Delhi Sultanate: Administration is part of Medieval History of India. Below are notes on 11 sub-topics, followed by practice MCQs from State PSC and UPSC papers.

Administrative Reforms under Key Sultans (Alauddin Khalji, Muhammad bin Tughlaq, Firuz Shah Tughlaq)

  • Iltutmish (Slave Dynasty)
    • Organized Iqta system, army, and currency (silver Tanka, copper Jital).
    • Established foundational administrative organs of Delhi Sultanate.
  • Balban (Slave Dynasty)
    • Formulated a 'theory of kingship' similar to 'divine right' (Zill-i-Ilahi Shadow of God).
    • Introduced court customs of Sijda (prostration) and Poibos (kissing the monarch's feet).
    • Succeeded in destroying the power of Turkan-i-Chihalgani (Forty Nobles).
    • Reorganized military department (Diwan-i-Arz).
  • Alauddin Khalji (Khalji Dynasty)
    • Economic & Market Reforms:
      • Introduced comprehensive market control policy (Public Distribution System - PDS) to regulate prices.
      • Established separate markets for different commodities (e.g., Shahna-i-Mandi for grain, Saraii-Adl for cloth).
      • Appointed Shahnas (superintendents) and Barids (intelligence officers) for market surveillance.
      • Established Diwan-i-Riyasat (Department of Market Control).
  • Kuravanjis: Specific form of dance-dramas performed by Devadasis.
  • Sati: The custom of self-immolation by widows was prevalent, especially among royal and noble families.
    • Revenue Reforms:
      • First Sultan to charge Ghari (house tax) and Charai (pasture tax).
      • Measured land (Masahat) and fixed land revenue at 50% of the produce.
      • Confiscated Iqtas, converting lands into Khalisa (crown land).
      • Abolished privileges of intermediaries (Muqaddams, Khuts, Chaudharies).
    • Military Reforms:
      • Maintained a large, permanent standing army paid in cash.
      • Introduced Dagh (branding of horses) and Chehra (descriptive roll of soldiers) to prevent corruption.
    • Social & Other Reforms:
      • Prohibited drinking of alcohol, bhang, and gambling.
      • Inflicted severe punishment on rapists.
      • Opposed the power of the Khalif; asserted independent kingship.
      • Prohibited secret gatherings of nobles.
  • Muhammad bin Tughlaq (Tughlaq Dynasty)
    • Agricultural Reforms:
      • Established Diwan-i-Amir Kohi (Department of Agriculture) to improve cultivation.
    • Monetary Reforms:
      • Introduced token currency (bronze/copper coins valued as silver Tanka), which failed due to counterfeiting.
    • Administrative & Other Policies:
      • Experimented with transfer of capital from Delhi to Deogir (renamed Daulatabad), which failed.
      • Increased taxation in the Doab region during famine, leading to peasant revolts.
      • Undertook costly and failed military expeditions (e.g., Khurasan, Qarachil).
  • Firuz Shah Tughlaq (Tughlaq Dynasty)
    • Financial & Revenue Reforms:
      • Entrusted income assessment responsibility to Khwaja Husamuddin Junaid.
      • Abolished 24 oppressive taxes; levied only four Shariat-sanctioned taxes (Kharaj, Zakat, Jizya, Khums).
      • Constructed extensive irrigation canals (e.g., Yamuna Canal, Ghaggar Canal) and imposed Haqq-i-Sharib (water tax).
    • Social & Welfare Reforms:
      • Established Diwan-i-Khairat (Department of Charity) for the poor and marriage aid for poor girls.
      • Set up Dar-ul-Shafa (free hospitals).
      • Created Diwan-i-Bandagan (Department of Slaves), maintaining a large number of slaves (approx. 1,80,000).
      • Founded new towns like Firozabad, Fatehabad, Jaunpur, and Hissar.
    • Judicial Reforms:
      • Abolished torture and mutilation as punishments.
    • Military Reforms:
      • Made army service hereditary.
      • Revived practice of paying soldiers through Iqtas (land grants) instead of cash.
  • General Chronology & Dynasty Information (for context)
    • Chronological order of Delhi Sultanate Dynasties: Ilbari Turks (Slave) → Khalji → Tughlaq → Sayyid → Lodi.
    • Khalji dynasty ruled for the shortest period.
    • Sayyid Dynasty founders: Khijrakhan (who adopted the title 'Malik' or 'Rayat-i-Ala'), followed by Mubarak Shah, Muhammad Shah, and Alauddin Alam Shah.

Central Administrative Structure (Sultan, Wazir, Diwan-i-Arz, Diwan-i-Risalat, Diwan-i-Insha)

  • Sultan: Supreme authority, head of administration, military, and judiciary.
  • Wazir (Prime Minister):
    • Head of Diwan-i-Wazarat (Finance Department).
    • Supervised income and expenditure.
    • Most important officer after the Sultan.
  • Diwan-i-Arz (Military Department):
    • Headed by Ariz-i-Mumalik.
    • Responsible for army recruitment, organization, and maintenance (Defence).
    • Created by Balban.
  • Diwan-i-Risalat:
    • Department of Foreign Affairs and Diplomacy.
    • Also handled appeals and petitions from the public (Justice/Religious matters).
  • Diwan-i-Insha (Department of Royal Correspondence):
    • Headed by Dabir-i-Khas or Amir-i-Insha.
    • Responsible for drafting royal orders, letters, and maintaining state records.
  • Khareetadar: Officer responsible for despatching royal decrees and letters.
  • Amir-i-Hajib (Barbak): Master of Ceremonies, managed court etiquette, presented nobles to the Sultan.
  • Sar-i-Jandar: Chief of the Sultan's personal bodyguards.
  • Vakil-i-dar: Superintendent of the Royal Household (managed palace affairs, personnel, kitchen, stables).
  • Amir-i-Majlis: Officer in charge of royal feasts, festivals, and assemblies.
  • Diwan-i-Bandagan: Department of Slaves (created by Firoz Tughlaq).
  • Diwan-i-Mustakhraj: Department to recover arrears from revenue collectors (created by Alauddin Khilji).
  • Diwan-i-Kohi: Department of Agriculture (created by Muhammad Tughlaq).

Espionage and Police System (Barids, Munhis, Kotwal)

  • `Barids`: Public intelligence officers or newsreporters. Gathered information on provinces, markets, and public opinion, reporting directly to the Sultan. Crucial for central administration.
  • `Munhis`: Secret spies. Operated covertly to gather confidential information, often complementing the Barids.
  • `Kotwal`: Chief police officer in cities/towns. Responsible for maintaining law and order, policing markets, and local judicial functions.
  • `Muqaddam`: Village headman. Assisted in revenue collection and maintained local law and order in villages.
  • `Sarkhel`: A junior military rank, specifically a commander of 10 horsemen/knights, not "Chief of Infantry."
  • `Sadaka`: Voluntary charity or offering.
  • Ibn Batuta recorded Iltutmish's system of justice, where two marble lions with bells allowed citizens to seek immediate redress from the Sultan.

