Delhi Sultanate: Slave Dynasty is part of Medieval History of India. Below are notes on 12 sub-topics, followed by practice MCQs from State PSC and UPSC papers.

Administrative Structure of the Mamluks

  • Sultan: Supreme authority (executive, judicial, military head).
  • Naib-e-Mumalik (Regent): Most powerful position after the Sultan, exercising royal powers.
  • Balban held the post of Naib-e-Mumalik under Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud (1246-1265).
  • Wazir (Diwan-i-Wizarat): Head of the finance department, responsible for revenue collection and expenditure.
  • Ariz-i-Mumalik (Diwan-i-Arz): Head of the military department, responsible for recruitment, organization, and inspection of troops.
  • Diwan-i-Risalat: Department dealing with religious affairs, appeals, or foreign correspondence.
  • Sadr-us-Sudur: Head of religious endowments and charities.
  • Qazi-ul-Quzat: Chief Justice of the Sultanate.
  • Barid-i-Mumalik: Head of the intelligence department and state news agency.
  • Vakil-i-Dar: Superintendent of the royal household.
  • Iqta System: Land assignments (Iqtas) granted to military commanders/nobles (Iqtadars/ Muqtis) in lieu of salary, who were responsible for revenue collection and maintaining troops for the Sultan.

Art and Architecture: Qutb Minar complex and early Indo-Islamic styles

  • Qutb Minar: Initiated by Qutbuddin Aibak (first storey).
  • Qutb Minar: Completed by Iltutmish (adding three more storeys, total four).
  • Note: Taimur (Timur) was a distinct invader from Samarkand who invaded India in 1398-99, primarily for plunder and destruction, differing from Muhammad Ghori's empire-building ambitions.
  • Qutb Minar: Named after Sufi saint Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki.
  • Qutb Minar Repairs/Additions:
    • Firoz Shah Tughlaq: Repaired after lightning strike, replaced damaged 4th storey, and added a 5th storey.
    • Sikander Lodi: Repaired and strengthened upper storeys in 1503 AD.
  • Qutb Minar Materials: Primarily red sandstone, with marble used in upper storeys (added by Firoz Shah Tughlaq).
  • Qutb Minar Style: Early Indo-Islamic architecture, showcasing a blend of traditional Indian and Islamic elements.
  • Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque (within Qutb Complex):
    • First mosque built by Delhi Sultans in India, constructed by Qutbuddin Aibak.
    • Built by demolishing and reusing materials (spolia) from existing Hindu and Jain temples.
    • Expanded by Iltutmish and Alauddin Khalji.
  • Iron Pillar (within Qutb Complex): Pre-Islamic origin, dating back to the Gupta period (Chandragupta II). Known for its rustresistant composition.
  • Tomb of Iltutmish (within Qutb Complex): Represents one of the earliest tombs of a Sultan in India.

Challenges to Mamluk Rule: Internal rebellions and Mongol threat

  • Mongols under Changez Khan (original name: Temuchin/Temujin) appeared on India's northwest frontier during Iltutmish's reign (c. 1221 AD), pursuing Jalal-ud-din Mangabarni.
  • Iltutmish wisely refused asylum to Mangabarni, thereby averting a direct Mongol invasion of Delhi.
  • Balban's reign (1266-1287 AD) also faced a continuous Mongol threat from the northwest.
  • Balban abandoned a policy of conquest in favor of consolidation primarily due to the ongoing Mongol threat and internal revolts.
  • Internal revolts and the willingness of Indian kings to assert independence were key challenges to Mamluk rule.
  • Govindraj of Ajmer established himself at Ranthambore during Qutubuddin Aibak's reign.
  • Tughril Khan, the governor of Bengal, raised a standard of revolt during Balban's reign (c. 1279 AD).
  • The Tughril Khan rebellion took place in Bengal and was ruthlessly suppressed by Balban.

Decline and Fall of the Slave Dynasty: Weak successors and the Khalji Revolution

  • After the death of Sultan Balban in 1287 AD, his chosen heir, Prince Muhammad, had already died.
  • Balban's second son, Bughra Khan (governor of Bengal), declined the throne.
  • Balban's grandson, Kaikobad, son of Bughra Khan, was raised to the throne by Fakhr-uddin, Kotwal of Delhi, in 1287 AD.
  • Kaikobad proved to be an incapable and pleasure-loving ruler, neglecting state affairs.
  • He suffered a paralytic stroke, leaving the administration in chaos.
  • His infant son, Kaimur (or Kyumars), was briefly made Sultan.
  • Jalal-ud-din Firuz Khalji, who was the `Arizi-Mumalik` (Minister of War) under Kaikobad, seized power.
  • Jalal-ud-din Khalji orchestrated the murder of Kaikobad (and later Kaimur).
  • In 1290 AD, Jalal-ud-din Khalji usurped the throne, ending the Slave (Mamluk) Dynasty and establishing the Khalji Dynasty.
  • This event is known as the 'Khalji Revolution', marking the end of the Turkish aristocracy's monopoly on power and opening the administration to broader sections of Muslims.

Establishment of the Mamluk/Slave Dynasty

The Mamluk/Slave Dynasty established the 1. Delhi Sultanate in India. Qutb-ud-din Aibak, a former military slave 2. (Mamluk) of Muhammad Ghori, founded the dynasty. The Mamluk/Slave Dynasty was established 3. in 1206 AD, upon Muhammad Ghori's death. The Mamluk/Slave Dynasty ruled from 1206 4. AD to 1290 AD. Key rulers of the Slave Dynasty in chronolo5. gical order include: Qutb-ud-din Aibak, Iltutmish, Raziya Sultan, and Ghiyas ud din Balban. Rulers like Qutb-ud-din Aibak, Iltutmish, and 6. Balban were slaves in their early lives before ascending the throne. Raziya Sultan, daughter of Iltutmish, was not 7. a slave. Alauddin Khilji (from the subsequent Khilji 8. Dynasty) was also not a slave. The chronological order of Delhi Sultanate 9. dynasties is: Slave (Mamluk) Dynasty (1206-1290), Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320), Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414), Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451), Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526).

