Bhakti and Sufi Movement is part of Medieval History of India. Below are notes on 13 sub-topics, followed by practice MCQs from State PSC and UPSC papers.
Early Bhakti Movement: Alvars and Nayanars in South India
- Early Bhakti Movement originated in South India, propagated by Alvar and Nayanar saints.
- 400 dancers were in the Rajarajeshwar temple of Tanjore (Chola period).
- Dr. A.S. Altekar argued that Rashtrakutas were of Kannada origin.
- Rashtrakuta kings were generally tolerant patrons of various religions (Shaivism, Jainism, Buddhism) and supported both Sanskrit and Kannada scholars.
- Taila II of the Western Chalukya dynasty overthrew the Rashtrakutas in 973 AD.
- The royal emblem of the Rashtrakutas was Garuda (often depicted as a Golden Eagle).
- Amoghavarsha I: Rashtrakuta king and Kannada poet ('Kavirajamarga').
- Pampa: Kannada poet under Jain influence.
- Nanniah: Began writing the Mahabharata in Telugu.
- Ponna: Jain poet, wrote on Ramayana themes.
- The Uttiramerur inscription (Chola period) reveals details of Chola village administration and its electoral system (Kudavolai system).
- Taxila was an ancient center of learning, but Nalanda, Vikramshila, and Uddantapur were prominent in the early medieval period.
- Dharmapala established Vikramshila University.
- Bhaskar-II (Bhaskaracharya) was a Mathematician and authored 'Lilavati'.
- Rashtrakuta King Govinda III defeated Pratihara ruler Nagabhatta II.
- Ramchandra Dev was a Yadava ruler of Devagiri, not of Warangal (which was ruled by Kakatiyas).
- Shankar Dev was a Yadava ruler of Devagiri.
- Veer Ballal was a Hoysala ruler.
- Veer Pandya was a Pandya ruler of Madura.
- Alvars:
- Were Vaishnavite saints, immersed in devotion to Vishnu (including forms like Krishna, Ram).
- Traditionally 12 in number.
- Their compositions, primarily hymns of praise, are compiled into the "Nalayira Divya Prabamdham".
- "Nalayira Divya Prabamdham" is a 10th-century anthology, also known as the "Tamil Veda".
- Andal (also known as Godadevi) was the only female Alvar saint.
- Nayanars:
- Were Shaivite saints, devoted to Shiva.
- Traditionally 63 in number.
- Composed devotional poetry (hymns).
- The collection of their writings is known as "Tirumurai", which is considered the "Fifth Veda".
- "Tevaram" is a collection of Tamil Shaiva hymns, part of Tirumurai, notably composed by Appar, Sambandar, and Sundarar.
- Prominent male Nayanar saints like Appar and Sundarar had their metal images consecrated in Shiva temples.
- Female Nayanar saints include Karaikkal Ammaiyar, Mangayarkkarasiyar, and Isaignaniyar.
- Bhakti Concepts:
- Saguna Bhakti: Belief in Gods with attributes (form, qualities).
- Nirguna Bhakti: Belief in Gods without attributes (formless, abstract).
- Other Bhakti-related Movements/Cults:
- Virashaiva Movement: Founded by Basavanna in Karnataka. Akka Mahadevi was a prominent woman saint of this movement.
- Varakari: Saints of the Vithoba Cult (Maharashtra).
- Sahajiya Cult (10th-11th centuries): Associated with early Bhakti traditions and Buddhism.
Emergence and Socio-Religious Context of Bhakti and Sufi Movements
- Nathpanthis, Siddhas, and Yogis popularized devotional religion in Northern India.
- Followers of Gorakhnath are known as Jogis (Yogis) or Nath-Panthis.
- Tukaram, a Bhakti Saint from Maharashtra, created a background for Maratha nationalism and opposed all social distinctions.
- Chaitanya (Sri Gauranga) was a popular Vaishnava saint and reformer from Bengal.
- The Chishti order was the earliest Sufi order to enter India.
- Gujarat was an important center for Sufi saints.
- Vajrayana (also known as Tantrayana) Buddhism was prominent during the Sultanate period.
- Hemchandra Suri was a medieval scholar/ writer belonging to the Jain religion.
- Basava founded the Lingayat sect.
Influence on Regional Languages, Literature, and Music
- Hem Saraswati authored Prahlad Charitra.
- Premanand Bhatt (Gujarati Literature) is highly regarded for his mastery in 'Rasa' configuration.
- Amir Khusrau is credited with introducing the 'Yaman' raga to Indian music.
- Sant bhasha refers to the cryptic, paradoxical language (often called Ulatbansi) used by Nirguna mystics.
- Churchry compositions are festive songs performed with rhythm and dance.
- Bhakti Saints predominantly used regional languages for mass dissemination (Assertion A - Correct).
- Persian was the official language of the Delhi Sultans and Mughals (Reason R - Correct).
- Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct, and (R) serves as a contextual explanation for (A), as the inaccessibility of Persian necessitated the use of regional languages for widespread religious teachings.
Major Sufi Orders (Silsilas): Chishtiya, Suhrawardiya, Qadiriya, Naqshbandiya, Firdausi
- Sufi orders are generally known as Silsilahs.
- Chishtiya Order:
- Origin: Chisht, Central Afghanistan.
- Founder in India: Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti (Ajmer).
- Spread: Primarily Delhi and Doab, later expanded.
- Key figures:
- Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti (Ajmer, first Chishti saint in India).
- Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhtiar Kaki (Delhi).
- Shaikh Fariduddin Ganj-iShakar / Baba Farid (Pakpattan).
- Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya (Delhi).
- Shaikh Nasiruddin Chirag-iDehlavi (disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya).
- Shaikh Gesudaraz / Banda Nawaz Gesudaraz (Gulbarga, instrumental in spreading Chishti order in South India).
- Shaikh Hamiduddin Nagauri.
- Sheikh Burhanuddin Gharib (disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya, earlier established Chishti presence in Deccan/South India, Daulatabad).
- Characteristics: Emphasis on love, devotion, rejection of material wealth, tolerance, respect for all religions, sama (musical gatherings). Generally avoided state patronage.
- Suhrawardiya Order:
- Founder in India: Shaikh Bahauddin Zakariya (Multan).
- Spread: Mostly limited to Sindh, Multan, and Punjab.
- Key figures: Shaikh Bahauddin Zakariya, Shaikh Sadruddin Arif (son of Bahauddin Zakariya).
- Characteristics: Accepted state patronage and accumulated wealth, less ascetic than Chishtis.
- Qadiriya Order:
- Founder: Shaikh Abdul Qadir Jilani (Baghdad).
- Introduced in India by: Shaikh Niamatullah and Makhdum Muhammad Jilani (or Shah Niamatullah Qadri).
- Key figures:
- Miyan Mir (Lahore, spiritual guide of Dara Shikoh).
- Mulla Shah Badakhshi (disciple of Miyan Mir).
- Characteristics: Orthodox. Miyan Mir and Mulla Shah engaged in discussions on Wahdat-al-wujud (unity of being) with Dara Shikoh; these views were later condemned by Aurangzeb.
- Naqshbandiya Order:
- Introduced in India by: Khwaja Baqi Billah.
- Key figures:
- Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindi / Mujaddid-i-Alf-i-Sani (revivalist).
- Characteristics: Most orthodox. Strict adherence to Sharia, opposed innovations (bid'at), rejected sama and prostration. Advocated Wahdat-al-Shuhud (unity of appearance) over Wahdat-alwujud. Influenced Aurangzeb.
- Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindi was a contemporary of Jahangir, not Ibrahim Lodi.
- Firdausi Order:
- Branch of: Suhrawardiya order.
- Key figure: Shaikh Sharfuddin Yahya Maneri.
- Spread: Predominantly in Bihar.
- Other Notable Sufi Figures/Orders:
- Shaikh Nuruddin Rishi: Founder of the Rishi order in Kashmir.
- Shaikh Daud Kirmani: Associated with the Kahiri Sect.
- Aurangzeb was contemporary of Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindi and other later Sufis, not Shaikh Salim Chisti (who was contemporary of Akbar).
- Auliya is a title for a Sufi saint (e.g., Nizamuddin Auliya), not a Sufi order itself.
North Indian Bhakti Saints and their Teachings (Kabir, Nanak, Ravidas, Mirabai, Surdas, Tulsidas, Chaitanya)
- Bhakti Movement originated in 7th century South India (Tamil Nadu and Kerala), spreading northwards.
- It swept over east and north India from the 15th century, peaking between 15th and 17th century CE.
- Chief feature: Loving relationship between devotees and God.
- North Indian Sant tradition was influenced by Sahajiyas, Tantrics, and Nath yogis.
- Ramananda (c. 1360–1440):
- Guru: Ramanujacharya.
- Born at Prayag.
- First Bhakti saint to use Hindi for propagation.
- Welcomed disciples from all walks of life (irrespective of caste, creed, gender, religion).
- Emphasized caste equality: "God knows only good things of Human not his Caste, in next world there will not be any caste."
- His verses are integral to Guru Granth Sahib.
- Prominent disciples included Kabir, Ravidas, Sena, Pipa.
- Kabir (c. 1398 – c. 1448 or 1440–1518):
- Guru: Ramananda.
- Nirguna saint (formless God).
- Profession: Weaver.
- Teachings: Monotheism, unity of God (Ram, Rahim, Allah, Khuda, Hari, Govinda are one).
- Rejected idol worship ("patthar puje Hari mile tuo mei puju pahad"), ritualism, caste distinctions ("Jati Na Pucho Sadhu Ki").