Fiscal and Economic Policies (Currency System, Market Controls, Price Regulation)

  • Iltutmish was the first Muslim ruler to introduce pure Arabic coinage in India.
  • Iltutmish introduced the silver 'Tanka' and the copper 'Jital', which became the two basic coins of the Delhi Sultanate period.
  • Iltutmish initiated the tradition of inscribing the name of the mint on coins in India.
  • Alauddin Khilji introduced price control and comprehensive market control regulations in Delhi.
  • Alauddin Khilji's market reforms aimed to maintain a large, efficient army at lower costs, not primarily to reduce artisan wages.
  • Panna was a significant center for diamond mining during the Delhi Sultanate.
  • Bayana was renowned for indigo production during the Sultanate period.
  • Banjaras were an important trading group facilitating rural-urban trade in medieval India.
  • A group of Banjaras moving together was known as 'Tanda'.
  • Banjaras traded in commodities such as grain, pulses, sugar, and salt.
  • The Banjaras were not exclusively Hindu, indicating a diverse trading community.
  • The term 'Fanam' referred to a type of coin in medieval India.

Land Grant Systems (Iqta, Inam, Waqf)

  • Iqta System: Principal land distribution and revenue collection system introduced by Iltutmish in Delhi Sultanate.
  • Iqta System (Characteristics):
    • Land was assigned to military commanders and civil officials (Iqtadars/ Muqtis) in lieu of salary.
    • Iqtadar/Muqti collected revenue from the assigned land.
    • Iqtadar/Muqti maintained troops and administered the Iqta, providing military service to the Sultan.
    • The surplus revenue (fawazil) after meeting expenses was remitted to the central treasury.
    • Iqta was a revenue assignment, not hereditary ownership; transferable at Sultan's will.
    • Siyasatnama (by Nizam-ul-Mulk Tusi) is an important source of information on the Iqta system.
  • Khalsa Land: Land whose revenue was directly collected by the central government and deposited into the Sultan's treasury; formed the financial backbone of the Sultanate.
  • Grant Lands (Revenue-free):
    • Inam: Land grants given for religious, scholarly, or charitable purposes, often hereditary.
    • Waqf: Land endowed for religious or charitable institutions (e.g., mosques, madrasas), with revenue supporting these institutions.
    • Milk: Privately owned land, sometimes granted by the Sultan, with full ownership rights (inheritable, saleable).
    • Madad-i-Mash: A general term for revenue-free land grants, meaning "aid for subsistence," primarily given to scholars, religious persons, destitutes, and persons of noble lineage.
    • Gunth Land: Specific type of land granted to temples.
  • Land of Feudal Lords: Territories of Hindu Kings or Vassals who accepted the Sultan's suzerainty and paid tribute, but retained internal autonomy.
  • Shiq: An administrative division, a cluster of villages, typically larger than a pargana but smaller than an Iqta/province.
  • Mahrousa: Refers to a protected or fortified town/city.

Military Organization and Administration (Ariz-i-Mumalik, Standing Army)

  • Ariz-i-Mumalik: Head of the Diwan-i-Arz (military department); responsible for recruitment, inspection, discipline, and equipment of the army; functioned as the Minister for Defence.
  • Diwan-i-Arz: The military department of the Delhi Sultanate.
  • Munjanig: A type of catapult or large siege engine used in medieval warfare to hurl projectiles.
  • Balban: Appointed special army units and strengthened frontier forts to protect the empire's boundaries against Mongol invasions.
  • Alauddin Khilji: Created the largest permanent standing army of the Sultanate, directly paid in cash salaries from the state treasury.
  • Alauddin Khilji: Introduced 'dagh' (branding of horses) and 'chehra' (descriptive roll of soldiers) to prevent corruption and ensure efficiency in the army.
  • Mushrif-i-Mumalik: Accountant General, responsible for maintaining state accounts.
  • Mustaufi-i-Mumalik: Auditor General, responsible for auditing state accounts.

Nobility and Bureaucracy (Composition, Hierarchy, Influence)

  • Nobility initially comprised largely Turkish/ Persian elite (e.g., 'Chahalgani' under Iltutmish); later diversified under Khiljis and Tughlaqs to include Indian converts and Afghans.
  • Bandagan-i-Khas refers to special royal slaves, who often held high administrative and military positions within the Delhi Sultanate.
  • The Iqta system was a core administrative structure where land grants (iqtas) were assigned to nobles/officers (iqtadars/muqtis) in lieu of salary, with military and administrative responsibilities.
  • Elements of the feudal system in medieval India include an administrative structure based on the control and possession of land, and the creation of a lord-vassal relationship. A strong centralized political authority is not an essential element of a feudal system.
  • 'Mahattara' and 'Pattakila' were designations used for village headmen in medieval India.
  • Ain-ul-Mulk Multani was a prominent noble who served under Alauddin Khilji, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Muhammad bin Tughlaq, and Firoz Tughlaq. He did not serve Iltutmish.
  • Persian was the primary language patronized by the Delhi Sultans and served as the court language.
  • Among the Delhi Sultanate dynasties, the Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414 AD, 94 years) had the longest period of rule, and the Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320 AD, 30 years) had the shortest.

Provincial Administration and Iqta System

  • Iqta System:
    • Introduced by Iltutmish.
    • Definition: Land revenue assignment from specific territorial units to military officers (Iqtadars/Muqtis/ Walis) in lieu of cash salaries.
    • Purpose: Essentially military; parcelled out the country among leading military leaders to maintain control and provide troops.
    • Iqtadar/Muqti/Wali: Holder of an Iqta; responsible for law & order, revenue collection, and supplying troops to the Sultan.
    • Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq warned Muqtis against ill-treating officials for minor financial transgressions.
    • The Arabic work "Masalik-ul-Absar" describes the functioning of the Iqta system under Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
  • Provincial and Local Administration:
    • Iqta: Large administrative division, akin to a province.
    • Shiq: Subdivision of an Iqta (later Pargana).
    • Shiqdar: Head of a Shiq or Pargana, primarily responsible for maintaining law and order.
    • Pargana: A cluster of villages.
    • Village: Smallest administrative unit.
      • Muqaddam/Chaudhari: Village headman.
      • Patwari: Village accountant.
  • Key Figures/Sources:
    • Sharaf Qai: Served as a minister (Diwan-i-Wizarat) under Alauddin Khalji.
    • Marco Polo: Mentioned the Pearl Fishery of Tuticorin in South India.

Public Works, Communication, and Irrigation

  • Firuz Shah Tughluq constructed the maximum number of canals.
  • Firuz Shah Tughluq was the first Sultan to levy irrigation tax.
  • Ibn Battuta described the medieval Indian postal system in detail.
  • Ibn Battuta categorized the postal system into two types: 'Uluq' (horse-post) and 'Dawa' (foot-post).
  • The term 'Chakanidan' was used for irrigation during the medieval period.