Ghiyas ud din Balban: Theory of kingship and administrative centralization

  • Ghiyas ud din Balban belonged to the Mamluk (Slave) Dynasty.
  • He adopted the "Blood and Iron" policy, a method of ruthless governance and military suppression.
  • Balban's Theory of Kingship emphasized divine right; he called himself 'Zil-i-Ilahi' (Shadow of God) and believed the Sultan was God's shadow on Earth.
  • He aimed to restore the prestige and authority of the Sultan, centralizing all power in his hands.
  • To reinforce the Sultan's superiority, he introduced Persian court customs like 'Sajda' (prostration) and 'Paibos' (kissing the Sultan's feet).
  • He introduced the Persian festival of 'Nowruz' (New Year) in India.
  • Balban crushed the power of the 'Chahalgani' (Corps of Forty), a group of powerful Turkic nobles, to eliminate internal threats to the Sultan's authority.
  • He reorganized the military (Diwan-i-Arz) and established an efficient spy system (Barid) to maintain control and monitor nobles.
  • A major reason for his strong rule and administrative centralization was the need to protect the Sultanate from recurring Mongol invasions from the North-West.
  • His empire was regarded as a part of Dar-ulIslam due to his strong adherence to Islamic principles and consolidation of Muslim rule.
  • His elder son, Prince Mahmud, was known as "Khan-e-Shahid" (Martyr Prince) as he died fighting the Mongols in 1285.
  • Balban is not associated with the transfer of capital, which was done by Muhammad bin Tughluq.

Iqta System and Currency Reforms under Iltutmish

  • Iltutmish was the first Sultan of Delhi to declare Delhi as the capital of his empire, shifting it from Lahore.
  • Iqta System: Introduced by Iltutmish in the Delhi Sultanate.
  • Iqta System: It was a land assignment system, where large tracts of land (iqtas) were granted to military commanders and nobles in lieu of cash salaries.
  • Iqta System: Holders (Iqtadars, Muqtis, Walis) were responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting revenue, and supplying troops to the Sultan when required.
  • Iqta System: The grants were generally nonhereditary and transferable, though tendencies towards hereditary succession emerged later.
  • Currency Reforms: Iltutmish was the first Sultan of Delhi to issue regular currency and pure Arabic coinage.
  • Currency Reforms: Introduced two principal coins: the silver Tanka and the copper Jital.
  • Currency Reforms: The silver Tanka weighed 175 grains.
  • Currency Reforms: These coins had standard weight and purity, marking a significant step in the standardization of the monetary system of the Delhi Sultanate.

Military Reforms and Mongol Policy under Balban

  • Balban focused on consolidating the Sultanate and defending its borders, prioritizing military strength.
  • Military Reforms:
    • Abolished the 'Chahalgani' (Corps of Forty), effectively curbing the power of Turkish nobles.
    • Reorganized and strengthened the army (`Diwan-i-Arz`).
    • Made the military department (`Diwan-i-Arz`) directly under a loyal officer, independent of the `Wazir`.
    • Increased salaries and maintained strict discipline among soldiers.
    • Emphasized a strong central army over feudal levies.
  • Mongol Policy (North-West Frontier Policy):
    • Balban adopted a "blood and iron" policy towards internal revolts and external threats, particularly the Mongols.
    • He was the first Sultan to formulate a systematic north-west frontier policy for defense.
    • Avoided expansionist wars to concentrate resources on defense against Mongols.
    • Repaired old forts and constructed new ones along the frontier (e.g., Lahore, Samana, Sunam).
    • Garrisoned these forts with strong Afghan soldiers (`ghazis`).
    • Divided the frontier into two commands: the region of Samana and Sunam (initially under Sher Khan, later Bughra Khan) and the region of Multan, Sindh, and Lahore (under Prince Muhammad).
    • Prince Muhammad, Balban's eldest son, died fighting Mongols in 1286 near Multan.
    • His policy was primarily defensive, ensuring the Sultanate's security from recurring Mongol incursions, which were a significant threat throughout his reign, even though Genghis Khan's initial threat was during Iltutmish's reign.

Qutb al-Din Aibak: Foundation and early challenges

  • Qutb al-Din Aibak was originally a slave of Turkestan origin.
  • He was purchased by Qazi Fakhruddin Abdul Aziz Kufi in Nishapur and later sold to Muhammad of Ghur.
  • He served as Muhammad Ghori's general and successor in his Indian territories.
  • Aibak founded the Slave/Mamluk Dynasty (first dynasty of Delhi Sultanate) in 1206.
  • His reign lasted from 1206 to 1210.
  • He initially ruled from Lahore; Delhi was established as the capital by Iltutmish.
  • He was known as "Lakh Baksh" (giver of lakhs) due to his generosity.
  • Qutb al-Din Aibak died in 1210 after a fall from his horse while playing Chaugan (polo) in Lahore.