- Key quotes: "Call him Ram, Rahim, Allah, Khuda, Hari, Givinda, but He is one." "I am neither in temple nor in Mosque, I am neither in Kaaba nor in Kailash, Neither am I in rites and ceremonies, nor in yoga and renunciation." "Pothi Padh Padh Jag Mua, Pandit Bhaya Na Koye, Dhai Akhar Prem Ka, Padhe So Pandit Hoye." "Kya Kashi, kya maghar-usar hirday Ram jo pyara," "Tu kaheta kagadki lekhi, mei kaheta aankhanki dekhi," "Jal me kumbh, kumbh me jal hei, bahar bhitar pani".
- Works compiled in: Bijak (Varanasi tradition), Kabir Granthavali (Rajasthan tradition), and verses included in Adi Granth Sahib.
- Considered a revolutionary social reformer, preaching a religion of love to unite all (Historian Tara Chand).
- Contemporary of Guru Nanak and Chaitanya; preaching when Lodi dynasty fell and Babur took over.
- Guru Nanak (1469-1539):
- Founder of Sikhism.
- Nirguna saint.
- Contemporary of Kabir and Chaitanya. Preaching during Lodi fall and Babur's takeover.
- Mardana was his lifelong companion and musician.
- Quote: "Avigati Nirmili Upaje Niragun Te Saragun Thia" (concept of God).
- Ravidas (Raidas) (c. 15th century):
- Guru: Ramananda.
- Nirguna saint.
- Profession: Cobbler.
- Quote: "My caste is low, my deeds are low, and lowly is my profession, from this low position God has raised me high."
- Preceptor of Mirabai.
- Mirabai (c. 1498 – c. 1546):
- Saguna saint (Krishna Bhakti) in the Madhurabhakti tradition.
- Born a Princess of the Rathor dynasty. Married to Bhojraj (son of Rana Sanga) in 1516 A.D.
- Worshipped Krishna Girdhar-gopal.
- Preceptor: Ravidas (Raidas).
- Works: Padavali, Rag-Govind.
- Contemporary of Tulsidas, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Guru Nanak.
- Surdas (1478–1583 or c. 1483 – c. 1563):
- Saguna saint (Krishna Bhakti).
- Guru: Vallabhacharya.
- Followed Pushtimarga and popularized the Krishna cult in North India.
- A member of the Ashta-Chhapa group of poets in Mathura and Vrindavan.
- Pushtimargiya thought is depicted in his speech/words.
- Tulsidas (1532–1623):
- Saguna saint (Ram Bhakti), from the Ramanandi Sampradaya.
- Works: Ramcharitmanas, Vinaya-Patrika.
- Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486-1534):
- Saguna saint (Krishna Bhakti), leading exponent in Bengal.
- Founder of Gaudiya School (Gaudiya Vaishnavism).
- Propounded the Vaishnava tradition of Achintya Bheda-Abheda (inconceivable oneness and difference).
- Contemporary of Guru Nanak and Mirabai.
- Associated works: Brindavan Das wrote 'Chaitanyamangal', Krishnadas Kaviraj wrote 'Chaitanyacharitamrita'.
- Namdev (c. 1270 – c. 1350):
- Profession: Tailor.
- Rigorous monotheist, opposed caste distinctions.
- Played a part in transmitting Southern Bhakti to Northern India.
- His verses are included in Guru Granth Sahib.
- Vallabhacharya (1479-1531):
- Propagated Pushtimarga, a religion of grace.
- Guru of Surdas.
- Dadu Dayal (1544-1603):
- Nirguna saint.
- Quote: "Puran Brahma Vicarie Jab Sakal Atma ek."
- Founder of Dadupanth, with its main seat at Nariana (Naraina) in Rajasthan.
- The Naga subsect in Dadupanth was propounded by Sundardas.
- His teachings are not compiled in 'Bijak'.
- Raskhan (16th century):
- Wrote many love-poems dedicated to Lord Krishna, including 'Prem Vatika'.
- 'Rasik Priya' was written by Keshavdas, not Raskhan.
- Narayana Bhatta:
- Author of the 16th-century Sanskrit text, 'Vraja Bhakti Vilasa', focusing on the Braj region.
- Mukundaram Chakravarti:
- Author of 'Chandimangal'.
- Rameshwar Bhattacharya:
- Author of 'Shivasankirttan'.
- Nabhadas:
- Author of 'Bhaktamal', associated with the Rasik School.
- Dhruvadas:
- Author of 'Bhagat Namawali'.
- Usman:
- Author of 'Chitravali'.
- Sankardev (1449-1568):
- Associated with the Mahapurushiya School (Assam).
- Basaveshwar (12th century):
- Associated with the Veershaiva School (Karnataka, South India).
- Rupa Bhawani (17th century):
- Bhakti poetess from Kashmir Valley.
- Nimbarka (12th-13th century):
- Telugu Brahmin who settled near Mathura; not a contemporary of Akbar.
- Professions of Saints:
- Namdev: Tailor
- Kabir: Weaver
- Ravidas: Cobbler
- Sena: Barber
- Chronological Order (Approximate):
- Namdev (c. 1270)
- Ramananda (c. 1360)
- Kabir (c. 1398)
- Guru Nanak (1469)
- Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486)
- Mirabai (c. 1498)
- Jasnath: Jat caste.
- Laldas: Meo caste.
- Rajjab: Pathan caste.
- Bakhana: Mirasi caste.
- Gyaneshwari: Basic text of Varkari Panth (Maharashtrian Bhakti).
Origins and Fundamental Doctrines of Sufism in India
- Al-Biruni identified Sufi doctrine of divine love (fana/self-annihilation) with parallel passages from the Bhagavad Gita.
- Al-Biruni noted similarities between Sufi theories of the Soul and those found in Patanjali's Yoga Sutra.
- The Hatha Yogic treatise Amrita Kunda had a lasting impact on Sufism in India.
- Sufi figures like Hujwiri engaged with Yogis regarding their theories of the human body, but he was often critical of their doctrines rather than impressed.
- Malfuzat literature comprises the discourses, conversations, and utterances of Sufi saints.
- Chilla-e-Makus (inverted or reversed penance/asceticism) is a Sufi practice indicating influence from Hindu/Yogic traditions.
- Tawakkul (absolute trust in God) and Fakhr (spiritual poverty/renunciation) are fundamental Sufi concepts, with some scholars identifying parallels or influences from Christian ascetic traditions.
- Al-Ghazali (Imam Ghazali) played a crucial role in establishing harmony and integrating Sufism within mainstream orthodox Islam.
Philosophical Schools of Bhakti: Advaita, Vishishtadvaita, Dvaita, Dvaitadvaita, Shuddhadvaita
Dvaitadvaita,
Shuddhadvaita
- Advaita Vedanta
- Founder: Adi Shankara (Shankaracharya) (8th century).
- Philosophy: Absolute non-dualism (non-difference). Brahman (ultimate reality) is attributeless (Nirguna) and identical to Atman (individual soul). The world is illusory (Maya).
- Salvation: Through knowledge (Jnana Marga).
- Called 'Crypto-Buddhist' by critics due to perceived similarities with certain Buddhist doctrines.
- Established four Mathas: Sringeri, Puri, Dwaraka, Jyotirmath.
- Countered the spread of Buddhism and Jainism; propagated Vedanta.
- Vishishtadvaita
- Founder: Ramanujacharya (11th-12th century).
- Philosophy: Qualified non-dualism. Brahman (Saguna Brahman, with attributes) is the ultimate reality, with individual souls (Chit) and matter (Achit) as its inseparable modes or attributes. Souls are distinct but dependent on Brahman.
- Salvation: Through devotion (Bhakti Marga) to Vishnu/Lakshmi.
- Dvaita
- Founder: Madhvacharya (13th century).
- Philosophy: Dualism. Complete and eternal distinction between God (Vishnu), individual souls, and matter.
- Focus: Saguna Bhakti.
- Dvaitadvaita
- Founder: Nimbarkacharya (13th century).
- Philosophy: Dualism-non-dualism (Bhedabheda). Brahman (RadhaKrishna) is independent; souls and matter are dependent, distinct yet inseparable from Brahman.
- Deity: Radha-Krishna.
- Salemabad Peeth associated with this school, expanded by Parshuram Dev.
- Shuddhadvaita
- Founder: Vallabhacharya (15th-16th century).
- Philosophy: Pure non-dualism. Brahman (Krishna) is the sole reality, pure, without Maya (illusion). Souls and the world are real emanations from Brahman.
- Movement: Pushtimarg (Path of Grace).
- Focus: Saguna Bhakti, spontaneous love for Krishna.
- Chronological Order of Philosophers: Shankaracharya (8th century) → Ramanuja (11th-12th century) → Chaitanya (15th-16th century).
- Virashaivism (Lingayatism)
- Origin: Traces to five teachers (Renuka, Daruka, Ghantakarna, Dhenukarna, Vishvakarna).
- Philosophy: Shaktivishishtadvaita (non-duality of God with Shakti as the specific attribute).
- Practices: Ashtavarana (eight rules to be observed by followers).
- Kashmir Shaivism
- Propounder: Vasugupta.
- Saguna Bhakti Traditions
- Focus: Worship of specific deities such as Vishnu or his avatars (e.g., Rama, Krishna).
- Deities are conceptualized in anthropomorphic forms.
- Shankardev
- Belonged to: Vaishnava Cult, specifically Ekasarana Dharma in Assam, focusing on Krishna.
- Ramananda
- Advocated: Rama Bhakti.
- Navya-Nyaya School
- Founder: Gangesh (Gangesha Upadhyaya).
- Medieval Indian Jurist
- Vigyaneshwar: Authored Mitakshara, a prominent legal commentary.
Prominent Sufi Saints and their Contributions (Moinuddin Chishti, Nizamuddin Auliya, Fariduddin Ganjshakar, Bahauddin Zakariya)
- Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti (Chishti Order):
- Founder of the Chishti order in India.
- Dargah (Shrine) located in Ajmer, Rajasthan.
- Known as 'Shaikh-ul-Hind'.
- His biography, 'Munis al Arwah', was authored by Jahanara.
- His spiritual teacher (Guru) was Khwaja Usman Haruni.