Religious Administration and Ulema's Role

  • Ulema (Alim): Muslim theologians and scholars, interpreters of the Quran and Hadith.
  • Ulema's influence: Derived from their deep knowledge of Muslim theology and Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence); held significant sway in society, politics, and administration.
  • Ulema often served as Qazis (judges), Sadrus-Sudur (head of religious affairs and endowments), and advisors.
  • Sultans were generally expected to show respect for Islamic institutions and Ulema, granting religious causes/offices and building mosques.
  • Sultans who strongly opposed Ulema's interference in state affairs: Alauddin Khilji and Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq.
  • Sultans who notably sought Ulema's support or adopted orthodox policies: Firoze Shah Tughlaq.
  • Dastar-Bandan: A term used for the Ulema, referring to their distinctive turbans.
  • Khutba: A sermon read in the name of the reigning Sultan during Friday congregational prayers, signifying his sovereignty and legitimacy.
  • Historian Barani's view: Considered the Delhi Sultanate not truly Islamic because Sultans often supplemented Muslim law (Sharia) with state-framed regulations (Zawabit) and accorded religious freedom to the non-Muslim majority.

Revenue Administration and Land Systems (Kharaj, Jizya, Zakat, Khums, Methods of Collection)

  • Kharaj: Land tax, usually 1/3rd to 1/2 of the produce.
  • Jizya: Tax levied on non-Muslims (Zimmis) for protection and exemption from military service; a fundamental tax during the Sultanate period.
  • Zakat: Religious tax levied on wealthy Muslims for charitable purposes.
  • Khums: One-fifth of war booty, mines, and treasure troves; state's share.
  • Amil: Revenue collection in-charge or revenue official in the Delhi Sultanate.
  • Iqta System: Land assignment system in lieu of salary to military commanders and officials; of Turkish/Central Asian origin, not an ancient indigenous institution.
  • Fawazil: Excess amount paid by iqtadars to the central exchequer after deducting their expenses and salaries.
  • Khalsa Land: Territory whose revenue went directly to the central treasury, under direct state control.
  • Jagir Land (Iqta): Land assigned to officials (iqtadars) in lieu of salary, from which they collected revenue.
  • Alauddin Khilji: Demanded 50% (half) of the produce as land revenue, based on measurement (masahat).
  • Muhammad bin Tughluq: Also raised land revenue, sometimes up to 50%, notably in the Doab region.
  • Aprahat: Uncultivated forest land or wasteland.

8. Delhi Sultanate: Art and Architecture

Practice MCQs: Delhi Sultanate: Administration

Administrative Reforms under Key Sultans (Alauddin Khalji, Muhammad bin Tughlaq, Firuz Shah Tughlaq)

  1. Identify the Sultan of Delhi who prohibited drinking of alcohol, introduced market control policy and inflicted severe punishment to rapists.

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2018

    1. Sultan Qutbuddin
    2. Sultan Iltutmish
    3. Sultan Alauddin Khalji
    4. Sultan Firuz Tughlaq
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Sultan Alauddin Khalji

    Alauddin Khalji's market reforms were primarily driven by his need to maintain a large army with controlled expenses. His prohibition policy aimed at curbing rebellious activities among nobles.

  2. Who was the first Muslim ruler to formulate the 'theory of kingship' similar to the 'theory of divine right of the kings'?

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 63rd · UPSC IAS 2021

    1. Aibak
    2. Iltutmish
    3. Balban
    4. Alauddin
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Balban

    C. 2 and 4 only D. 1, 2, 3 and 4 Ans: D - Portuguese chronicler Fernao Nuniz described the Vijayanagara Empire. - He noted that women were active and skilled in various fields. - According to Nuniz, women excelled in wrestling, astrology, accounting, and soothsaying. Balban introduced elaborate court ceremonies and asserted the king's semi-divine status to restore the prestige of the Sultanate after a period of instability.

  3. Who among the following opposed the power of the Khalif?

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 67th Re Exam

    1. Alauddin Khalji
    2. Muhammad-bin-Tughluq
    3. Balban
    4. Iltutmish
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Alauddin Khalji

    Muhammad-bin-Tughluq initially ignored or opposed seeking legitimacy from the Caliphate, asserting his independent authority.

  4. Who among the following Sultans succeeded in finally breaking and destroying the power of Turkan-i-Chihalgani?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2020

    1. Iltutmish
    2. Balban
    3. Alauddin Khalji
    4. Muhammad bin Tughluq
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Balban

    The Turkan-i-Chihalgani, also known as the 'Corps of Forty', was a group of loyal Turkish nobles formed by Iltutmish to administer the Sultanate.

  5. Which of the following Sultans of Delhi introduced the practice of “Sijda” and implemented the Iranian theory of divine rights which said that the Sultan is the representative of God on Earth ?

    Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2015

    1. Balban
    2. Alauddin Khilji
    3. Mohammad-bin-Tuglaq
    4. Iltutmish
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Balban

    - Sultan Balban introduced the Persian court customs of Sijda and Paibos. - He propagated the theory of divine right of kingship ('Niyabat-i- Khudai') to strengthen the Sultan's position.

  6. Which dynasty of Delhi Sultanate ruled for the shortest period?

    Asked in: MPPSC CS Prelims 2017

    1. Khilji
    2. Tughlaq
    3. Sayyid
    4. Lodi
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Khilji

    The Khilji dynasty ruled from 1290 to 1320 CE, a period of approximately 30 years. The other dynasties ruled for significantly longer durations: Slave (1206-1290, 84 years), Tughlaq (1320-1414, 94 years), Sayyid (1414-1451, 37 years), and Lodi (1451-1526, 75 years).

  7. Who from the following Sultans were from the Sayyad dynasty ? (a) Khijrakhan (b) Mubarakshah (c) Muhamadshah (d) Allauddin Alamshah

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2020

    1. (a), (b) and (c) only
    2. (b) and (c) only
    3. (b), (c) and (d) only
    4. (a), (b), (c) and (d)
    Show answer

    Answer: D. (a), (b), (c) and (d)

    The major rulers of the Sayyad dynasty were: - Khizr Khan (1414-1421) - Mubarak Shah (1421-1434) - Muhammad Shah (1434-1445) - Ala- ud-Din Alam Shah (1445-1451)

  8. Who amongst the following established "Diwan-e-amirkothi" during Delhi Sultanate ?

    Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2018

    1. Alauddin Khilji
    2. Feroz Tughlaq
    3. Mohd. Bin Tughlaq
    4. Iltutmish
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Mohd. Bin Tughlaq

    Diwan-i-Kohi (or Diwan-e-amirkohi) was a department created by Muhammad Bin Tughlaq specifically for the improvement and expansion of agriculture. It was aimed at bringing uncultivated land under cultivation and supporting farmers with financial aid (like sondhar loans) and infrastructure.

  9. Choose the correct chronological order of the following dynasties of Delhi Sultanate:

    Asked in: WBPSC CS Prelims 2022

    1. Lodi, Ilbari Turks, Tughluq, Khilji
    2. Ilbari Turks, Khilji, Tughluq, Lodi
    3. Tughluq, Khilji, Lodi, Ilbari Turks
    4. Khilji, Lodi, Tughluq, Ilbari Turks
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Ilbari Turks, Khilji, Tughluq, Lodi

    Based on this historical sequence, the correct order among the given options is Ilbari Turks, followed by Khilji, Tughluq, and finally Lodi.