Razia Sultan: Accession, challenges, and downfall

Razia Sultan (1236-1240 AD) was the daugh1. ter of Sultan Iltutmish of the Slave Dynasty. She was nominated by Iltutmish himself as 2. his successor, overriding his sons. She became the first and only female Muslim 3. ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. Razia discarded traditional female attire and 4. purdah, appearing in public dressed as a man, which was resented by conservative Turkish nobles. She faced strong opposition from the 5. 'Turkan-i-Chahalgani' (Corps of Forty), a powerful group of Turkish nobles formed by Iltutmish. Her appointment of non-Turks, particularly 6. Jamal-ud-din Yakut, an Abyssinian, to high offices (Amir-i-Akhur or Master of Stables), further fueled discontent among the Turkish nobility. A major rebellion was led by Ikhtiyar-ud-din 7. Altunia, the governor of Bhatinda (Tabarhind). Yakut was killed during this rebellion, and 8. Razia was imprisoned at Tabarhind. Razia married Altunia to reclaim the throne 9. from her half-brother Bahram Shah, who had been enthroned by the Turkish nobles. Razia and Altunia were defeated by Bahram 10. Shah's forces near Delhi. She was defeated and assassinated by bandits 11. (or her opponents) near Kaithal, Haryana, in October 1240 while fleeing. Turkish nobles were instrumental in her de12. position and eventual downfall.

Shams ud-Din Iltutmish: Consolidation of the Sultanate and administrative reforms

  • Shams ud-Din Iltutmish was referred to as 'a slave of a slave' as he was a slave of Qutbuddin Aibak, who was a slave of Muhammad Ghori.
  • Shifted the capital of the Delhi Sultanate from Lahore to Delhi.
  • Successfully consolidated the Sultanate by defeating powerful rivals: Tajuddin Yeldoz (ruler of Ghazni), Nasiruddin Kubacha (ruler of Multan and Sindh), and Ali Mardan/Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah (ruler of Bengal).
  • Malik Altunia was a rival/opponent of Razia Sultan, not Iltutmish.
  • Averted a major Mongol invasion by strategically refusing asylum to Khwarezm Shah Jalal-ud-din Mangabarni, who was being pursued by Genghis Khan.
  • Received 'Manshur' (letter of investiture) from the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mustansir Billah of Baghdad in 1229, officially recognizing him as the Sultan of Delhi.
  • First Sultan to inscribe the name of the Caliph of Baghdad on his coins, which significantly legitimized the Delhi Sultanate's rule.
  • Introduced the Iqta system, where land assignments (iqtas) were given to nobles in lieu of cash salaries, establishing a decentralized administrative framework.
  • Reformed currency by introducing pure Arabic coinage: the silver Tanka (approx. 175 grains) and the copper Jital, which became standard for the Sultanate.
  • Organized the 'Turkan-i-Chahalgani' or 'Chahalgan' (Corps of Forty), a powerful council of loyal Turkish slave-nobles.
  • His direct successors included his children: Rukn-ud-din Firoz Shah, Razia Sultan, Muizud-din Bahram Shah, and Nasir-ud-din Mahmud.

Turkan-i-Chahalgani (Council of Forty)

  • Organised by Sultan Iltutmish (1211-1236 AD) during the Slave Dynasty.

3. Khalji Dynasty

Alauddin

Khalji:

Usurpation

and

consolidation of power

  • Alauddin Khalji, nephew and son-in-law of Jalaluddin Khalji.
  • Murdered Jalaluddin Khalji at Kara in 1296 after the Devagiri campaign to usurp the throne.
  • Proclaimed himself Sultan in 1296.
  • Destroyed the political dominance of Ulemas; separated religion from state affairs.
  • Assumed titles: "Yamin-ul-Khilafat" and "Nasir-e-amir-ul-Momineen".
  • Known for his military prowess and successful generalship.
  • First Delhi Sultan to attack Southern kingdoms, campaigns led by his general Malik Kafur.
  • Malik Kafur was known as 'Hazar-Dinari' (bought for 1000 dinars).
  • The famous poet Amir Khusro was patronized in his court.
  • Ala-ul-Mulk, Kotwal of Delhi, advised Alauddin to consolidate his empire over Hindustan and secure its routes (e.g., Multan), rather than pursuing world conquest or founding a new religion.
  • Known as 'Turkan-i-Chahalgani', 'Turk Forty', or 'Amir-i-Chahalgani' (meaning 'Council of Forty').
  • Comprised a group of forty powerful and trusted Turkic slave officers/nobles.
  • Purpose was to assist the Sultan in administration and establish a loyal group of supporters for the throne.
  • Gained immense power and influence after Iltutmish's death, often acting as kingmakers.
  • Its power was systematically crushed and ultimately broken by Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban (1266-1287 AD).
  • Balban, himself once a member, dismantled it to curb the influence of powerful nobles and consolidate central authority.

Practice MCQs: Delhi Sultanate: Slave Dynasty

Administrative Structure of the Mamluks

  1. During the reign of which ruler did Balban get the post of Naib-e-Mumalik? - (1) Masud Shah - (2) Bahram Shah - (3) Nasiruddin Mahmud - (4) Iltutmish

    1. Option text
    2. Option text
    3. Option text
    4. Option text
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Option text

  2. The popular name of Muizuddin Muhammad Bin Sam was

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 3 2021

    1. Sultan Mahmud
    2. Muhammad Ghori
    3. Timur
    4. None of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Muhammad Ghori

    Muhammad Ghori was a ruler from the Ghurid dynasty who is credited with establishing the Delhi Sultanate in India after defeating Rajput confederacies in battles like Tarain (second battle) and Chandawar.