- Fariduddin Ganjshakar (Baba Farid) (Chishti Order):
- His verses are found in the Adi Granth of the Sikhs.
- His Dargah is located in Pakpattan (present-day Pakistan), hence not in India.
- Spiritual teacher (Guru) of Nizamuddin Auliya.
- Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya (Chishti Order):
- Known as 'Mahboob-i-Ilahi' (Beloved of God).
- His Dargah is located in Delhi.
- Witnessed the reign of seven Sultans of Delhi.
- His conversations are recorded in 'Fawaid ul Fuwad', compiled by Amir Hassan Sizzi.
- Prominent disciples include Amir Khusrau and Nasiruddin Mahmud Chiragh-i-Dehli.
- Shaikh Bahauddin Zakariya (Suhrawardi Order):
- Not a Chishti Sufi saint; belonged to the Suhrawardi order.
- Associated with Multan.
- Known for the statement: "Money in heart is a disease but like a medicine if in hands, collection of money is not bad but its misuse is bad."
- Other Significant Sufi Saints & Facts:
- Nasiruddin Mahmud: Popularly known as 'Chiragh-i-Delhi' (Lamp of Delhi), a disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya.
- Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki: Disciple of Moinuddin Chishti; Dargah located in Mehrauli, Delhi.
- Shaikh Salim Chishti: His tomb is located in Fatehpur Sikri.
- Abu'l Hasan al Hujwiri: Authored the Sufi work 'Kashf-ul-Mahjub'.
- The Chishti order takes its name from Chisht, a village in Afghanistan.
Regional Bhakti Traditions: Maharashtra (Varkari Movement), Bengal, Punjab, Odisha, Rajasthan
- Maharashtra (Varkari Movement):
- Varkari Movement leaders: Jnaneshwar (Dnyaneshwar), Namdev.
- Main seat (Peeth) of Varkari sect: Pandharpur.
- Sant Jnaneshwar authored Amritanubhav.
- Eknath was a prominent Varkari saint; he did not found the Varkari sect. He authored Rukmini Swayamvar. Bharuds are associated with Eknath.
- Saint Ramdas (Samarth/Ramdasi sect): Author of Dasabodh. Associated with the period of Aurangzeb's rule.
- Kanifnath: A saint mentioned by Setu Madhavrao Pagadi, who reportedly renamed himself 'Shaha Ramjan' and converted to Islam by a Sufi Saint Nizamuddin.
- Chakradhar is associated with the Mahanubhava sect, not Varkari.
- Assam (Srimanta Sankardeva):
- Srimanta Sankardeva: Born 1449.
- Introduced Vaishnavism in Assam and Kuch Bihar.
- His teachings are known as 'Bhagavati Dharma'.
- Encouraged establishment of satras (monasteries) and namghars (prayer halls).
- Major compositions include Kirtana-ghosha and Bhakti-Ratnakara.
- He was the leading proponent of Vaishnavism in Assam and encouraged Naam-Kirtan.
- Rajasthan & Gujarat:
- Swami Haridas belonged to the Sakhi Cult.
- Narsinh Mehta (Gujarati Bhakti poet): Belonged to the 15th century. Wrote Vaishnava Janato (Gandhi's favourite bhajan). He sang Kedar raga to please Krishna.
- Bhalan (Gujarati writer): Translated Banabhatt's Kadambari. Was a contemporary of Mirabai. He did not expound Advaita philosophy.
- Ragas specifically sung in Krishna devotion: Kanada, Kedar, Sarang. Kedar raga was dear to Krishna. Sarang is popularly sung in Vraj for marriage, season, and hori songs.
- Famous saint of Mewat regions: Laldas.
- Most literature of Dadupanth is written in Dhundhari dialect.
- Folk goddesses in Rajasthan: Banmata, Sheetla Mata, Bhadana Mata. Meera Mata is a Bhakti saint, not worshipped as a folk goddess.
- Child-protecting deity (Rajasthan): Mahamaya mata.
- Rajasthan Local Deities and their locations: Tallinath – Panchota Village (Jalore); Tejaji – Parbatsar (Nagore); Devnarayanji – Aasind (Bhilwara); Pabuji – Kolu Village (Phallodi).
- Bhakti Poetess – Compositions (Correct pairings): Sahajobai – Sahaj Prakash; Daya Bai – Vinay Malika.
- Karnataka (Virashaiva/Lingayat Tradition):
- Virashaiva movement: Led by Basavanna (a Brahmana, minister in the court of the Kalachuri ruler in the 12th century).
- Virashaiva followers are also known as Lingayats.
- Questioned the theory of rebirth and rejected the caste hierarchy.
- Encouraged practices like post-puberty marriages and remarriage of widows, challenging traditional Dharmashastra norms.
- The Virashaiva Movement became institutionalized over time.
- General / Other Specific Facts:
- Tyagaraja Kritis are devotional songs in praise of Lord Rama (not Krishna). Tyagaraja created several new ragas. Annamacharya (15th century) and Tyagaraja (18th century) are not contemporaries.
- Annamacharya kirtanas are devotional songs in praise of Lord Venkateshwara.
- Bhimashah met Rana Pratap at Chulia to offer financial help.
Similarities, Differences, and Interactions between Bhakti and Sufi Movements
- Similarities: Both Bhakti and Sufi movements flourished contemporaneously in Medieval India (approx. 13th-17th centuries).
- Both emphasized personal devotion (Bhakti/ Ishq), love for God, and universal brotherhood, transcending caste (Bhakti) or communal barriers.
- Both generally rejected elaborate rituals, formal observances, fasts, pilgrimages, and outward show of religiosity, focusing on inner purity and direct communion with God.
- Both contributed significantly to the growth of regional languages and literature by using vernaculars (e.g., Hindi by Ramananda) for propagating their messages.
- Both promoted mutual understanding between diverse religious groups (Hinduism and Islam) by highlighting common mystical and ethical tenets.
- Both traditions had influential saint-poets whose compositions resonated with the masses.
- Differences: Bhakti movement originated in South India (Alvars, Nayanars) and spread north; Sufi movement originated in the Middle East and was introduced to India.
- Bhakti movement encompassed both Saguna (worship of God with attributes, e.g., Mirabai's devotion to Krishna) and Nirguna (worship of formless God, e.g., Kabir, Nanak) streams. Sufi tradition primarily focused on a formless God (Allah).
- Sufi orders (silsilahs) were more organized with Pirs (masters) and Mureeds (disciples); Bhakti was generally less formally structured, centered around individual saints.
- Sufi practices included Sama (musical recitation) and Dhikr (remembrance of God); Bhakti practices included Kirtans and Bhajans.
- Interactions/Impacts: Both movements influenced each other, leading to syncretic traditions and shared spiritual practices.
- They fostered a climate of religious tolerance and social harmony in the subcontinent.
- Ramananda, a prominent Bhakti saint, is credited with being the first to use Hindi (vernacular language) for propagating his message, making it accessible to the masses.
- Mirabai was a prominent Saguna Bhakti saint known for her intense devotion to Lord Krishna.
Social, Cultural, and Religious Impact of the Bhakti Movement
- Bhakti Movement was a diverse, not homogeneous, movement, which incorporated and promoted variety in traditions.
- Emphasized devotion (Bhakti) as the primary path to salvation, accessible to all, irrespective of caste or gender.
- Religious Streams:
- Saguna Bhakti: Worship of God with attributes (e.g., Rama, Krishna).
- Nirguna Bhakti: Worship of God without attributes (formless, absolute).
- Key Figures: Tulsidas represented Saguna Bhakti (Rama devotion), while Sant Kabir followed Nirguna Bhakti.
- In Northern India, the Bhakti movement often revolved around the worship of Rama and Krishna.
- Social Impact:
- Challenged the caste system and Brahmanical dominance, promoting social equality.
- Helped to bridge the gulf between Hinduism and Islam, fostering syncretism and mutual understanding.
- Rescued Hinduism from its own complexities by simplifying religious practices and making devotion accessible.
- Cultural Impact:
- Promoted the use and development of vernacular languages for religious expression, leading to the growth of regional literature.
- Lingayats (a Bhakti sect):
- Bury their dead (instead of cremation).
- Rejected the caste system, including the theory of purity and pollution.
- Were against child marriage and favored widow remarriage.
Socio-Cultural and Syncretic Impact of Sufism on Indian Society
- The Khojas, a branch of the Ismaili sect, developed a literary genre called 'Ginan'.
- Many Sanskrit works on music were translated into Persian during the medieval period, a trend possibly influenced by the Sufi emphasis on music.
- Early Chisti Sufis were fond of musical assemblies known as 'sama'.
- Hath Yog was practiced by Nathpanthis and its techniques were also adopted by Sufis, illustrating syncretic practices.
- Sufism is the mystical interpretation developed within Islam.
- Sufi philosophy highlighted religious tolerance and universal love, making it accessible to a wide audience.
- Sufis developed relatively simple philosophies and practices, easily understood by the masses, rather than complex ones.
- Sufi saint Muhammad Ghaus regarded Krishna among the 'Auliya' (Muslim saints), exemplifying religious syncretism.
Sufi Practices and Institutions: Khanqahs, Dargahs, Sama (Qawwali), Zikr
- Silsilas: Sufi orders, emerged around 12th century. Signify continuous master-disciple link, unbroken spiritual genealogy to Prophet Muhammad, and transmission of spiritual power (baraka) & blessings to devotees.
- Khanqah: Sufi hospices/lodges where mystics (shaikhs/pirs) lived, imparted teachings to disciples (murids), and served as community centers.
- Dargah: Tomb-shrine of a Sufi saint.
- Ziyarat: Pilgrimage to Sufi saints' tombs (dargahs); a significant practice.
- Urs: Death anniversary of a Sufi saint, celebrated at their dargah.
- Sama (Qawwali): Devotional music. Considered a means to achieve spiritual ecstasy and draw closer to God, particularly by the Chishti order.