Central Administrative Structure (Sultan, Wazir, Diwan-i-Arz, Diwan-i-Risalat, Diwan-i-Insha)

  1. 'Diwan-E-Arj' department was associated with :

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 60 62rd

    1. Royal correspondence
    2. Foreign
    3. Defence
    4. Finance
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Defence

    This department was headed by the Ariz-i-Mumalik, who was responsible for recruiting, equipping, and organizing the army.

  2. Who created the department of Diwan-i-Arz in Delhi Sultanate ?

    Asked in: RPSC RAS Prelims 2018

    1. Balban
    2. Iltutmish
    3. Alauddin Khilji
    4. Firoz Tughlaq
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Balban

    - Diwan-i-Arz was the military department of the Delhi Sultanate. - Balban is credited with its formal establishment and strengthening. - The head of the department was called Ariz-i-Mumalik.

  3. In the Sultanate rule, the Prime Minister was known as Wazir (i) He was primarily the head of the finance department called the Devani-i-Wazarat. (ii) He was in a position to supervise only the income and expenditure of the department. Which of the above statements are correct?

    Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2024

    1. (i)
    2. (ii)
    3. (i) and (ii)
    4. None of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: A. (i)

    - The Wazir was the chief minister in the Delhi Sultanate. - The Wazir headed the Diwan-i-Wazarat, the finance department. - The Wazir's role extended beyond mere financial supervision to overall administration, especially in the absence of a strong Sultan.

  4. Who was 'Khareetadar'?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2023

    1. An officer who was trained in keeping ac‐ counts
    2. Despatcher of royal decrees
    3. Main custodian of royal palace
    4. Chief Officer of Pargana
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Despatcher of royal decrees

    In medieval Indian administrative systems, particularly during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal periods, the 'Khareetadar' (also spelled 'Kharitadar') was an officer responsible for handling and despatching royal correspondence, decrees, and important documents.

  5. Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2001

    1. Dewan-i-bandagani ... Tughlaq
    2. Dewan-i-Mustakhraj ... Balban
    3. Dewan-i-Kohi ... Alauddin Khilji
    4. Dewan-i-Arz ... Muhammad Tughlaq
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Dewan-i-bandagani ... Tughlaq

    Various administrative departments were created by rulers of the Delhi Sultanate to manage different aspects of the state.

  6. Match the following - List-I (I) Amir-i-Hajib (II) Sar-i-Jandar (III) Vakil-i-dar (IV) Amir-i- Majlis List-II (A) Incharge of royal household (B) Incharge of celebrations (C) Incharge of bodyguards of Sultan (D) Incharge of Court etiquettes Code - (1) I-D, II-C, III-B, IV-A (2) I- A, II-C, III-D, IV-B (3) I-D, II-C, III-A, IV-B (4) I-C, II-A, III-D, IV-B (5) Question not attempted

    Asked in: Archaeology and Museums Dept. Exam 2023 (Curator) 2023

    1. I-D, II-C, III-B, IV-A
    2. I-A, II-C, III-D, IV-B
    3. I-D, II-C, III-A, IV-B
    4. I-C, II-A, III-D, IV-B
    Show answer

    Answer: C. I-D, II-C, III-A, IV-B

    This question tests knowledge of administrative titles and their responsibilities during the Sultanate period in India. Each title corresponds to a specific role within the royal court and administration. Amir-i-Hajib Responsible for presenting petitions to the Sultan and maintaining court etiquette, acting as a chamberlain. Sar-i-Jandar Commander of the Sultan's personal bodyguards (Jandars). Vakil-i-dar Oversaw the royal household, including the palace, its administration, and provisions. Amir-i-Majlis Organized and presided over royal assemblies and celebrations.

Espionage and Police System (Barids, Munhis, Kotwal)

  1. “Iltutmish got erected two marble statues of lions and bells hanged to their necks. Anybody could ring these bells and seek justice from the Sultan.” Who among the following writers recorded this statement?

    Asked in: TSPSC Group 1 Prelims 2023

    1. Minhaj-us-Siraj
    2. Ibn Batuta
    3. Isami
    4. Malik Qutb-ud-din
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Ibn Batuta

    - The Moroccan traveler Ibn Batuta, who visited Delhi during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq (much later than Iltutmish), described the justice system under Sultan Iltutmish. - According to Ibn Batuta's Rihla, Iltutmish installed marble statues of lions at the palace gate with bells around their necks. Aggrieved persons could ring these bells to seek immediate justice from the Sultan. This unique detail about the bells and lion statues as a symbol of seeking justice is prominently mentioned in Ibn Batuta's account.

  2. Which of the following is not correctly matched?

    Asked in: Civil Judge 2022

    1. Barid – Messenger
    2. Sadaka – Charity
    3. Muqaddam – Village Headman
    4. Sarkhel – Chief of Infantry
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Sarkhel – Chief of Infantry

    Understanding the administrative and social terminology of medieval India is crucial for this question. 'Sarkhel' is a term often associated with naval command, differentiating it from land-based military roles.

Fiscal and Economic Policies (Currency System, Market Controls, Price Regulation)

  1. Name the first Muslim ruler who introduced pure Arabic coin, called 'Tanka'

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2006

    1. Alauddin Khilji
    2. Akbar
    3. Muhammad bin Tughlaq
    4. Iltutmish
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Iltutmish

    Iltutmish, the third ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, is credited with introducing a purely Arabic coinage system in India. He introduced the silver Tanka and the copper Jital, which became the standard currency of the Delhi Sultanate for a long period. These coins had Arabic inscriptions.

  2. Who introduced the silver tanka and the copper jital - the two basic coins of the Sultanate period ?

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2018

    1. Iltutmish
    2. Razia Sultan
    3. Balban
    4. Alauddin Khalji
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Iltutmish

    Shamsuddin Iltutmish, who is considered the real founder of the Delhi Sultanate, introduced two principal coins: the silver Tanka (weighing 175 grains) and the copper Jital. These coins formed the basis of the Sultanate's currency system.

  3. At which of the following places was diamond mining carried out during the Delhi Sultanate period?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2024

    1. Awadh
    2. Khambhat
    3. Panna
    4. Lakhnauti
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Panna

    Panna, located in present-day Madhya Pradesh, has been historically famous for its diamond mines. Diamond mining in this region dates back centuries and was certainly active during the period of the Delhi Sultanate and later the Mughal Empire.

  4. Assertion (A) : Alauddin Khilji introduced price control in Delhi. Reason (R) : He wanted to pay lower wages to the artisans building his palaces in Delhi. Select the correct answer from the codes given below :

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2005

    1. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
    2. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
    3. (A) is true but (R) is false.
    4. (A) is false but (R) is true.
    Show answer

    Answer: C. (A) is true but (R) is false.

    Alauddin Khilji indeed introduced strict market control measures and price fixation in Delhi. However, the primary reason for these reforms was not to pay lower wages to artisans building palaces. The main objectives were to maintain a large and efficient standing army at relatively moderate expense, prevent hoarding, and ensure the supply of essential commodities at fixed prices to meet the needs of the army and the general populace of Delhi.