  3. Muhammad Ghori did not use the Khyber Pass as the route for entering India. Which Pass was used by him?

    Asked in: GS Asst Architect PWD 02 2025

    1. Khunjerab Pass
    2. Gomal Pass
    3. Bolan Pass
    4. Tochi Pass
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Bolan Pass

    The Bolan Pass is a mountain pass in Balochistan, Pakistan, that provides access to the Indian subcontinent from the Iranian plateau. It has historically been a crucial route for trade and invasions. Head Master Praveshika School (Sanskrit Edu.) -2021 Ghiyas ud-din Balban served as the Naib (deputy) during the reign of Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud of the Delhi Sultanate. After Nasiruddin Mahmud's death, Balban ascended the throne himself.

Art and Architecture: Qutb Minar complex and early Indo-Islamic styles

  1. Who among the following is not related to the construction and repair work of Qutub Minar? (1) Qutubuddin Aibak (2) Sikander Lodi (3) Firoz Shah Tughlaq (4) Mohammad Tughlaq (5) Question not attempted

    Asked in: Archaeology and Museums Dept. Exam 2023 (Curator) 2023

    1. Qutubuddin Aibak
    2. Sikander Lodi
    3. Firoz Shah Tughlaq
    4. Mohammad Tughlaq
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Mohammad Tughlaq

    - Qutubuddin Aibak Started the construction of Qutub Minar. - Sikander Lodi Repaired the damaged upper storeys. - Firoz Shah Tughlaq Carried out extensive repairs after an earthquake damaged the minaret.

  2. Which ruler completed the structure of Qutub Minar?

    Asked in: Assistant Engineer (AE) Exam 2013

    1. Qutbuddin Aibak
    2. Balban
    3. Razia Sultana
    4. Iltutmish
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Iltutmish

    Iltutmish completed the construction of the Qutub Minar.

Challenges to Mamluk Rule: Internal rebellions and Mongol threat

  1. Tughril Khan raised a standard of revolt during whose reign?

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 67th Re Exam

    1. Alauddin Khalji
    2. Feroz Tughluq
    3. Khizr Khan
    4. Balban
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Balban

    Tughril Khan was a governor of Bengal who revolted against Balban.

  2. The Mongols under Changez Khan invaded India during the reign of

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2013

    1. Balban
    2. Firoz Tughlaq
    3. Iltutmish
    4. Babur
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Iltutmish

    Changez Khan's pursuit brought the Mongol threat to India's frontier during the early years of the Delhi Sultanate. Although Changez Khan himself did not launch a full-scale invasion of the Indian subcontinent, the Mongol presence on the border remained a major challenge for the Delhi Sultans for decades.

  3. Which one of the following was not a reason for Balban abandoning the policy of conquest and adopting the policy of consolidation ?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2009

    1. Threat of external invasion
    2. Internal revolts
    3. Indian Kings willing to throw off the Turkish rule
    4. His weak nature
    Show answer

    Answer: D. His weak nature

    Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban (reigned 1266-1287) adopted a policy of consolidation rather than extensive conquest for several reasons. He faced constant threats of external invasion, particularly from the Mongols in the northwest frontier. Internal revolts and disturbances, such as those by the Mewatis and in the Doab region, required his attention and resources for suppression. The Turkish rule faced challenges from various Indian rulers who sought to assert independence, necessitating a strong central authority and control over existing territories. Balban is known for his strong, autocratic, and stern personality and his rigorous policy of 'blood and iron' to strengthen the state and the authority of the Sultan. His nature was far from weak.

  4. W hich Sultan of Delhi was a contemporary of the Mongol leader Chengiz Khan ?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2011

    1. Iltutmish
    2. Razia
    3. Balban
    4. Alauddin Khalji
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Iltutmish

    Chengiz Khan led Mongol campaigns across Central Asia and Persia in the early 13th century. His pursuit of Jalal-ud-din Mingburnu, the ruler of Khwarazm, brought him to the borders of India in 1221 CE, during Iltutmish's reign. Iltutmish skillfully avoided a potential Mongol invasion by refusing asylum to Jalal-ud-din.

  5. The original name of Changez (Genghis) Khan was

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2015

    1. Khasul Khan
    2. Yesugai
    3. Temuchin (Tenurjin)
    4. Ogadi
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Temuchin (Tenurjin)

    Genghis Khan's birth name was Temujin, a significant detail in understanding his early life and rise to power.

  6. Which Sultan of Delhi was a contemporary of the Mongol leader Chengiz Khan ?

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2007

    1. Iltutmish
    2. Razia
    3. Balban
    4. AlauddinKhalji
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Iltutmish

    During Iltutmish's reign, the Mongol Empire under Chengiz Khan reached its peak and expanded into Central Asia. The Khwarazmian Empire, located to the northwest of India, was destroyed by the Mongols, leading to the flight of the Khwarazmian prince Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu towards India.

  7. During the reign of which Sultan of Delhi Sultanate, Govindraj of Ajmer established himself at Ranthambore? (1) Balban (3) Qutubuddin Aibak (5) Question not attempted (2) Nasiruddin Mahmud (4) Iltutmish

    Asked in: Exam 2024 Group a 2024

    1. Balban
    2. Nasiruddin Mahmud
    3. Qutubuddin Aibak
    4. Iltutmish
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Iltutmish

    Lecturer and Coach (School Edu. Dept.) Comp. Historical context of the establishment of the Chauhan dynasty at Ranthambore and the ruling Delhi Sultan during that period.

  8. During Balban's rule, where did the revolt of Tughril Khan took place?

    Asked in: mineral dev officier 2025

    1. Awadh
    2. Delhi
    3. Bengal
    4. Malwa
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Bengal

    Balban was a strong ruler who consolidated the power of the Delhi Sultanate. He dealt firmly with rebellions to maintain order and his authority.