13. Mughal Dynasty: Babur
Practice MCQs: Bhakti and Sufi Movement
Early Bhakti Movement: Alvars and Nayanars in South India
Who was/were the 10th century composer(s) of the Nalayira Divya Prabamdham?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2018
- Alvars
- Nayanars
- Appar
- Sambandar
Show answer
Answer: A. Alvars
- The Nalayira Divya Prabamdham is a key sacred text of Vaishnavism. - Its composers are the Alvars. - The compilation occurred around the 10th century.
Who among the following was the founder of the Virashaiva Movement in Karnataka ?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2022
- Basavanna
- Appar
- Sambandar
- Sundarar
Show answer
Answer: A. Basavanna
The Virashaiva movement was a significant religious and social reform movement in South India during the medieval period, challenging caste hierarchies and advocating for social equality and personal devotion to Shiva.
Which one of the following pairs denoting various forms of 'Bhakti' is not correctly matched?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2023
- Saguna : Belief in Gods with attributes
- Nirguna : Belief in Gods without attributes
- Alvars : Believed in devotion of Shakti
- Nayanars : Believed in devotion of Shiva
Show answer
Answer: C. Alvars : Believed in devotion of Shakti
- Saguna Bhakti refers to devotion towards a personal God with form and attributes, such as Shiva, Vishnu, or their various incarnations and consorts. This is correctly matched. - Nirguna Bhakti refers to devotion towards a formless, attributeless, ultimate reality, often referred to as Brahman. This is correctly matched. - Alvars were a group of Tamil saints (primarily between the 6th and 9th centuries CE) who were staunch devotees of Vishnu (Vaishnavism). Their hymns are compiled in the Divya Prabandha. - Nayanars were a group of Tamil saints (primarily between the 6th and 10th centuries CE) who were staunch devotees of Shiva (Shaivism). Their hymns are compiled in the Tirumurai.
Who were the Nayanars ?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2019
- Those who were immersed in devotion to Vishnu
- Those who were devotees of Buddha
- Leaders who were devotees of Shiva
- Leaders who were devotees of Basveshwara
Show answer
Answer: C. Leaders who were devotees of Shiva
The Nayanars (or Nayanmars) were 63 Tamil saints who were devoted to the Hindu god Shiva. They played a significant role in the Bhakti movement in South India between the 6th and 8th centuries CE, composing devotional hymns (Tevaram, Tiruvacakam, etc.) in Tamil.
Who were Alvars ?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2019
- Those who immersed in devotion to Vishnu
- Devotees of Shiva
- Those who worshipped abstract form of God
- Devotees of Shakti
Show answer
Answer: A. Those who immersed in devotion to Vishnu
Alvars were Vaishnavite Bhakti saints from South India.
Who among the following is not a woman Nayanar saint ?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2023
- Karaikkal Ammaiyar
- Mangayarkkarasiyar
- Andal
- Isaignaniyar
Show answer
Answer: C. Andal
Nayanars were Tamil Shaivite poet-saints who lived between the 6th and 10th centuries CE. There are 63 Nayanars, including several women like Karaikkal Ammaiyar, Mangayarkkarasiyar, and Isaignaniyar. Alwars were Tamil Vaishnavite poet- saints who also composed devotional hymns. Andal is the only female Alwar and is highly revered in Vaishnavism.
The Sahajiya Cult, which can be traced back to 10th and 11th centuries, is usually associated with :
Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2023
- early Bhakti traditions
- a kind of early Sufism
- early Upanishadic philosophy
- Buddhism
Show answer
Answer: D. Buddhism
- Sahajayana is considered one of the later stages of Indian Buddhism, evolving from Mahayana and Vajrayana traditions. - The Sahajiyas emphasized love, sexuality, and the human body as means to liberation, often challenging conventional social norms and religious rituals. - The Charyapada, a collection of mystical poems composed by Mahasiddhas (great accomplished ones), is a key text of the Sahajiya tradition, dating from this period.
Emergence and Socio-Religious Context of Bhakti and Sufi Movements
Nathpanthis, Siddhas and Yogis made devotional religion popular in
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 69th
- Northern India
- Southern India
- Eastern India
- Western India
Show answer
Answer: A. Northern India
These groups emerged in the early medieval period, particularly in North India, emphasizing practices like yoga, meditation, and asceticism. They criticized orthodox religion and influenced later Bhakti movements in the region.
The followers of Gorakhnath were called :
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2016
- Jogis
- Nath-Panthis
- Tantriks
- Sanyasis
Show answer
Answer: B. Nath-Panthis
Gorakhnath was a key figure in the Nath tradition or Nath Sampradaya, and his followers are commonly known as Nath-Panthis.
Which of the following statements are correct? 1. Tukaram the Bhakti Saint of Maharashtra is known for creating a background for Maratha nationalism and also opposed all social distinctions 2. Chaitanya, also known as Sri Gauranga was a popular Vaishnava saint and reformer from Bengal 3. Chishti was the earliest sufi order to have entered in India 4. Gujarat was an important centre of the mystic saints or Sufis
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2022
- 1, 2, 3 and 4
- 1, 2 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 4 only
- 1 and 2 only
Show answer
Answer: A. 1, 2, 3 and 4
- Tukaram was a key Bhakti saint from Maharashtra who criticized social distinctions. - Chaitanya was a major Vaishnava saint and reformer from Bengal. - The Chishti order was among the first major Sufi orders to arrive and flourish in India. - Gujarat was a significant centre of Sufism in India.
Which form of Buddhism was prominent during the Sultanate period?
Asked in: JPSC CS Prelims 2014 · JPSC CS Prelims 2015
- Theravada
- Hinayana
- Vajrayana
- Tantrayana
Show answer
Answer: C. Vajrayana
- Buddhism suffered a significant decline in its traditional heartlands of North India following the Turkish invasions and the destruction of major monastic centres like Nalanda and Vikramashila. - Vajrayana (or Tantrayana) Buddhism had flourished in Eastern India (Bengal and Bihar) under the Pala dynasty before the Sultanate's expansion. - Many Buddhist monks and scholars migrated from these regions to areas like Nepal, Tibet, and Southeast Asia, where Vajrayana traditions continued to thrive. - While not prominent within the core Sultanate territories compared to Islam or Hinduism, the form of Buddhism that was most resilient in adjacent regions and had roots in the areas conquered by the Sultanates was Vajrayana.
Who among the following medieval scholars/ writers belonged to the Jain religion ?
Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2009
- Maladhar Vasu
- Hemchandra Suri
- Parthasarthi
- Saayan
Show answer
Answer: B. Hemchandra Suri
Jainism produced a rich tradition of scholarship and literature in medieval India. Identifying prominent Jain scholars helps understand the intellectual landscape of the period.
Who was the founder of the Lingayat sect?
Asked in: opsc 2025 2025
- Appar
- Basava
- Bijjala
- Abhinava
Show answer
Answer: B. Basava
The Lingayat sect is a significant Shaivite denomination originating in Karnataka, India. Its founder, Basava, introduced revolutionary social and religious reforms challenging the prevailing caste system and orthodox rituals.
Influence on Regional Languages, Literature, and Music
The author of Prahlad Charitra is
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2014
- Hanyvara Vipra
- Hem Saraswati
- Madhav Kandali
- Durgabar Kayastha
Show answer
Answer: B. Hem Saraswati
Hem Saraswati was one of the earliest known Assamese poets, believed to have flourished around the late 13th or early 14th century. His notable works include Prahlad Charitra and Hara Gauri Samvada.
For whom it is said in Medieval Gujarati Literature that nobody can compete with him regarding the configuration of ‘Rasa’ ?
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2017
- Nakar
- Dayaram
- Bhalan
- Premanand
Show answer
Answer: D. Premanand
Premanand Bhatt (17th century) is widely regarded as the greatest poet of the Akhyan form in Gujarati literature. He is particularly celebrated for his vivid descriptions, narrative skill, and mastery in configuring and portraying 'Rasa' (aesthetic sentiments or emotions) within his Akhyans, which were performed orally. His ability to evoke deep emotions and engage the audience through the various rasas is considered unparalleled in medieval Gujarati literature.
Who added 'Yaman' raga to the ragas of the Indian music ?
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2019
- Gopal Nayak
- Amir Khushru
- Sarang Dev
- None of the above
Show answer
Answer: B. Amir Khushru
Amir Khusrau was a pivotal figure in the synthesis of Indo-Persian culture. In music, he is believed to have blended Indian ragas with Persian musical modes, leading to the creation of new forms and ragas, such as Yaman (also known as Kalyan or Eman Kalyan).
What is Sant bhasha ?
Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2019
- Language of the nirguna mystics
- Language of the ulatbansi mystics
- Language of the nirakar mystics
- Language of the saguna mystics
Show answer
Answer: A. Language of the nirguna mystics
"Sant bhasha" (सिंत भाषा), also known as "Sadhukkadi" (सिधुक्कड़ी) or "Panchmel Khichdi", refers to the mixed language used by the Sant poets of the Bhakti movement in North India, particularly those belonging to the Nirguna tradition. The Nirguna mystics, such as Kabir, Guru Nanak, Ravidas, Dadu Dayal, etc., worshipped a formless (nirguna) God. They travelled widely and composed their devotional poetry (pad, doha, sakhi) in a language that incorporated vocabulary and grammatical structures from various North Indian dialects and languages (like Khari Boli, Braj Bhasha, Punjabi, Rajasthani, Purabi, etc.). This mixed language served as a means of communication for the wandering saints and was accessible to people from different regions. Option B) Language of the ulatbansi mystics: Ulatbansi refers to paradoxical or enigmatic verses often used by Nirguna sants to convey complex spiritual truths. It is a style of poetry, not a type of language itself. Option C) Language of the nirakar mystics: "Nirakar" means formless, which is synonymous with "Nirguna". So, this option is essentially the same as A. However, the term "Sant bhasha" is the conventional term used to describe the language of the Sant tradition, which is predominantly associated with the Nirguna path. Option D) Language of the saguna mystics: Saguna mystics (like Tulsidas, Surdas, Meera Bai) worshipped God with form (saguna) and often used specific regional literary dialects (e.g., Braj Bhasha for Krishna devotees, Awadhi for Rama devotees) with more regional purity compared to the mixed language of the Nirguna sants.While "Nirakar mystics" language (C) is semantically close, "Sant bhasha" is the established term describing the language of the Nirguna tradition (A).