  5. Silver 'Tanka' and Copper 'Jital' were introduced by

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 3 2021

    1. Qutubuddin Aibek
    2. Raziya Sultana
    3. Iltutmish
    4. Balban
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Iltutmish

    Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, the third ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, systematized the currency. He introduced the silver Tanka (approximately 175 grains), which became the standard coin of the Sultanate, and the copper Jital, which were subsidiary coins.

  6. The market control regulations were introduced by

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 3 2022

    1. Alauddin Khilji
    2. Balban
    3. Babur
    4. Sikander Lodi
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Alauddin Khilji

    Sultan Alauddin Khilji of the Delhi Sultanate (1296-1316) implemented strict market control regulations to regulate prices of various commodities, particularly food grains, cloth, horses, and slaves.

  7. During the Sultanate period, which places were famous for indigo production? - (5) Question not attempted

    Asked in: Archaeology and Museums Dept. Exam 2023 (Curator) 2023

    1. Lahore and Bayana
    2. Agra and Kangra
    3. Malwa and Patan
    4. Thatta and Hansi
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Lahore and Bayana

    Historical accounts and trade records from the Sultanate era indicate that Lahore in the Punjab region and Bayana in Rajasthan were significant hubs for the cultivation and processing of indigo, a valuable dye.

  8. Which of the following statement is not correct about medieval trading group 'Banjaras'? - (5) Question not attempted

    Asked in: Archaeology and Museums Dept. Exam 2023 (Curator) 2023

    1. They were important link for rural-urban trade.
    2. The Banjara were Hindus only.
    3. The group of Banjaras moving together were called Tanda.
    4. They confined their trading activities to some limited commodities like grain, pulses, sugar, salt etc.
    Show answer

    Answer: B. The Banjara were Hindus only.

    The Banjaras were a mobile trading community, and their composition was diverse, encompassing various faiths. Religious exclusivity was not a defining characteristic of the Banjaras.

  9. Who introduced the two basic coins of the Sultanate period - the silver tanka and the copper jital? (1) Razia Sultan (3) Balban (5) Question not attempted - Iltutmish - Alauddin Khilji

    Asked in: Sr. Teacher (Sec. Edu.) Comp. Exam 2024 group c 2024

    1. (1) Razia Sultan
    2. (2) Iltutmish
    3. (3) Balban
    4. (4) Alauddin Khilji
    Show answer

    Answer: B. (2) Iltutmish

    Iltutmish introduced the silver tanka and copper jital as the primary currency during the Delhi Sultanate.

Land Grant Systems (Iqta, Inam, Waqf)

  1. Which land distribution system adopted by sultans of Delhi?

    Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2021

    1. Iqtadari
    2. Mansapdari
    3. Subhadhari
    4. Zamindhari
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Iqtadari

    The Iqtadari system was a unique administrative and land distribution system used by the Delhi Sultanate. Under this system, land was divided into 'Iqtas' (territories), which were assigned to nobles, military commanders, and officials known as 'Iqtadars'. These Iqtadars were responsible for collecting revenue from their Iqta and maintaining troops for the Sultan.

  2. Which one of the following is NOT the characteristics of Iqta System?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2019

    1. Iqta was a revenue collection system
    2. Siyasatnama was the source of information for Iqta System
    3. Revenue frum Iqta was directly deposited in Sultan's account
    4. Muqti was supported to maintain troops out of the revenue collected from Iqta
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Revenue frum Iqta was directly deposited in Sultan's account

    In the Iqta system, the Muqti (holder of the Iqta) was granted the right to collect revenue from a specified territory (Iqta). A portion of this revenue was retained by the Muqti to cover personal expenses, maintain troops for the Sultan, and administer the area. Only the surplus revenue (known as Fawazil) was remitted to the central treasury of the Sultan. Therefore, revenue was not directly deposited into the Sultan's account from all Iqtas.

  3. Which medieval King of India introduced the "Iqkta system"?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2010

    1. Iltutmish
    2. Balban
    3. Alauddin Khalji
    4. None of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Iltutmish

    Iltutmish, the third ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, effectively institutionalized the Iqta system as a method for administering the vast territories of the Sultanate and paying his officers.

  4. Match the following – List–I (A) Akta or Iquta (B) Khalsa land (C) Grant land (D) Land of Feudal Lords List–II (i) This land was completely under the centre. (ii) Land divided among high officials involved in administration. (iii) Land of Hindu Kings or Vassals under the Sultan. (iv) Land that was given as a donation (Milk, Waqfa, Inam) to individuals. Code - (1) (A)-i, (B)-ii, (C)-iii, (D)-iv (2) (A)-iv, (B)-iii, (C)- ii, (D)-i (3) (A)-iii, (B)-iv, (C)-ii, (D)-i (4) (A)-ii, (B)-i, (C)-iv, (D)-iii (5) Question not attempted

    Asked in: Archaeology and Museums Dept. Exam 2023 (Curator) 2023

    1. (1) (A)-i, (B)-ii, (C)-iii, (D)-iv
    2. (2) (A)-iv, (B)-iii, (C)-ii, (D)-i
    3. (3) (A)-iii, (B)-iv, (C)-ii, (D)-i
    4. (4) (A)-ii, (B)-i, (C)-iv, (D)-iii
    Show answer

    Answer: D. (4) (A)-ii, (B)-i, (C)-iv, (D)-iii

    This question assesses understanding of the land revenue system and land classification during the Delhi Sultanate period.

  5. What was "Madad-i-Mash"? - Question not attempted

    Asked in: Department Recruitment 2024 (Research Scholar) 2024

    1. Reserve military troops
    2. Military logistics
    3. Land grants
    4. Hospitals
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Land grants

    Madad-i-Mash was a system of land grants. These grants were given to religious and charitable individuals/institutions. The purpose was to support religious activities and education.

  6. Match List-I with List-II and choose the correct answer using the codes given below : List-I A. Iqta B. Mahrousa C. Khalisa D. Shiq List-II i. A portion ii. Land under state administration iii. Land revenue iv. Protected town Codes : (a) A-iii, B-i, C-iv, D-ii (b) A-iii, B-iv, C- ii, D-i (c) A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii (d) A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv

    Asked in: RO ARO pre 2023

    1. A-iii, B-i, C-iv, D-ii
    2. A-iii, B-iv, C-ii, D-i
    3. A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii
    4. A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv
    Show answer

    Answer: B. A-iii, B-iv, C-ii, D-i

    This question tests knowledge of medieval Indian administrative and economic terms, particularly those used during the Sultanate and Mughal periods. It requires understanding the specific meanings of these historical terms.

  7. 'Gunth land' means (b) Land granted for defence service (d) Land granted for grazing/ pasture land

    Asked in: Lower Subordinate Service Examination 2021

    1. Land granted to temple
    2. Land granted for defence service
    3. Land granted for Civil Service
    4. Land granted for grazing/pasture land
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Land granted for grazing/pasture land

    Definition of 'Gunth land' in historical land revenue systems.