Decline and Fall of the Slave Dynasty: Weak successors and the Khalji Revolution

  1. Who became the Sultan of Delhi after the death of Balban?

    Asked in: BJS 2023

    1. Razia Begum
    2. Bughra Khan
    3. Kaikobad
    4. Jalal-ud-din Khalji
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Jalal-ud-din Khalji

    Jalal-ud-din Khalji became the Sultan of Delhi after the death of Balban, following a brief reign by Kaiqubad.

Establishment of the Mamluk/Slave Dynasty

  1. Which ruler was a slave in his early life?

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2006

    1. Sher Shah
    2. Qutb-ud-din Aibak
    3. Bahadur Shah
    4. Khizr Khan
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Qutb-ud-din Aibak

    Aibak's career began as a slave, but he achieved significant military and administrative positions, culminating in his rule.

  2. Who ruler ascended the Throne of Delhi in AD?

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2006

    1. Sultan Mahmud
    2. Muhammad bin Kasim
    3. Qutb-ud-din Aibak
    4. Muhammad Ghori
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Qutb-ud-din Aibak

    Although the question is incomplete ("in AD?"), given the options and the context of Delhi's throne, it refers to the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate.

  3. Who founded the Slave Dynasty which ruled from 1206 to 1290 ? The possible founders are: (a) Mahmud Ghazni, (b) Muhammad Ghori, (c) Qutb-ud-Din Aibak, (d) Iltutmish. Which of the options given above is/are correct?

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2022

    1. Only (a) and (c)
    2. Only (b) and (d)
    3. Only (a)
    4. Only (c)
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Only (c)

    The Slave Dynasty (or Mamluk Dynasty) was founded by Qutb-ud-Din Aibak in 1206. He was a former slave and a trusted general of Muhammad Ghori. Upon Ghori's death, Aibak declared himself the ruler of the territories in India that Ghori had conquered, establishing the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.

  4. Choose the correct sequence of the following using the codes given below : I. Qutbuddin Aibak, Iltutmish, Raziya, Balban II. Jahangir, Humayun, Akbar, Shahjahan III. Balaji Viswanath, Balaji Baji rao, Baji Rao I, Shivaji

    Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2015

    1. I and II only
    2. II and III only
    3. I only
    4. III only
    Show answer

    Answer: C. I only

    - Sequence I lists rulers of the Delhi Sultanate in their correct chronological order: Qutbuddin Aibak (1206-1210), Shams ud-Din Iltutmish (1211-1236), Raziya Sultan (1236-1240), Ghiyas ud-Din Balban (1266-1287). - Sequence II lists Mughal emperors. The correct order is Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan. The sequence provided (Jahangir, Humayun, Akbar, Shahjahan) is incorrect. - Sequence III lists Maratha figures. Shivaji (1627/30-1680) precedes the Peshwas. The correct order of the mentioned Peshwas is Balaji Vishwanath (1713-1720), Baji Rao I (1720-1740), Balaji Baji Rao (1740-1761). The sequence given (Balaji Viswanath, Balaji Baji rao, Baji Rao I, Shivaji) is incorrect. - Only Sequence I presents the figures in correct chronological order.

  5. Which among the following sultans of the Slave dynasty was not a slave ?

    Asked in: WBPSC CS Prelims 2015

    1. Qutb-ud-din Aibak
    2. Iltutmish
    3. Raziya
    4. Balban
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Raziya

    - The Slave Dynasty rulers were mostly Mamluks (military slaves). - Raziya Sultan was the daughter of Iltutmish. - Daughters of former slaves are typically born free.

  6. Which Sultan was not a slave before he ascended the throne?

    Asked in: WBPSC CS Prelims 2021

    1. Qutub-ud-din Aibak
    2. Iltutmish
    3. Alauddin Khilji
    4. Balban
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Alauddin Khilji

    The early Sultans of Delhi from the Mamluk dynasty (Aibak, Iltutmish, Balban) were former slaves. The Khilji dynasty rulers, like Alauddin Khilji, were not from a slave background.

  7. In which order did the following dynasties rule Delhi? Select the correct answer from the code given below: 1. Khalji 2. Lodi 3. Sayyid 4. Slave Codes :

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2012

    1. 1,2,4,3
    2. 1,2,3,4
    3. 2,3,4,1
    4. 4,1,3,2
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 4,1,3,2

    - The Delhi Sultanate was ruled by five major dynasties consecutively from 1206 to 1526. - The chronological order of these dynasties is: 1. Slave Dynasty (Mamluk Dynasty) (1206-1290) 2. Khalji Dynasty (1290-1320) 3. Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414) 4. Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451) 5. Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526) - The question lists four of these dynasties. Arranging them according to the actual chronology gives the order: Slave (4), Khalji (1), Sayyid (3), Lodi (2).

  8. Delhi Sultanate was established in India in

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 3 2022

    1. 1205 AD
    2. 1215 AD
    3. 1206 AD
    4. 1207 AD
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 1206 AD

    The year 1206 AD marks the beginning of the Sultanate period in Indian history, which lasted for over 300 years under various dynasties.

Ghiyas ud din Balban: Theory of kingship and administrative centralization

  1. Which Delhi Sultan is known for adopting the 'blood and iron' policy?

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 66th

    1. Iltutmish
    2. Balban
    3. Ala-ud-din Khalji
    4. Muhammad bin Tughluq
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Balban

    Balban (reigned 1266-1287) was a powerful Sultan of the Mamluk dynasty (or Slave dynasty) of Delhi Sultanate. Facing internal rebellions, external threats, and the declining prestige of the Sultan, he implemented a severe and authoritarian policy known as the 'blood and iron' policy (loosely translated from Persian 'Siyasat-i-gardun'), which involved ruthless suppression of enemies, maintaining a strong army, and asserting the Sultan's absolute authority. - Iltutmish was the actual founder of the Delhi Sultanate and organized it. - Ala-ud-din Khalji was known for his market regulations and conquests. - Muhammad bin Tughluq was known for his eccentric projects and administrative reforms.