The Churchry composition is related to which type of the following?
Asked in: PTI and Librarian (Sanskrit College Edu.) 2024
- Description of plot
- Marriage songs
- Compositions sung during festivals with rhythm and dance
- Muktak Kavya
Show answer
Answer: C. Compositions sung during festivals with rhythm and dance
This genre of composition is characterized by its lively rhythm and the incorporation of dance, making it a popular form of celebratory music.
Given below are two statements. One is Assertion (A) and the other is Reason (R). Assertion(A): The Bhakti Saints mainly used the regional languages for spreading their teaching among the masses. Reason (R): The Delhi Sultans as well as the Mughals made Persian their official language. Read the above statements and select the correct answer from the codes given below-
Asked in: School Lecturer (School Edu.) 2018 1 2018
- Both 'A' & 'R' are correct and R is the correct explanation for 'A'
- Both 'A' & 'R' are correct, but 'R' is not the correct explanation for 'A'
- 'A' is correct but 'R' is wrong
- 'A' is wrong but 'R' is correct
Show answer
Answer: B. Both 'A' & 'R' are correct, but 'R' is not the correct explanation for 'A'
The Bhakti movement was a devotional tradition that emerged in medieval India, emphasizing direct emotional connection with God. The Delhi Sultans and Mughals had their own linguistic policies for administration.
Major Sufi Orders (Silsilas): Chishtiya, Suhrawardiya, Qadiriya, Naqshbandiya, Firdausi
Point out from the following sufis, who is from the Chishti Sufi Silsilah ?
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2018
- Shaikh Gesudaraz
- Shaikh Nuruddin Rishi
- Shaikh Bahauddin Zakariya
- Shaikh Sadruddin Arif
Show answer
Answer: A. Shaikh Gesudaraz
The Chishti order was one of the most prominent Sufi silsilahs in India, founded by Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer. Khwaja Banda Nawaz Gesudaraz was a significant figure in this order, who later moved to the Deccan and spread its influence there.
The town of Chisht, from which the Sufi Chishti Silsila derives its name, is located in
Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2021
- Western Turkey
- Central Afghanistan
- Eastern Iran
- Eastern Iraq
Show answer
Answer: B. Central Afghanistan
The order was founded by Abu Ishaq Shami (d. 941-42 CE) in Chisht. However, it was Khwaja Mu'inuddin Chishti who is credited with introducing the order to India in the 12th century CE.
Which one of the following Sufi saints of Qadiriyya order was condemned by Aurangzeb for his discussion on Wahdat-al-wujud with his father Shahjahan and elder brother Dara Shikoh?
Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2020
- Shaikh Abdul Qadir
- Shaikh Hamid
- Miyan Mir
- Mulla Shah
Show answer
Answer: D. Mulla Shah
Mulla Shah, a Qadiriyya Sufi and teacher of Dara Shikoh, discussed Wahdat-al-wujud with Dara Shikoh and Shah Jahan and was condemned/exiled by Aurangzeb for his association and views. Miyan Mir, his teacher, passed away before Aurangzeb's reign began.
Point out the pair which is wrongly matched.
Asked in: JPSC CS Prelims 2011
- Chishti—Delhi and Doab
- Suhrawardi—Sind
- Auliya—Madhya Pradesh
- Firdausi—Bihar
Show answer
Answer: C. Auliya—Madhya Pradesh
Sufi orders in medieval India were associated with specific geographical regions where they had their main centers and influence. The pair 'Auliya— Madhya Pradesh' does not represent a recognized historical regional center for a major Sufi order or a prominent Auliya saint compared to the other matches.
The most orthodox Sufi order was
Asked in: JPSC CS Prelims 2016
- Chishti
- Suhrawardi
- Naqshbandi
- Qadiri
Show answer
Answer: C. Naqshbandi
Among the prominent Sufi orders in India, the Naqshbandi order is generally considered the most orthodox. They emphasized strict adherence to the Sharia (Islamic law) and minimized devotional practices like sama (listening to music) and visiting shrines, which were popular in other orders. They also sought to influence state policies towards greater Islamic orthodoxy.
Who among the following does not belong to the Chishti order ?
Asked in: RPSC RAS Prelims 2016
- Sheikh Moinuddin
- Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhtiar Kaki
- Sheikh Nizamuddin Aulia
- Sheikh Abdul Jilani
Show answer
Answer: D. Sheikh Abdul Jilani
- Sheikh Moinuddin Chishti (d. 1236) was the founder of the Chishti order of Sufism in India. His shrine is in Ajmer. - Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhtiar Kaki (d. 1235) was a principal disciple and successor of Moinuddin Chishti in Delhi. The Qutub Minar is named after him. - Sheikh Nizamuddin Aulia (d. 1325) was a prominent saint of the Chishti order, a disciple of Baba Farid, who was a disciple of Qutubuddin Bakhtiar Kaki. His shrine is in Delhi. - Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jilani (also known as Abdul Qadir Gilani, d. 1166) was the founder of the Qadiriyya Sufi order, one of the oldest and most widespread Sufi orders, originating in Baghdad. He is not associated with the Chishti lineage.
The spread of which of the following Sufi sect was mostly limited to Sindh, Multan and Punjab ?
Asked in: RPSC RAS Prelims 2023
- Qadiri
- Naqshbandi
- Suhrawardi
- Chisti
Show answer
Answer: C. Suhrawardi
The Suhrawardi silsila (order) was founded by Sheikh Shahabuddin Suhrawardi in Baghdad. It was introduced in India by Sheikh Bahauddin Zakariya, who established his main centre in Multan (present- day Pakistan). Unlike the Chistis, the Suhrawardis did not shun state patronage and wealth, which helped them gain influence in the northwestern regions of the Sultanate. Their primary sphere of influence remained Sindh, Multan, and Punjab.
North Indian Bhakti Saints and their Teachings (Kabir, Nanak, Ravidas, Mirabai, Surdas, Tulsidas, Chaitanya)
Who once said, "Call him Ram, Rahim, Allah, Khuda, Hari, Givinda, but He is one"?
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2006
- Mahatma Gandhi
- Kabir
- Akbar
- Dr. Sarvepalli
Show answer
Answer: B. Kabir
- Kabir was known for his syncretic philosophy that bridged Hindu and Muslim devotional traditions. - His verses often emphasize the fundamental unity of God, transcending religious labels. - He advocated for a religion based on love and devotion rather than rituals and dogma.
Who propagated pushtimarga, a religion of grace ?
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2018
- Chaitanya
- Vyasaraja
- Ravidas
- Vallabhacharya
Show answer
Answer: D. Vallabhacharya
Vallabhacharya (1479–1531 CE) was a Hindu philosopher and the founder of the Pushtimarga ('the Path of Grace'), a Krishna-centred Bhakti (devotional) school of Vaishnavism. The philosophy emphasizes divine grace (Pushti) as the means to salvation.
Verses ascribed to poet-saint Kabir have been compiled in which of the following traditions? 1. Bijak in Varanasi 2. Kabir Granthavali in Rajasthan 3. Adi Granth Sahib Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2018
- 1 and 2 only
- 1, 2 and 3
- 2 and 3 only
- 3 only
Show answer
Answer: B. 1, 2 and 3
Bijak This is the most important and comprehensive collection of Kabir's verses, considered the sacred text of the Kabir Panth. It is primarily associated with the eastern traditions of Kabir, prevalent in regions like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and parts of Bengal. Varanasi is a key location associated with Kabir and the Bijak tradition. (Statement 1 is correct). 2. Kabir Granthavali This collection is associated with the Dadu Panth in Rajasthan and represents the northern tradition of Kabir's verses. (Statement 2 is correct). 3. Adi Granth Sahib The sacred scripture of Sikhism contains a significant number of hymns attributed to Kabir (Kabirvani or Bhagat Bani), alongside the writings of other Bhakti saints. (Statement 3 is correct). 52. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists : List I List II (Author) (Poetical work)
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2021
- Brindavan Das 1. Shivasankirttan
- Krishnadas Kaviraj 2. Chandimangal
- Mukundaram 3. Chaitanyacharit‐ Chakravarti amrita
- Rameshwar Bhat‐ 4. Chaitanyamangal tacharya Code : A. 4, 2, 3, 1 B. 4, 3, 2, 1 C. 1, 3, 2, 4 D. 1, 2, 3, 4
Show answer
Answer: B. Krishnadas Kaviraj 2. Chandimangal
- These are important poetical works from the medieval Bengali literature. - 'Mangal Kavya' is a genre of Bengali narrative poetry from the medieval period.
How many of the following statements about Bhakti poet Namdev is/are correct? 1. He seems to have played a part in transmitting the southern Bhakti to northern India. 2. He was a rigorous monotheist and opposed caste distinctions. 3. He was a devout follower of Kabir. Select the correct answer.
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2024
- 1
- 2
- 3
- None
Show answer
Answer: B. 2
Bhakti saint Namdev was a key figure in the Varkari tradition of Maharashtra and played a role in extending the Bhakti movement's influence northwards, particularly evident in the inclusion of his hymns in the Guru Granth Sahib. He was a staunch monotheist and opposed caste distinctions.