Military Organization and Administration (Ariz-i-Mumalik, Standing Army)

  1. What was a munjanig in medieval period ?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2022

    1. Cannon
    2. Catapult
    3. Gun carriage
    4. Portable armoury
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Catapult

    - Munjanigs were gravity-powered siege weapons used to hurl heavy projectiles at fortifications. - They were used extensively in warfare in the Middle East, Mediterranean, and later adopted in India during the medieval era. - The term is derived from Arabic and Persian, related to projectile- throwing machines.

  2. Choose the correct match: 1. Ariz-I-Mumalik - Minister for Defence 2. Mushrif-I-Muma‐ - Accountant General lik 3. Dabir-I-Mumalik - Minister for public grievance 4. Mustaufi-I-Mu‐ - Auditor General malik

    Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2022

    1. 1, 2 and 3 only
    2. 2, 3 and 4 only
    3. 1, 2 and 4 only
    4. 1, 3 and 4 only
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 1, 2 and 4 only

    Understanding the administrative structure and key officials of the Delhi Sultanate period is important.

  3. The largest standing army of the Sultanate directly paid by the state was created by

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 3 2019

    1. Iltutmish
    2. Alauddin Khilji
    3. Muhammad Bin Tughluq
    4. Sikandar Lodi
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Alauddin Khilji

    Alauddin Khilji needed a large and efficient army to defend against frequent Mongol invasions and to support his expansionist policies. To maintain such a force without burdening the treasury excessively through traditional land grants (iqtas) to soldiers, he introduced market control measures to keep prices low and paid soldiers in cash salaries. He also introduced the system of 'dagh' (branding of horses) and 'chehra' (description roll of soldiers) to prevent corruption and ensure quality and strength of the army.

  4. Which of the following Sultan appointed a special army to protect the boundaries of the empire?

    Asked in: RO ARO pre 2021

    1. Iltutmish
    2. Nasiruddin Mahmud
    3. Balban
    4. Alauddin Khilji
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Balban

    Balban established a special army to safeguard the empire's frontiers.

Nobility and Bureaucracy (Composition, Hierarchy, Influence)

  1. Ain-ul-Mulk Multani did not serve under which of the following rulers?

    Asked in: MPPSC CS Prelims 2017

    1. Alauddin Khilji
    2. Muhammad bin Tughlaq
    3. Firoz Tughlaq
    4. Iltutmish
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Iltutmish

    Ain-ul-Mulk Multani was a distinguished official, commander, and scholar who served several rulers of the Delhi Sultanate. His career spanned from the late Khilji dynasty through the Tughlaq dynasty. Historical records indicate he served under Alauddin Khilji, Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, Muhammad bin Tughlaq, and Firoz Tughlaq.

  2. The Bandagan-i-Khas during the rule of Delhi Sultans referred to the

    Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2012

    1. innkeepers
    2. royal slaves
    3. Dak-carriers
    4. guards of the State stable
    Show answer

    Answer: B. royal slaves

    - "Bandagan" means slaves, and "Khas" implies special or royal. - These royal slaves were highly trained and held significant power and positions in the Sultanate. - They were a deliberate policy of the sultans to create a loyal support base independent of the turbulent nobility.

  3. In medieval India, the designations 'Mahattara' and 'Pattakila' were used for

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2014

    1. military officers
    2. village headmen
    3. specialists in Vedic rituals
    4. chiefs of craft guilds
    Show answer

    Answer: B. village headmen

    These terms appear in various inscriptions and historical texts, particularly from periods like the Gupta, post-Gupta, and early medieval Rajput dynasties. 'Mahattara' literally means 'elder' or 'great man' and was a common term for village elders or headmen. 'Pattakila' was also used for a village official, often associated with the collection of land revenue or management of village lands.

  4. With reference to Indian history, which of the following is/are the essential element/ elements of the feudal system? 1. A very strong centralized political authority and a very weak provincial or local political authority 2. Emergence of administrative structure based on control and possession of land 3. Creation of lord-vassal relationship between the feudal lord and his overlord Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2015

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 2 and 3 only

    - Feudalism involves political decentralization and weak central power. - Control over land forms the basis of political and administrative power. - Hierarchical relationships (lord-vassal) based on grants and obligations are characteristic.

  5. Which of the following language was patronized by the sultans of delhi:

    Asked in: RPSC RAS Prelims 1995

    1. Arabic
    2. Turkish
    3. Persian
    4. Urdu
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Persian

    Persian served as the official court language and the language of administration under the Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 CE). While Arabic was important for religious purposes (Quran and Islamic theology) and Turkish was the original language of some of the early sultans (like the Mamluks), Persian became firmly established as the language of culture, literature, and governance throughout the period.

  6. Among the dynasties of Delhi Sultanate - Slave, Khilji, Tughlaq, Sayyid and Lodhi - which dynasties had the longest and the shortest period of rule?

    Asked in: lower devision clerk 2025

    1. Slave and Khilji
    2. Slave and Tughlaq
    3. Tughlaq and Khilji
    4. Lodhi and Sayyid
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Tughlaq and Khilji

    Understanding the chronological sequence and duration of the Delhi Sultanate dynasties is crucial for comprehending the political history of medieval India.

Provincial Administration and Iqta System

  1. During the Delhi Sultanate, the designation ‘Muqaddam or Chaudhari’ was used for

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 68th

    1. revenue officials
    2. village accountant
    3. village headman
    4. More than one of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: C. village headman

    During the Delhi Sultanate and later periods, 'Muqaddam' and 'Chaudhari' were terms used for village headmen. They were key figures in the village administration, responsible for maintaining order and assisting in the collection of revenue from the villagers. They often held hereditary rights and enjoyed a respected position within the village community.

  2. Iqta in medieval India meant:

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2016

    1. land assigned to religious personnel for spiritual purposes
    2. land revenue from different territorial units assigned to army officers
    3. charity for educational and cultural activities
    4. the rights of the zamindar
    Show answer

    Answer: B. land revenue from different territorial units assigned to army officers

    - The Iqta system was a mechanism used by the Delhi Sultans to administer their vast territories and maintain their army. - Under this system, the empire was divided into several tracts of land called iqtas. - These iqtas were assigned to nobles, military commanders, and officials (known as iqtadars or muqtis) in lieu of their salaries. - The iqtadar was responsible for collecting revenue from their iqta, maintaining law and order, and providing troops to the Sultan when required. - The iqtas were transferable, and the iqtadars were subject to the Sultan's authority.

  3. Which one of the following statements is NOT correct ?

    Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2017

    1. Sharaf Qai was a minister of Allauddin Khalji
    2. Under Giyasuddin Tughluq Muqtis were warned not to ill-treat any of their officials for small amounts taken over and above their salaries
    3. The Arabic work masalik-i-Absar gives de‐ scription of the functioning of Iqta system under Muhammad bin Tughluq
    4. Marco Polo has not mentioned about Pearl Fishery of Tuticorin in South India
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Marco Polo has not mentioned about Pearl Fishery of Tuticorin in South India

    Marco Polo's account is a valuable primary source for understanding the economic activities and geography of parts of India during the late 13th century.