  2. The Muslim ruler whose empire was regarded as a part of Dar-ul-Islam was

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 67th Re Exam

    1. Razia
    2. Iltutmish
    3. Nasir-ud-Din
    4. Balban
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Iltutmish

    Iltutmish received recognition from the Caliphate, which formally brought the Delhi Sultanate into Dar-ul-Islam.

  3. Who among the following introduced the Persian festival Nowruz in India?

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 69th

    1. Firuz Shah Tughlaq
    2. Alauddin Khilji
    3. Balban
    4. Iltutmish
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Balban

    Balban, a ruler of the Delhi Sultanate from the Mamluk dynasty, introduced Persian customs and festivals, including Nowruz, to enhance the prestige of the king and enforce strict court discipline, drawing inspiration from Persian court models.

  4. Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R). Assertion (A): Balban made his government firm and centralised all authority in his hands. Reason (R): He wanted to protect the north- west frontier against Mongol invasions. Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2024

    1. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
    2. (A) is false, but (R) is true.
    3. Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
    4. (A) is true, but (R) is false.
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

    - Balban (Ghiyas ud din Balban), Sultan of Delhi (1266-1287), faced significant internal challenges (power of nobles, weak administration after Iltutmish) and external threats (Mongols). - He adopted a policy of "Blood and Iron" to strengthen his rule, crushing internal rebellions and asserting the supremacy of the Sultan. - He disbanded the Corps of Forty (Chahalgani) nobles who had become powerful. - He organized a strong army and established a robust espionage system. - He gave high priority to the defence of the north-west frontier against the recurring Mongol invasions, fortifying strategically important locations and deploying his best generals there. - The necessity of consolidating resources and power to effectively counter the formidable Mongol threat was a primary driver for his centralizing policies.

  5. Which Sultan of Delhi is said to have followed the policy of "blood and iron" ?

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2009

    1. lliuimish
    2. Balban
    3. Jalaluddin Firoz Khalji
    4. Firoz Shah Tughlaq
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Balban

    - Balban (reigned 1266–1287) faced internal rebellions and external threats from Mongols and rebellious Hindu chiefs. - He implemented strict discipline in the army, established a spy system, suppressed disorder ruthlessly, and introduced the Persian court ceremony (sijda and paibos) to enhance the Sultan's authority and dignity, reflecting a stern and autocratic rule often summarized as the policy of "blood and iron."

  6. After consolidating his power, Balban assumed the grand title of

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 1997

    1. Tute-i-Hind
    2. Kaisr-i-Hind
    3. Zil-i-Ilahi
    4. Din-i-Ilahi
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Zil-i-Ilahi

    This is a historical fact related to the reign of Balban in the Delhi Sultanate. It tests knowledge about significant rulers and the titles they adopted to assert their authority.

  7. Which of these Delhi Sultans believed that Sultan was the ‘Shadow of God’? - Alauddin Khalji - Muhammad Tughlaq - Balban - Sikander Lodi Choose the correct code - (1) B & D (2) A & D (3) A & B (4) B & C (5) Question not attempted

    Asked in: Department Recruitment 2024 (Research Scholar) 2024

    1. B & D
    2. A & D
    3. A & B
    4. B & C
    Show answer

    Answer: C. A & B

    The concept of divine right of kingship was employed by rulers to legitimize their rule and demand absolute obedience from their subjects. Balban's reign marked a shift towards a more centralized and authoritarian form of governance in the Delhi Sultanate.

  8. Who followed the blood and iron policy?

    Asked in: APPSCCE 2020 Prelims 2020

    1. Ghiyas ud din Balban
    2. Qutb-ud-din Aibak
    3. Iltutmish
    4. Razia Sultana
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Ghiyas ud din Balban

    The "blood and iron" policy was a doctrine of statecraft aimed at consolidating power and maintaining internal stability through authoritarian means. It involved a strong military presence and harsh punitive measures against opposition.

Iqta System and Currency Reforms under Iltutmish

  1. Who was the first Sultan of Delhi to Issue regular currency and declared Delhi as the capital of his empire?

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2014

    1. Nasiruddin Mahmud
    2. Iltutmish
    3. AramShah
    4. Balban
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Iltutmish

    Iltutmish's actions in moving the capital to Delhi and introducing standardized currency were crucial steps in establishing the Sultanate as a stable and independent polity.

Military Reforms and Mongol Policy under Balban

  1. Name the Sultan of Delhi who first introduced the north-west frontier policy.

    Asked in: WBPSC CS Prelims 2023

    1. Iltutmish
    2. Balban
    3. Raziya
    4. Alauddin Khalji
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Balban

    - The Mongol invasions posed a severe threat to the Delhi Sultanate from the time of Iltutmish. - Balban's policy involved both defensive measures (fortification, troop deployment) and appointing trusted personnel to the frontier provinces. - While Alauddin Khalji also implemented strong measures against Mongols later, Balban's reign saw the formalization and prioritization of a frontier defense policy.

  2. The Mongols under Genghis Khan invaded India during the reign of

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2001

    1. Balban
    2. Feroze Tughlaq
    3. Iltutmish
    4. Muhammad bin Tughlaq
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Iltutmish

    - Genghis Khan's campaigns reached the Indus region during the early 13th century. - Iltutmish was the Sultan of Delhi at that time. - Later rulers like Balban, Feroze Tughlaq, and Muhammad bin Tughlaq also faced Mongol invasions, but the initial threat under Genghis Khan was during Iltutmish's reign.