Who is the author of the 16th century Sanskrit text, the Vraja Bhakti Vilasa which focuses on the Braj region in North India ?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2019
- Todar Mal
- Narayana Bhatta
- Chaitanya
- Rupa Goswami
Show answer
Answer: B. Narayana Bhatta
The Braj region is significant in Vaishnavism, and scholars compiled texts detailing its geography and religious importance during the medieval period.
Who wrote 'Rag-Govind' ?
Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2014
- Meerabai
- Narahari
- Surdas
- Raskhan
Show answer
Answer: A. Meerabai
The question asks for the author of the work 'Rag- Govind'.
Origins and Fundamental Doctrines of Sufism in India
Which one of the following statements is not correct?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2018
- Al-Biruni identifies the Sufi doctrine of divine love as self-annihilation with parallel passages from Bhagavad Gita.
- According to Al-Biruni, Sufi theories of Soul were similar to those in Patanjali's Yoga Sutra.
- The Hatha Yogic treatise Amrita Kunda had lasting impact on Sufism.
- Hujwiri's conversation with the Yogis shows that he was impressed with their theory of the division of the human body.
Show answer
Answer: D. Hujwiri's conversation with the Yogis shows that he was impressed with their theory of the division of the human body.
While Al-Biruni and Hujwiri did engage with Indian philosophical and religious systems, specifically Yoga and its practitioners: A and B are correct. Al-Biruni in his Kitab fi Tahqiq ma li'l-Hind (Indica) discussed Indian philosophical concepts, finding parallels between Sufi ideas like fana (annihilation) and concepts from the Bhagavad Gita, and comparing Sufi theories of the soul with Patanjali's Yoga Sutras. C is correct. The Sanskrit Hatha Yoga text Amrita Kunda was translated into Arabic and Persian and influenced Sufi physiological and mystical practices. D is likely incorrect. Hujwiri, in his Kashf al-Mahjub, mentions encountering Yogis and discusses their practices. While he noted some similarities in asceticism and detachment with Sufism, his overall tone is generally critical from an Islamic perspective, and there is no strong evidence to suggest he was "impressed" specifically by their theory of the division of the human body (like chakras or subtle physiology) in a way that implies acceptance or admiration from his Islamic standpoint. His account is more of an observation and a comparison/contrast exercise.
The malfuzat literature is:
Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2021
- discourses by Sufi leaders.
- treatises written by Sufis on the theory and practices of Sufism.
- biographical dictionaries of the Sufi orders.
- letters written by the Sufis.
Show answer
Answer: A. discourses by Sufi leaders.
Malfuzat literature is a key source for understanding the thoughts, practices, and lives of individual Sufis and their interactions with their followers and society. They often contain anecdotes, interpretations of religious texts, ethical advice, and details about the daily life of the Sufi master and his khanqah (hospice).
Consider the following statements: I. Chilla-e-Makus indicates the influence of Hinduism on Sufi Practitioners. II. Tawakkul and Fakhr indicate the Christian influence on Sufi Practitioners. III. Ghazali established harmony between Islam and Sufism. Which of the following statements are correct? - (5) Question not attempted
Asked in: Department Recruitment 2024 (Archivist) 2024
- I, III
- I, II, III
- I, II
- II, III
Show answer
Answer: A. I, III
I. Chilla-e-Makus This term relates to the Sufi practice of forty-day seclusion (chilla) in a downward-facing posture, which is seen by some scholars as influenced by yogic practices or a syncretic approach that shows Hindu influence on certain Sufi practitioners. II. Tawakkul and Fakhr Tawakkul (reliance on God) and Fakhr (pride/glory) are core concepts within Sufism and Islamic mysticism, and their origin is debated, but they are not typically attributed to Christian influence. III. Ghazali Imam Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (1058-1111 AD) was a highly influential theologian, jurist, and mystic who worked to reconcile Islamic orthodoxy with Sufism, arguing for the legitimacy of Sufi practices within the framework of Islamic law. His works, such as "The Revival of the Religious Sciences," aimed to establish harmony between exoteric and esoteric Islam.
Philosophical Schools of Bhakti: Advaita, Vishishtadvaita, Dvaita, Dvaitadvaita, Shuddhadvaita
Which of the following statements about Virashaivism is/are correct? 1. The Virashaivism traces its origin to the five great religious teachers-Renuka, Daruka, Ghantakarna, Dhenukarna and Vishvakarna. 2. The Virashaiva philosophy is called Shaktivishishtadvaita-the non-duality of God. 3. Ashtavarana are the eight rules of the Virashaivism to be observed by the followers. Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2024
- 1 and 2 only
- 1, 2 and 3
- 1 and 3 only
- 3 only
Show answer
Answer: B. 1, 2 and 3
Virashaivism, also known as Lingayatism, traces its origin to five traditional acharyas, including Renuka and Daruka. Its philosophy is termed Shaktivishishtadvaita, representing a qualified non-duality relating the soul, God (Shiva), and divine energy (Shakti). Ashtavarana are the eight vital observances or protections that guide the spiritual life of a Virashaiva devotee.
Who propounded Kashmir Shaivism?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2024
- Vasugupta
- Abhinavagupta
- Ramakantha
- Ranganathacharya
Show answer
Answer: A. Vasugupta
Vasugupta is traditionally considered the founder of the Spanda school of Kashmir Shaivism and is credited with receiving and compiling the Shiva Sutras, a foundational text of the tradition. Abhinavagupta was a later, but highly influential, philosopher who systematized the various schools of Kashmir Shaivism.
Who is called ‘Crypto-Buddhist’ ?
Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2019
- Shamkara
- Kapil
- Ramanuja
- Patanjali
Show answer
Answer: A. Shamkara
The term "Crypto-Buddhism" (Prachanna Bauddha) was used by some opponents of Advaita Vedanta to suggest that Shankara's philosophy, while ostensibly Vedic, borrowed heavily from Mahayana Buddhist concepts, particularly Shunyata (emptiness) and Vijnanavada (consciousness-only). Critics argued that Advaita's concept of an impersonal Brahman and the illusory nature of the world resembled Buddhist ideas.
.................... is the philosophy of Vallabhacharya.
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2018
- Advaitavada
- Vishishta Advaita
- Shuddha Advaitavada
- Duaita Advaitavada
Show answer
Answer: C. Shuddha Advaitavada
- Vallabhacharya (1479-1531) was a prominent philosopher and founder of the Pushtimarg sect within Vaishnavism. - His philosophical system is known as Shuddha Advaita, meaning "Pure Non- dualism". - In contrast to Shankara's Advaita, which considers the world an illusion (Maya), Vallabha's Shuddha Advaita asserts that the entire world is real and is Brahman itself, without any association with Maya.
Which one of the following sequences indicates correct chronological order?
Asked in: JPSC CS Prelims 2011 · UPPCS Prelims 2004
- Shankaracharya-Ramanuja-Chaitanya
- Ramanuja-Shankaracharya-Chaitanya
- Ramanuja-Chaitanya-Shankaracharya
- Shankaracharya-Chaitanya-Ramanuja
Show answer
Answer: A. Shankaracharya-Ramanuja-Chaitanya
- Shankaracharya (Adi Shankara) is traditionally placed in the 8th century CE (approx. 788–820 CE). He was a key figure in the Advaita Vedanta school of philosophy. - Ramanuja is a prominent philosopher and theologian of the Sri Vaishnavism tradition, who lived from 1017 to 1137 CE. He was a proponent of the Vishishtadvaita Vedanta philosophy. - Chaitanya Mahaprabhu was a 15th-16th century Indian mystic and saint (1486–1534 CE), considered the founder of Gaudiya Vaishnavism.
Who was the founder of Visishtadvaita Siddhanta ?
Asked in: JPSC CS Prelims 2021
- Madhavacharya
- Ramanujacharya
- Vallabhacharya
- Srikanthacharya
Show answer
Answer: B. Ramanujacharya
Ramanujacharya (1017–1137 CE) was a renowned Indian philosopher and theologian who is considered the most important exponent of the Vishishtadvaita (qualified non-dualism) philosophy of Vedanta.
Consider the following statements about the Vedanta philosophy : 1. Shankara was the founder of Advaita Vedanta. 2. The philosophy of Dvaita was elaborated by Madhva. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2024
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer
Answer: C. Both 1 and 2
Vedanta is one of the six orthodox schools of Indian philosophy. Different schools within Vedanta offer various interpretations of the Upanishads, Brahma Sutras, and Bhagavad Gita. Advaita emphasizes non-dualism (oneness of Atman and Brahman), while Dvaita emphasizes dualism (distinction between God and individual souls).
Prominent Sufi Saints and their Contributions (Moinuddin Chishti, Nizamuddin Auliya, Fariduddin Ganjshakar, Bahauddin Zakariya)
The verses of which of the following Sufi saints are found in the Adi Granth of the Sikhs? (i) Nizamuddin Auliya (ii) Farid-ud-Din (iii) Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti (iv) Bakhtiar Kaki Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2022
- Only (i)
- Only (ii) and (iii)
- Only (iv)
- Only (ii)
Show answer
Answer: D. Only (ii)
The Adi Granth (Guru Granth Sahib), the holy scripture of Sikhism, contains verses from various Bhakti saints and Sufi mystics alongside the hymns of the Sikh Gurus. Statement (ii) is correct; verses of Sheikh Farid (Baba Farid), a renowned 12th-13th century Sufi saint of the Chishti order, are included in the Adi Granth. Statements (i), (iii), and (iv) are incorrect; while Nizamuddin Auliya, Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, and Bakhtiar Kaki were prominent Sufi saints, their verses are not included in the Adi Granth.
The biography of Shaikh Muinuddin Chishti, authored by Jahanara, is known as
Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2021
- Munis al Arwah
- Fawaid ul Fuwad
- Sirat ul Auliya
- Muraqqa-e Dehli
Show answer
Answer: A. Munis al Arwah
- Jahanara Begum (1614-1681) was a Mughal princess, the eldest daughter of Emperor Shah Jahan and Empress Mumtaz Mahal. - She was a devoted follower of Sufism and a disciple of Mian Mir, a famous Sufi saint of the Qadiri order. - Jahanara authored two biographical works on Sufi saints: one on her own spiritual journey and that of her Pir Mian Mir, titled Risala-i Sahibiya, and another on the Chishti saints, titled Munis al Arwah.