  4. Which Turkish Sultan introduced the Iqta system?

    Asked in: WBPSC CS Prelims 2021

    1. Alauddin Khilji
    2. Balban
    3. Iltutmish
    4. Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Iltutmish

    The Iqta system, a system of land assignments given to military officers and nobles in lieu of cash salaries, was introduced by the Ghurids and further systematized and consolidated in the Delhi Sultanate by Sultan Iltutmish.

  5. Assertion (A): At first the Turkish administration in India was essentially military. Reason (R): The country was parcelled out as ‘Iqtas’ among leading military leaders.

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 1998

    1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
    2. Both A and R are true, but R is NOT a correct explanation of A
    3. A is true, but R is false
    4. A is false, but R is true
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

    The Iqta system was a fundamental feature of the Delhi Sultanate's administration, blending military control with revenue collection. It illustrates how the early Turkish state was built upon military power and personnel.

  6. Which of these medieval terms is not correctly matched? - (5) Question not attempted

    Asked in: Department Recruitment 2024 (Research Scholar) 2024

    1. (2) Muqaddam - Clerk in the Revenue Depart‐ ment
    2. (4) Khasdar - Manager of Sultan’s Arsenal
    3. (1) Shiqdar - Head of Pargana who looked after Law and Order
    4. (3) Patwari - An officer who kept accounts
    Show answer

    Answer: A. (2) Muqaddam - Clerk in the Revenue Depart‐ ment

    In medieval Indian administration: - Shiqdar: Generally an officer in charge of revenue collection and law and order in a Shiq (a larger administrative division) or a Pargana. - Muqaddam: The village headman, responsible for local administration and tax collection. - Patwari: Village accountant responsible for maintaining land revenue records. - Khasdar: Keeper of the Sultan's personal armoury or arsenal.The statement for Shiqdar is partially correct but not as precise as the other definitions. The term 'Muqaddam' being a 'Clerk in the Revenue Department' is factually incorrect; he was the village headman.

Public Works, Communication, and Irrigation

  1. Which Delhi Sultan built maximum number of canals?

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 65th

    1. Firuz Shah Tughluq
    2. Iltutmish
    3. Balban
    4. Sikandar Lodi
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Firuz Shah Tughluq

    Firuz Shah Tughluq (reigned 1351-1388) is renowned among the Delhi Sultans for undertaking extensive public works, including the construction of numerous canals, rest houses, hospitals, and towns, particularly focusing on irrigation to improve agriculture.

  2. Who among the following has described the medieval Indian postal system as of two kinds- the horse-post called 'Uluq' and the foot-post called 'Dawa'?

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 2 2022

    1. Al-Biruni
    2. Duarte Barbosa
    3. Ibn Battuta
    4. Seydi Ali Reis
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Ibn Battuta

    Ibn Battuta's 'Rihla' is a primary source for understanding the administrative systems, social life, and geography of the regions he visited, including the intricate postal system of the Delhi Sultanate.

  3. Which traveller described the postal system prevalent in India in the medieval period in detail ?

    Asked in: UPSC CISF AC EXE 2020

    1. Abdur Razzaq
    2. Ibn Battuta
    3. Pelsaert
    4. Bernier
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Ibn Battuta

    He described two types of postal systems: the horse post (uluq) which was faster and used horses stationed at intervals, and the foot post (dawa) which used runners.

  4. Which one of the following Sultans Delhi was the first to levy the irrigation tax ?

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2010

    1. Alauddin Khalji
    2. Balban
    3. Firoz Shah Tughlaq
    4. Mohammad bin Tughlaq
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Firoz Shah Tughlaq

    Firoz Shah Tughlaq (reigned 1351–1388) is known for his extensive public works, including the construction and repair of irrigation canals to promote agriculture. To fund the maintenance of these canals, he imposed an irrigation tax known as 'haq- i-sharb', amounting to one-tenth of the produce.

  5. During medieval period 'Chakanidan' word is used for - - Question not attempted

    Asked in: Archaeology and Museums Dept. Exam 2023 (Curator) 2023

    1. Sericulture
    2. Distillation
    3. Mining
    4. Irrigation
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Distillation

    The term 'Chakanidan' is an archaic term related to the production of alcoholic beverages through distillation.

Religious Administration and Ulema's Role

  1. Given below are two statements: Statement I : The Ulema were Muslim theologians who provided and interpreted passages from Quran. The Sultan was required to show respect, at least ostensibly, for Islamic institutions and pre- eminently to the ulemas. This involved the granting of endorsement to religious causes and offices to the ulemas, building of mosque etc. Statement II : The Ulema were concerned only about the religious aspect and had no voice in political matters. In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

    Asked in: HAS Prelims 2022

    1. Both statements I and II are true.
    2. Both statements I and II are false.
    3. Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
    4. Statement I is false but Statement II is true.
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

    - Statement I: This statement accurately describes the role of the Ulema during the Delhi Sultanate period. Ulema were indeed scholars of Islamic law and theology who interpreted the Quran and Sharia. Sultans, to gain legitimacy and acceptance, often showed respect to Islamic institutions and granted patronage and positions to the Ulema. Building mosques and supporting religious causes were common practices. - Statement II: This statement is incorrect. While their primary domain was religious law and theology, the Ulema were far from having "no voice in political matters." They often played a significant role in advising the Sultan on matters of law, justice, and governance, as the state was expected to function according to Islamic principles. Senior Ulema held important positions like Chief Qazi (judge) and Sadr-us-Sudur (in charge of religious affairs and charities). Their support or opposition could significantly influence the Sultan's political standing. Some Ulema actively participated in court politics.

  2. Who among the following strongly opposed the interference of the Ulemas in the affairs of the state ? (i) Balban (ii) Alauddin Khilji (iii) Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq (iv) Firoze Shah Tughlaq

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2014

    1. (i) and (ii)
    2. (ii) and (iii)
    3. (iii) and (iv)
    4. (iv) and (i)
    Show answer

    Answer: B. (ii) and (iii)

    Alauddin Khilji openly declared that he did not know what was lawful or unlawful according to Sharia but would do what he considered best for the state and the welfare of his people. Muhammad-bin- Tughlaq also believed in the supreme authority of the Sultan and sought advice from diverse scholars, not just the Ulemas, even punishing some who challenged his authority.

  3. Why Ulama's had great influence in Muslim society, politics, administration and religion?

    Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2022

    1. They were in great numbers during the Delhi Sultanate
    2. Due to their holy living and high thinking
    3. They were well-versed in Muslim theology and Fiqh.
    4. They controlled trade and industry
    Show answer

    Answer: C. They were well-versed in Muslim theology and Fiqh.

    - Ulama were the religious elite and legal scholars in Muslim society. - Fiqh is the understanding and interpretation of Islamic law derived from the Quran and Sunnah. - Delhi Sultans, though sometimes independent in practice, relied on the Ulama for legitimacy and guidance in administering justice and religious affairs according to Islamic norms. - Ulama often held judicial posts and controlled religious endowments and educational institutions.