Qutb al-Din Aibak: Foundation and early challenges

  1. Who is described in the following statement ? He was originally a slave of Turkestan. In his childhood he was brought by a merchant to Nishapur, where Qazi Fakhruddin Abdul Aziz Kufi purchased him. The Qazi's son sold him to a merchant who in turn sold him to Muhammad of Ghur.

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2016

    1. Qutub-ud-din Aibak
    2. Balban
    3. Ikhtiyar-ud-din Muhammad
    4. Iltutmish
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Qutub-ud-din Aibak

    The description provided perfectly matches the early life and rise of Qutub-ud-din Aibak. Born in Turkestan, he was captured and sold into slavery as a child. He was purchased by Qazi Fakhruddin Abdul Aziz Kufi in Nishapur. After the Qazi's death, his son sold Aibak to a merchant, from whom he was eventually purchased by Muhammad of Ghur. Aibak's military talents led to his rapid promotion, becoming a trusted general and later viceroy of Muhammad of Ghur's Indian territories. After Ghur's death, Aibak established the Delhi Sultanate, founding the Mamluk or Slave dynasty.

  2. Who among the following established Delhi as a Capital of Sultanate ?

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2012

    1. Muizzuddin Muhammad Gori
    2. Qutubuddin Aibak
    3. Iltutmish
    4. Aram Shah
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Iltutmish

    While Qutubuddin Aibak is considered the founder of the Delhi Sultanate (1206 CE), he initially ruled from Lahore. It was his successor and son-in-law, Iltutmish (reigned 1211-1236 CE), who shifted the capital from Lahore to Delhi. Iltutmish consolidated the Sultanate's power and effectively established Delhi as its political and administrative centre, earning him the title of the "real consolidator" of the Delhi Sultanate.

  3. How did Sultan Qutb-ud-din Aibak die?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2003

    1. He was treacherously stabbed to death by one of his ambitious nobles
    2. He was killed in a battle with Taj-u-din Yildiz, the ruler of Ghazni who entered into a contest with him over the capture of Punjab
    3. He sustained injuries while besieging the fortress of Kalinjar in Bundelkhand and succumbed to death later
    4. He died after a fall from his horse while playing Chaugan
    Show answer

    Answer: D. He died after a fall from his horse while playing Chaugan

    - Historical accounts confirm that Qutb-ud-din Aibak, the founder of the Delhi Sultanate (Slave Dynasty), died in 1210 A.D. in Lahore. - His death occurred as a result of a fall from his horse while he was playing Chaugan, a form of polo. He was impaled on the pommel of his saddle. - Option A is incorrect; he was not treacherously stabbed. - Option B is incorrect; while there were conflicts with Yildiz over control of territories including Punjab, Aibak's death was accidental, not in battle with Yildiz. - Option C is incorrect; this description does not match the circumstances of Aibak's death. The siege of Kalinjar was associated with earlier campaigns, and his death was accidental while playing a sport.

  4. Who was known as "Lakh Baksh"?

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 3 2022

    1. Balban
    2. Qutubuddin Aibak
    3. Bahlol Lodi
    4. Ibrahim Lodi
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Qutubuddin Aibak

    Qutubuddin Aibak, the founder of the Delhi Sultanate and the first ruler of the Mamluk dynasty, was known by the epithet "Lakh Baksh" (giver of lakhs) due to his legendary generosity, particularly in distributing wealth and gifts to his people.

  5. Who was the general and successor of Muhammad Ghori?

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 3 2023

    1. Muhammad-ibn-Bakhtyar
    2. Qutub-uddin Aibak
    3. Tajuddin Yaldiz
    4. Nasiruddin
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Qutub-uddin Aibak

    - Muhammad Ghori did not have a male heir and treated his slave generals as his sons, preparing them for leadership. - Qutb-ud-din Aibak was appointed as the viceroy of Ghori's Indian possessions and was based in Delhi. - Other prominent generals of Ghori included Tajuddin Yaldiz (who controlled Ghazni) and Nasiruddin Qabacha (who controlled Multan and Sindh). Muhammad-ibn-Bakhtyar Khilji was another general responsible for the conquest of Bengal and Bihar.

  6. Who was also known as Lakh Baksh?

    Asked in: Agriculture Development Officer 2021

    1. Iltutmish
    2. Alauddin Khilji
    3. Ahmed Shah
    4. Qutub-ud-din Aibak
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Qutub-ud-din Aibak

    Qutub-ud-din Aibak earned the title 'Lakh Baksh' for his extraordinary generosity.

Razia Sultan: Accession, challenges, and downfall

  1. Razia Sultana was the ruler of

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2006

    1. Slave Dynasty
    2. Khilji Dynasty
    3. Tughlaq Dynasty
    4. Sai Dynasty
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Slave Dynasty

    Razia Sultana was the first and only female Muslim ruler of Delhi. She belonged to the Slave Dynasty which ruled Delhi from 1206 to 1290.

  2. Where was Razia Sultan defeated and assassinated?

    Asked in: HAS Prelims 2019

    1. Palwal
    2. Panipat
    3. Jhajjar
    4. Kaithal
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Kaithal

    Historical accounts place Razia Sultan's final moments and death near Kaithal after her defeat. This location is significant in the history of the Delhi Sultanate as the site where its only female monarch met her end.

  3. Who were instrumental in deposing Raziya Begum ?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2008

    1. Afghans
    2. Mongols
    3. Turkish
    4. Arabs
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Turkish

    The Turkish nobility played a decisive role in the political power struggles within the Delhi Sultanate during this period, often acting as kingmakers or deposers. Raziya's rule was seen as a challenge to their power and patriarchal norms.

