statement 3 is incorrect.
Consider the following statements: 1. A person becomes a Member of the House from the date on which the person is declared elected by the Returning Officer. 2. A person becomes a Member of the House only from the date on which the person makes and subscribes oath or affirmation. 3. A Member cannot ask a question in the House unless he has taken oath and signed the Roll of Members in the House. Which of the above statements is/are correct ?
Asked in: UPSC SO Steno 2017
1. 3 only
2. 1 and 3 only
3. 1 and 2 only
4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: B. 1 and 3 only
Statement 1: A person acquires the legal status of a Member of Parliament from the date they are declared elected by the Returning Officer. Hence, Statement 1 is correct regarding the acquisition of status. Statement 2: While the status of a member is acquired upon election, the right to function fully as a member within the House (take seat, vote, participate in proceedings) begins only after making and subscribing the oath as required by Article 99. Statement 2 says they "becomes a Member of the House only from the date... oath". This is incorrect in terms of legal status, as status is from election. Hence, Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3: Rule 32 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha states that a member may not ask a question until he has made and subscribed the oath or affirmation. This is an example of a right contingent on the oath. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.

Budget in Parliament: Financial Procedures and Funds

Composition of Parliament (President, Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha)

Devices of Parliamentary Procedure: Questions Hour, Zero Hour, Motions, Resolutions

Functions of Parliament (Legislative, Executive, Financial, etc.)

Legislative Procedure: Types of Bills (Ordinary, Money, Financial, Constitution Amendment) and their passage

Lok Sabha: Composition, Duration, Electoral System

Parliamentary Forums and Groups

Parliamentary Privileges and Immunities

Presiding Officers: Speaker, Deputy Speaker, Chairman, Deputy Chairman

Qualifications and Disqualifications of Members of Parliament

Rajya Sabha: Composition, Duration, Electoral System

Role of the Opposition in Parliament

Sessions of Parliament: Summons, Prorogation, Adjournment, Dissolution

Vacation of Seats, Oath, and Anti-defection Law (10th Schedule)

24. Parliamentary Committees

Practice MCQs: The Parliament

Budget in Parliament: Financial Procedures and Funds

Composition of Parliament (President, Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha)

Devices of Parliamentary Procedure: Questions Hour, Zero Hour, Motions, Resolutions

Functions of Parliament (Legislative, Executive, Financial, etc.)

Legislative Procedure: Types of Bills (Ordinary, Money, Financial, Constitution Amendment) and their passage

Lok Sabha: Composition, Duration, Electoral System

Parliamentary Forums and Groups

Parliamentary Privileges and Immunities

Presiding Officers: Speaker, Deputy Speaker, Chairman, Deputy Chairman

Qualifications and Disqualifications of Members of Parliament

Rajya Sabha: Composition, Duration, Electoral System

Role of the Opposition in Parliament

Sessions of Parliament: Summons, Prorogation, Adjournment, Dissolution

Vacation of Seats, Oath, and Anti-defection Law (10th Schedule)

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