  4. Khutba was

    Asked in: WBPSC CS Prelims 2021

    1. a sermon read in the name of the ruler at Friday prayers.
    2. a royal order.
    3. a religious decree.
    4. a tax.
    Show answer

    Answer: A. a sermon read in the name of the ruler at Friday prayers.

    Khutba is an integral part of the Friday congregational prayer (Jumu'ah) in Islam. Historically, especially during the Sultanate and Mughal periods in India, the Khutba included reading the name of the reigning ruler, which was considered an important symbol of sovereignty and legitimacy.

  5. Who were called Daster-Bandan?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2014

    1. Sufi Saints
    2. Khan
    3. Malik
    4. Ulema
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Ulema

    In the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal periods, the Ulema (Islamic scholars and theologians) were often referred to as 'Dastar-Bandan'. This term, literally meaning 'turban-wearers' or 'those whose turbans are tied', signified their esteemed status, religious authority, and their role as interpreters and protectors of Islamic law and tradition in the state.

  6. The historian Barani refused to consider the state in India under Delhi Sultans as truly Islamic because

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2002

    1. the majority of the population did not follow Islam
    2. the Muslims theologists were often disreg‐ arded
    3. the Sultan supplemented the Muslim law by framing his own regulations
    4. religious freedom was accorded to non- Muslims
    Show answer

    Answer: C. the Sultan supplemented the Muslim law by framing his own regulations

    The historian Ziauddin Barani, a conservative Muslim intellectual of the Delhi Sultanate period, criticized the Sultans (like Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad bin Tughlaq) for not strictly adhering to Islamic law (Sharia) as the sole basis for governance. He noted that the Sultans often formulated their own regulations, known as 'Zawabit', based on political and administrative requirements, which sometimes deviated from or supplemented the Sharia. This practice of the Sultan creating laws independent of, or in addition to, the strict religious code was a major reason for Barani to view the state as not being 'truly Islamic' according to his interpretation.

Revenue Administration and Land Systems (Kharaj, Jizya, Zakat, Khums, Methods of Collection)

  1. 31 The Jizia tax was levied of Hindus at first by

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2006

    1. Jalaluddin
    2. Iltutmish
    3. Balban
    4. Alauddin
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Iltutmish

    Iltutmish, as the consolidator of the Delhi Sultanate, laid the foundation for its administrative system, which included the imposition of Jizya on Hindu subjects, continuing the practice from earlier Islamic incursions and establishing it within the Sultanate framework.

  2. Which type of land was called 'Aprahat' ?

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 60 62rd

    1. Without cultivated forest land.
    2. Irrigated land.
    3. Dense forest land.
    4. Cultivated land.
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Without cultivated forest land.

    This term was used in ancient Indian land classifications, particularly in texts like the Amarakosha.

  3. Which Sultan demanded half the crops on land after measurement as revenue?

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 64th

    1. Iltutmish
    2. Balban
    3. Ala-ud-din Khilji
    4. Muhammad bin Tughluq
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Ala-ud-din Khilji

    - Ala-ud-din Khilji aimed to maximize revenue collection to fund his large army and prevent rebellions. - He also abolished the privileges of intermediaries (like Khuts and Muqaddams) and collected revenue directly from the peasants. - This measure significantly increased the burden on the peasantry.

  4. The Sultan who is said to have raised the land revenue to one-half of the produce was

    Asked in: JPSC CS Prelims 2014

    1. Balban
    2. Ala-ud-din Khilji
    3. Muhammad bin Tughluq
    4. Firuz Tughluq
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    Answer: B. Ala-ud-din Khilji

    - Ala-ud-din Khilji implemented drastic measures to augment state revenue and control the economy, primarily to maintain a large standing army. - He increased the kharaj (land tax) to 50% of the produce in the fertile Doab region and other directly administered areas. - He also abolished the privileges of intermediaries like chaudhuris, khuts, and muqaddams, forcing them to pay land revenue on their own lands and preventing them from levying local cesses.

  5. Sultan who raised the land revenue to fifty percent of the produce was

    Asked in: UKPSC CS Prelims 2016

    1. Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq
    2. Alauddin Khilji
    3. Firoz Shah Tughlaq
    4. Balban
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    Answer: B. Alauddin Khilji

    Sultan Alauddin Khilji (ruled 1296-1316) implemented stringent measures to increase state revenue and control the economy. One of his significant agrarian reforms was raising the land revenue demand (khiraj) to fifty percent (ardh) of the produce, particularly in the fertile Doab region. He also introduced land measurement (masahat) as the basis for assessment.

  6. Gadhaiya was a ________

    Asked in: UKPSC CS Prelims 2021

    1. Coin
    2. Land Tax
    3. Trade Tax
    4. Military Officer
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    Answer: A. Coin

    Gadhaiya coins, also known as Gadhaiya paisa or Gadhaiya Vigrahapala coins, were a series of base silver or copper alloy coins widely circulated in North and Western India from around the 8th century CE onwards. They were initially issued by dynasties like the Gurjara-Pratiharas and later by various smaller rulers, continuing in use for several centuries.

  7. Consider the following statements: In the revenue administration of Delhi Sultanate, the in-charge of revenue collection was known as 'Amil'. The Iqta system of Sultans of Delhi was an ancient indigenous institution. The office of 'Mir Bakshi' came into existence during the reign of Khalji Sultans of Delhi. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2019

    1. 1 only
    2. 1 and 2 only
    3. 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
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    Answer: A. 1 only

    GS 32 2023 IS DEEO 1505-2024 'Amil' was a revenue collector. The Iqta system was a land distribution system introduced by the Sultans. 'Mir Bakshi' was a Mughal office.

  8. Fawazil in the Sultanate period meant

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 1998

    1. extra payment made to the nobles
    2. revenue assigned in lieu of salary
    3. excess amount paid to the exchequer by the iqtadars
    4. illegal exactions extracted from the peasants
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    Answer: C. excess amount paid to the exchequer by the iqtadars

    - The Iqtadari system was a land distribution and administrative system used during the Delhi Sultanate. - An 'iqta' was a piece of land or area assigned to an 'iqtadar' (holder of iqta) in lieu of salary. - Iqtadars were responsible for collecting revenue, maintaining law and order, and providing troops to the Sultan when needed. - The surplus revenue remaining after meeting their expenses and salary was called 'fawazil'.

  9. Given below are two statements one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R). Assertion (A) : The territories of the Sultanate could be broadly divided into two parts-the Khalsa and the Jagirs. Reason (R) : The Jagirs comprised of the land under the control of the State. Select the correct answer from the code given below : Code : - If the question has multiple statements, format using ... - For Assertion/Reason, retain 'Statement-I' and 'Statement-II' clearly. - For matching pairs, use HTML

    Asked in: uppsc 2025 2025

    1. Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
    2. (A) is true, but (R) is false
    3. (A) is false, but (R) is true
    4. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
    Show answer

    Answer: B. (A) is true, but (R) is false

    Understanding the administrative and land revenue systems of historical states like the Delhi Sultanate is crucial for comprehending their governance structures and economic policies.