Which one of the following was not a Chishti Sufi saint ?
Asked in: UPSC NDA 2 2017
- Khwaja Moinuddin
- Baba Fariduddin Ganj-i-Shakar
- Nizamuddin Auliya
- Shaikh Bahauddin Zakariya
Show answer
Answer: D. Shaikh Bahauddin Zakariya
Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, Baba Fariduddin Ganj- i-Shakar, and Nizamuddin Auliya were all prominent saints of the Chishti order of Sufism in India. Shaikh Bahauddin Zakariya, however, was the founder and leading saint of the Suhrawardi order in India.
Which of the following Sufi saints is known as Mahboob-i-Ilahi ?
Asked in: UKPSC CS Prelims 2016
- Shaikh Muin-ud-din Chishti
- Shaikh Nizam-ud-din Auliya
- Baba Farid
- Shaikh Nasir-ud-din Chirag-i-Dehalvi
Show answer
Answer: B. Shaikh Nizam-ud-din Auliya
Shaikh Nizam-ud-din Auliya (1238-1325) was a prominent Sufi saint of the Chishti order in India. He was a disciple of Baba Farid and is widely known by the title "Mahboob-i-Ilahi," meaning 'Beloved of God'.
Which of the following is NOT correctly matched?
Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2020 · UPPSC Upper Mains 2007
- Shaikh Moinuddin - Ajmer
- Shaikh Burhanuddin Gharib - Daulatabad
- Shaikh Mohammad Hussaini - Gulbarga
- Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya - Multan
Show answer
Answer: D. Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya - Multan
Many Sufi saints are associated with specific cities or regions where they lived, preached, and are buried, which became important centers of pilgrimage.
The book 'Fawaid ul Fawad' is the record of the conversations of Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya, it was compiled by -
Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2021
- Amir Hassan Sizzi
- Amir Khusro
- Ziauddin Barni
- Hasan Nizami
Show answer
Answer: A. Amir Hassan Sizzi
'Fawaid ul Fawad' is a famous collection of the table talks (malfuzat) of the renowned Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya of Delhi. It was compiled by his disciple Amir Hassan Sizzi Dehlavi.
The Sufi work Kashf-ul-Mahjub was written by
Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2019
- Abu'l Hasan al Hujwiri
- Moinuddin Chishti
- Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya
- Amir Khusrau
Show answer
Answer: A. Abu'l Hasan al Hujwiri
The Sufi work 'Kashf-ul-Mahjub' (meaning 'Revelation of the Veiled' or 'Unveiling of the Hidden') is a celebrated classic of Sufi literature. It was written by Abu'l Hasan al Hujwiri, also known as Ali Hujwiri or Data Ganj Bakhsh. He was a 10th/11th- century Persian Sufi scholar and theologian from Ghazni who traveled widely before settling in Lahore, where his shrine is located. 'Kashf-ul- Mahjub' is considered one of the earliest and most comprehensive formal treatises on Sufism in Persian.The other options are prominent Sufi figures, but they are not the author of 'Kashf-ul-Mahjub': - Moinuddin Chishti is the founder of the Chishti order in India. - Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya was a prominent saint of the Chishti order in Delhi. - Amir Khusrau was a renowned poet, musician, and scholar, and a disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya.
Regional Bhakti Traditions: Maharashtra (Varkari Movement), Bengal, Punjab, Odisha, Rajasthan
In which year was Srimanta Sankardeva born?
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2015
- 1568
- 1455
- 1449
- 1475
Show answer
Answer: C. 1449
Srimanta Sankardeva (c. 1449–1568) was a monumental figure in the cultural and religious history of Assam, India. He was a polymath, saint, scholar, poet, playwright, social-religious reformer and a major figure in the Ekasarana Dharma (Neo-Vaishnavite movement) which he founded.
Which of the following statements about the Vaishnava saint of Assam, Shankardeva, is/ are correct ? His teachings are often known as the Bhagavati dharma. He encouraged the establishment of satras or monasteries and namghars or prayer halls for the transmission of spiritual knowledge. His major compositions include the Kirtana-ghosha. Select the correct answer using the code given below :
Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2023
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
- 3 only
Show answer
Answer: C. 1, 2 and 3
All three statements regarding the Vaishnava saint Shankardeva are correct. 1. His teachings are often known as the Bhagavati dharma or Eka Sharana Dharma, emphasizing devotion (Bhakti) to a single God, usually identified with Krishna or Vishnu, drawing heavily from the Bhagavata Purana. 2. He established institutions like satras (monastic centers) and namghars (community prayer halls) which served as vital centers for religious practice, learning, and cultural activities, facilitating the transmission of his spiritual knowledge and movement across Assam. 3. The Kirtana-ghosha is one of the most important and popular literary works of Shankardeva, consisting of hymns and narratives related to Krishna, widely used in devotional practices in the Eka Sharana Dharma tradition.
Who among the following is the writer of the Kirtana-Ghosha ?
Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2024
- Vatsadasa
- Madhavdev
- Rama Saraswati
- Srimanta Sankaradev
Show answer
Answer: D. Srimanta Sankaradev
The Kirtana-Ghosha is a highly revered collection of devotional songs (kirtans) in Assamese literature, primarily composed by the 15th-16th century Vaishnava saint and reformer, Srimanta Sankaradev. It is considered a foundational text of the Ekasarana Dharma (Neo-Vaishnavite) movement he founded in Assam.
Swami Haridas belonged to which Bhakti cult ?
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2017
- Gaudiya Cult
- Rasik Cult
- Varkari Cult
- Sakhi Cult
Show answer
Answer: B. Rasik Cult
- Swami Haridas was a prominent saint, philosopher, and classical musician. - He was the founder of the Haridasi Sampradaya, a branch of the Nimbarka Sampradaya. - His disciples included famous musicians like Tansen and Baiju Bawra. - The 'Rasik' tradition focuses on devotional music (Kirtan) and meditating on the eternal pastimes of Radha and Krishna in Vrindavan.
Janandev and Namdev are well known leaders of the _______ movement.
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2019
- Gaudiya
- Vallabhachari
- Lingayat
- Varkari
Show answer
Answer: D. Varkari
The Varkari movement is a Vaishnavite religious tradition centered in Maharashtra, India. It worships Vithoba (also known as Vitthal), a form of Vishnu, enshrined at Pandharpur. Jnanadev (Dnyaneshwar) (13th century) and Namdev (14th century) were among the early and most revered saint-poets of this tradition. They composed devotional songs (abhangas) in Marathi, making complex philosophical ideas accessible to the common people.
Which of the following Gujarati Bhakti poets belong/s to the 15th century? I. Premanand Bhatt II. Narsinh Mehta III. Dalpatram
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2021
- I and II only
- II only
- II and III only
- I only
Show answer
Answer: B. II only
Narsinh Mehta is considered one of the greatest Bhakti poets of Gujarati literature and lived in the 15th century (c. 1414 – c. 1480). Premanand Bhatt (c. 1636 – c. 1734) belongs to the 17th century, and Dalpatram (1820–1898) belongs to the 19th century.
Which of the following statements are correct? I. Kanada, Kedar and Sarang are included in the ragas which are specifically sung in Krishna devotion. II. Kedar raga was dear to Krishna. Narsinh Mehta sang this raga to please Krishna. III. Sarang is popularly sung in Vraj. Marriage songs, season songs and hori songs are only sung in Sarang.
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2021
- I, II and III
- I only
- III only
- I and II only
Show answer
Answer: D. I and II only
- Statement I: Ragas like Kanada, Kedar, and Sarang are indeed often associated with Krishna devotion and Bhakti music, making this statement likely correct. - Statement II: Kedar raga is a raga suitable for devotional music. Narsinh Mehta was a significant Gujarati Bhakti poet who composed many songs dedicated to Krishna. It is plausible that he used Kedar raga to express his devotion, making this statement likely correct in the context of Bhakti tradition. - Statement III: While Sarang ragas (like Brindavani Sarang) are associated with Vraj and Krishna, and are used for songs like Hori (Holi songs), the claim that only marriage songs, season songs, and hori songs are sung in Sarang is incorrect. Many ragas are used for various types of songs, and Sarang ragas have broader applications than exclusively these categories.
Similarities, Differences, and Interactions between Bhakti and Sufi Movements
Which of the following statements are correct ? 1. Ramananda was the first Bhakti saint to use Hindi for the propagation of his message. 2. Mirabai was a saguna saint. 3. Bhakti movement was contemporary to Sufi movement.
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2019
- Only 1 and 2
- Only 2 and 3
- Only 1 and 3
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: D. 1, 2 and 3
Statement 1 is correct: Ramananda is credited with using Hindi and other vernacular languages to spread the Bhakti message in North India, making it accessible to the common people. Statement 2 is correct: Mirabai was a devotee of Lord Krishna (a form of God with attributes/form), making her a prominent Saguna Bhakti saint. Statement 3 is correct: The Bhakti movement in Hinduism and the Sufi movement in Islam were largely contemporary, flourishing in medieval India from roughly the 12th-13th centuries onwards and often influencing each other.
Consider the following statements relating to the Bhakti Movement : 1. The Bhakti and Sufi Saints gradually brought about a better understanding of the fundamental tenets of Hinduism and Islam, underlining the fact that they had a great deal of similarity. 2. The Bhakti and Sufi Saints also brought about important changes in the approach to religion, laying greater emphasis on formal observances and rituals. 3. They also contributed to the growth of regional languages and literature. Which of the statements given above is/are not correct ?
Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2009
- 1 and 2
- 2 only
- 2 and 3
- 3 only
Show answer
Answer: B. 2 only
- Bhakti and Sufi movements promoted religious harmony and mutual understanding. - They emphasized personal devotion and criticized empty rituals and social hierarchies. - They played a crucial role in the growth and popularization of regional languages.
Social, Cultural, and Religious Impact of the Bhakti Movement
Which one of the following statements about the Bhakti movement is NOT correct ?
Asked in: UPSC NDA 2 2023
- The Bhakti movement avoided traditions that promoted diversity
- In northern India, the Bhakti movement re‐ volved around the worship of Rama and Krishna
- The Bhakti movement relied on the devotion of God, both with and without attributes
- While Tulsidas represented the tradition of devotion with attributes, Sant Kabir followed the path of devotion without attributes
Show answer
Answer: A. The Bhakti movement avoided traditions that promoted diversity
The Bhakti movement was a significant socio-religious reform movement in medieval India that emphasized personal devotion to God, challenging established orthodoxies and promoting egalitarianism and diverse expressions of faith.
Which of the following statements about the Bhakti movement is/are correct? 1. The Bhakti movement evolved as a homogeneous movement. 2. The Bhakti movement helped to bridge the gulf between Hinduism and Islam. 3. The Bhakti movement rescued Hinduism from the challenges of its own complexities. Select the correct answer using the code given below :
Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2011
- 1 only
- 2 and 3
- 2 only
- 3 only
Show answer
Answer: B. 2 and 3
The Bhakti movement was not a homogeneous movement. It spanned several centuries, regions, and diverse social groups, involving various saints with differing philosophies, practices, and focuses (Saguna/Nirguna, Vaishnava/Shaiva, etc.). Thus, statement 1 is incorrect. 2. Many Bhakti saints preached messages of equality, universalism, and devotion to a single God, which helped foster mutual understanding and bridge gaps between Hindus and Muslims, even leading to syncretic traditions. Thus, statement 2 is correct. 3. The Bhakti movement simplified religion, emphasizing personal devotion and challenging caste hierarchies and elaborate rituals. This made Hinduism more accessible to the masses and helped it respond to internal complexities and external challenges. Thus, statement 3 is correct. 182. Consider the following statements about the Lingayats : 1. They bury their dead 2. They are great believers in the caste system, especially in the theory of purity and pollution 3. They are against child marriage and favour widow remarriage Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2020
- 1 and 2
- 1 only
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 3
Show answer
Answer: D. 1 and 3
The Lingayat movement (also known as Virashaivism) originated in Karnataka in the 12th century under the leadership of Basava and his followers (Sharana movement). It is a distinctive tradition within Shaivism, emphasizing devotion to Shiva in the form of Ishalinga worn on the body.
Socio-Cultural and Syncretic Impact of Sufism on Indian Society
What is the name of the literary genre developed by the Khojas who are a branch of the Ismaili sect?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2018
- Ginan
- Ziyarat
- Raag
- Shahada
Show answer
Answer: A. Ginan
The Khojas, a community primarily associated with the Nizari branch of Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent, have a distinctive body of devotional literature known as 'Ginan' (knowledge). Ginans are hymns or sacred songs composed by Pirs (spiritual guides) associated with the Ismaili tradition, incorporating elements of Islamic, Gnostic, and Indic thought.
Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R). Statement-I (Assertion A): Many Sanskrit works on music were translated into Persian during the medieval period. Statement-II (Reason R): The early chisti sufis were fond of musical assemblies called, 'sama'. Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2018
- Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
- Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
- (A) is true, but (R) is false.
- (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Show answer
Answer: B. Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Both the translation of Sanskrit music works into Persian and the practice of sama by Chisti Sufis were features of medieval India's cultural landscape, but one did not directly cause the other.
With reference to Hath Yog, which of the following statement is/are correct? 1. Hath Yog was practiced by Nathpanthis. 2. Hath Yug technique was also adopted by the Sufis. Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2019
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer
Answer: C. Both 1 and 2
Statement 1 is correct: Hath Yoga practices (involving postures, breath control, cleansing techniques, etc.) were significantly developed and propagated by the Nathpanthi tradition, which traces its origins to figures like Gorakhnath. Statement 2 is also correct: Historical evidence suggests cultural and spiritual exchange between Indian yogic traditions and Sufism in medieval India. Many Sufi masters and orders adopted or were influenced by certain yogic practices and concepts, including techniques related to breath control and meditation which overlap with Hath Yoga.
Which of the following statements about Sufism is/are correct? 1. Sufism was the mystical interpretation that developed within Islam. 2. Sufi philosophy highlighted the atmosphere of religious tolerance by speaking about the universal love in quest of the Almighty. 3. The Sufis developed a very complex philosophy and initiated very complicated practices unintelligible to the masses. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2011
- 1 and 2
- 2 only
- 3 only
- 1 and 3
Show answer
Answer: A. 1 and 2
Sufism is the mystical dimension of Islam that emphasizes inner purity, devotion, and achieving spiritual union with God through love and personal experience. It played a significant role in bridging religious divides and spreading Islam through peaceful means and cultural synthesis in various parts of the world, including India.
Who among the following Sufis regarded Krishna among the Auliya ?
Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2012
- Shah Abdul Azeez
- Shah Waliullah
- Shah Kalimullah
- Muhammad Ghaus
Show answer
Answer: D. Muhammad Ghaus
Muhammad Ghaus Gwaliori, a 16th-century Sufi saint of the Shattari order, in his work 'Jawahir-i- Khamsa', listed several figures, including Krishna, among the Auliya (friends of God or saints), recognizing spiritual merit across different religious traditions.
Sufi Practices and Institutions: Khanqahs, Dargahs, Sama (Qawwali), Zikr
Around twelfth century, Sufi Silsilas began to crystallize in different parts of the Islamic world to signify 1. continuous link between the master and disciple 2. unbroken spiritual genealogy to the Prophet Muhammad 3. the transmission of spiritual power and blessings to devotees Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2018
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: D. 1, 2 and 3
The Silsila signifies: 1. A continuous link between the master and disciple It represents the chain of transmission of spiritual knowledge and authority from one generation of Sufi masters to the next. (Statement 1 is correct). 2. An unbroken spiritual genealogy Most Silsilas trace their spiritual lineage back through a chain of masters to Prophet Muhammad, usually through his cousin and son-in- law Ali or his companion Abu Bakr. This lineage provides legitimacy and authority. (Statement 2 is correct). 3. The transmission of spiritual power and blessings (baraka) The Silsila is the conduit through which spiritual energy, knowledge, and blessings are believed to be passed down from the Prophet through the masters to the disciple. This transmission is crucial for the disciple's spiritual journey. (Statement 3 is correct).
Consider the following statements about Sufism in India: Pilgrimage called ziyarat to tombs of Sufi saints is an important feature. The most influential group of Sufis in India were the Chishtis. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Asked in: UPSC NDA 1 2016
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer
Answer: C. Both 1 and 2
Statement 1 is correct. Pilgrimage, known as ziyarat, to the tombs (dargahs) of Sufi saints is a central and important practice in popular Sufism in India. Devotees visit dargahs to seek spiritual blessings (baraka), offer prayers, make vows, and participate in rituals and festivals like Urs, which commemorates the death anniversary of the saint. Statement 2 is correct. The Chishti order, founded in India by Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti in the 12th century, became the most prominent and influential Sufi order in India. Known for its emphasis on love for humanity, tolerance, simple living, music (sama), and living among the people, the Chishtis attracted a large following among both Muslims and non-Muslims. Other influential orders include the Suhrawardi, Qadiri, and Naqshbandi, but the Chishtis had unparalleled popularity and reach across the subcontinent.
Which one of the following is the correct meaning of ziyarat ?
Asked in: UPSC NDA 1 2021
- Pilgrimage to the tombs of sufi saints
- The practice of revenue farming
- The death anniversary of a sufi shaikh
- A form of Islamic divorce
Show answer
Answer: A. Pilgrimage to the tombs of sufi saints
Ziyarat is an Arabic term meaning "visit" or "pilgrimage". In the context of Sufism, ziyarat specifically refers to the act of visiting the tomb (dargah) of a Sufi saint, which is considered a pious act by many followers. Devotees undertake these pilgrimages to pay homage, seek blessings, and pray for intercession.
What was Khanqah ?
Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2009
- Works of Poet Amir Khusro
- Court of Sikandar Lodi
- Birth place of Khwaja Muinud-din Chisti
- The place where Sufi Mystics lived
Show answer
Answer: D. The place where Sufi Mystics lived
A Khanqah (also spelled Khandaq or Khanqa) is a building designed specifically for gatherings of a Sufi brotherhood or tariqa and is a place for spiritual retreat and character reformation. In the past, especially in the medieval Islamic world, Khanqahs served as hospices for Sufis, ascetics, dervishes, and travellers. They were often located near a saint's tomb (dargah) or a mosque. They were centres of Sufi teaching, practices, and community life.
The sufi saint who maintained that devotional music was one way of coming close to God was
Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 1996
- Muin-ud-din Chishti
- Baba Farid
- Saiyid Muhammad Gesudaraz
- Shah Alam Bukhari
Show answer
Answer: A. Muin-ud-din Chishti
The Chishti order of Sufism, founded in India by Khwaja Muin-ud-din Chishti, is well-known for its emphasis on love, tolerance, and the use of devotional music (Sama) as a means of spiritual elevation and connecting with God.
At which of the following place the main Urs of the Bohara community is held?
Asked in: Sr. Teacher Gr.II Comp. Exam 2016 2 2016
- Dargah of Khwaja Sahab at Ajmer
- Dargah of Shaikh Salim Chisti at Fatehpur Sikri.
- Dargah of Baba Fakhruddin at Galiyakot
- Dargah of Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti at Delhi
Show answer
Answer: C. Dargah of Baba Fakhruddin at Galiyakot
The main Urs of the Bohara community is celebrated at the Dargah of Baba Fakhruddin in Galiyakot.