  4. The first woman ruler of the Delhi Sultanate was

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 3 2022

    1. Rabeya
    2. Rokeya
    3. Razia
    4. Zubeida
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Razia

    Raziya Sultana (often spelled Razia or Raziya) was the daughter of Sultan Iltutmish. She became the ruler of the Delhi Sultanate in 1236 CE and reigned until 1240 CE. She is historically recognized as the first and only female monarch of the Delhi Sultanate.

Shams ud-Din Iltutmish: Consolidation of the Sultanate and administrative reforms

  1. Who among the following was not the rivals of Iltutmish ?

    Asked in: UKPSC CS Prelims 2021

    1. Tajuddin Yeldoz
    2. Nasiruddin Kubacha
    3. Ali Mardan
    4. Malik Altunia
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Malik Altunia

    Iltutmish faced significant internal and external challenges after succeeding Qutubuddin Aibak, including consolidating the newly established Sultanate, suppressing rebellious factions, and dealing with external threats like the Mongols.

  2. Which one of the following Sultans, was not an off spring of Iltutmish, but was the last successor of his dynasty ?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2009

    1. Rukn-ud-din Firoz
    2. Razia
    3. Muizuddin Bahram Shah
    4. Nasiruddin Mahmud
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Nasiruddin Mahmud

    This question is poorly phrased as all the options provided (Rukn-ud-din Firoz, Razia, Muizuddin Bahram Shah, and Nasiruddin Mahmud) were historically sons or a daughter of Sultan Iltutmish and thus were his offspring. However, if we interpret the question as asking which among these options, while being an offspring, was the last ruler from Iltutmish's direct line before the effective power shifted significantly (to Balban, who was not an offspring), then Nasiruddin Mahmud (reigned 1246-1266) is the most plausible intended answer. He was the last of Iltutmish's sons to rule, and his reign was followed by that of Ghiyasuddin Balban, who was Iltutmish's slave and son-in-law, not an offspring.

  3. On whose coins the name of Ihc last Caliph of Baghdad appeared for the first time ?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2012

    1. Qutbuddin Aibak
    2. Htutmish
    3. Alauddin Khalji
    4. Alauddin MasudShah
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Htutmish

    Iltutmish (reigned 1211-1236 CE) solidified the Delhi Sultanate. In 1229, he received a robe of honour and a letter of investiture from the Abbasid Caliph al-Mustansir in Baghdad. This recognition was highly significant as it provided legitimacy to his rule. After this event, Iltutmish inscribed the name of the Caliph on his coins, identifying himself as the Caliph's deputy.

  4. Who was called ‘a slave of a slave’?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2016

    1. Mohd. Ghori
    2. Qutubuddin Aibak
    3. Balban
    4. Iltutmish
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Iltutmish

    The Mamluk dynasty (or Slave Dynasty) was founded by Qutubuddin Aibak, a former slave of Muhammad Ghori. Many rulers of this dynasty were initially slaves who rose to positions of power.

  5. Which one of the following was the capital of the Sultanate during the reign of Iltutmish? (a) Agra (b) Badaun (c) Lahore (d) Delhi

    Asked in: RO ARO pre 2016

    1. Agra
    2. Badaun
    3. Lahore
    4. Delhi
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Delhi

    RO ARO pre -2016 Iltutmish made Delhi the permanent capital of the Delhi Sultanate.

  6. Which one of the following was the capital of the Sultanate during the reign of Iltutmish ? (a) Agra (b) Lahore (c) Badaun (d) Delhi

    Asked in: RO ARO pre 2016

    1. Agra
    2. Lahore
    3. Badaun
    4. Delhi
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Delhi

    Iltutmish was a significant ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, and his decision to move the capital to Delhi had long-lasting implications for the region's history and development.

Turkan-i-Chahalgani (Council of Forty)

  1. A group of forty slaves called "Turk Forty" was organised by

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2006

    1. Qutb-ud-din Aibak
    2. Iltutmish
    3. Alauddin Khilji
    4. Balban
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Iltutmish

    Iltutmish organized the Turkan-i-Chahalgani to centralize power and rely on loyal administrators, but it later became a powerful faction itself that played a significant role in the succession struggles after his death.

  2. Who broke the power of ‘Chahalgani’ nobles?

    Asked in: WBPSC CS Prelims 2018

    1. Ghiyasuddin Balban
    2. Iltutmish
    3. Alauddin Khalji
    4. Muhammad bin Tughlaq
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Ghiyasuddin Balban

    Iltutmish had organized a group of forty loyal Turkish nobles known as the 'Turkan-i-Chahalgani' or 'Group of Forty'. Over time, this group became very powerful and acted as kingmakers. Ghiyasuddin Balban, who rose from being a member of this group to becoming the Sultan of Delhi, systematically broke the power and influence of the Chahalgani nobles to strengthen the authority of the monarch.

  3. Who among the following constituted Turkan-e-Chihalgani ?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2009

    1. Qutubuddin Aibak
    2. Iltutmish
    3. Balban
    4. None of these
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Iltutmish

    This group was initially a source of strength for Iltutmish but later became very powerful and played a significant role in the succession struggles after his death.

  4. In medieval India, the term 'Amir-i- Chahalgani' referred to

    Asked in: GS AE PWD 2108 2024

    1. foreign invaders
    2. trusted nobles
    3. women spies
    4. agricultural labours
    Show answer

    Answer: B. trusted nobles

    In medieval India, particularly during the Delhi Sultanate period, the term 'Amir-i-Chahalgani' referred to a group of forty powerful Turkic nobles who were influential in administration and politics. They were often the king's trusted advisors and held significant power.