Mughal Dynasty: Babur is part of Medieval History of India. Below are notes on 14 sub-topics, followed by practice MCQs from State PSC and UPSC papers.

Ancestry and claims (Timurid and Chagatai)

  • Babur (Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur) was the founder and first emperor of the Mughal Empire in India.
  • Paternally, Babur was a direct descendant of Timur (Timurid dynasty).
  • Maternally, Babur was a descendant of Genghis Khan, through his second son Chagatai Khan (Chagatai Mongols).
  • This dual lineage gave Babur claims to both Timurid and Chagatai heritage.

Art, architecture, and cultural patronage during his reign (initial phase)

  • Architecture:
    • Built Jama Masjid at Sambhal.
    • Built Kabuli Bagh Masjid at Panipat.
  • Gardens:
    • Established the Aaram Bagh (also known as Rambagh) in Agra.
    • Introduced the Charbagh (four-part garden) layout, emphasizing symmetry and geometric precision.
  • Cultural Patronage:
    • His autobiography, 'Baburnama' (Tuzuk-i-Baburi), written in Chagatai Turkish, provides valuable insights into his observations of India's flora, fauna, and geography.
    • Paved the way for Indo-Persian architectural styles that flourished under later Mughals.
  • Zikr: Chanting of God's names or Sufi litanies, performed individually or collectively for spiritual remembrance.
  • Chishtis: The most influential Sufi group in India.
  • Muin-ud-din Chishti: A prominent Chishti saint, associated with the practice of Sama as a way to connect with God.
  • Main Urs of the Bohara community is held at the Dargah of Baba Fakhruddin at Galiyakot.

Babur's character, personality, and military strategies

  • Character & Personality:
    • Authored 'Tuzuk-i-Baburi' (Baburnama) in Chagatai Turki, an insightful autobiography.
    • Cultured and refined: Fond of poetry, art, music, architecture, and particularly, nature and gardens.
    • Resilient and ambitious: Showed remarkable determination in overcoming numerous setbacks.
    • Observant: Provided detailed descriptions of Hindustan's flora, fauna, people, and customs.
  • Military Strategies:
    • Introduction of Gunpowder & Artillery: First to effectively use gunpowder and field artillery in India (e.g., Battle of Panipat, 1526).
    • Tulghuma (Tulugma) Tactic: A Central Asian (Uzbek) flanking maneuver where the army's wings enveloped the enemy from the rear. Used for the first time in India by Babur at Panipat.
    • Araba (Ottoman Ghoorfa) Tactic: Employed carts/carriages, often tied together with ropes, to form a fortified defensive barrier behind which artillery and musketeers were placed.
    • Combined Arms Approach: Masterful integration of cavalry, artillery, and archers for maximum impact.
    • Strategic Positioning: Known for careful reconnaissance, choice of battlefield, and tactical deployment of forces.

Baburnama (Tuzuk-i-Baburi): A historical and literary perspective

  • Baburnama, also known as Tuzuk-i-Baburi, is the autobiography of Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire in India.
  • It was originally written by Babur himself in Chagatai Turki (Turkic language).
  • The book provides detailed accounts of Babur's life, his campaigns, observations on geography, flora, fauna, people, and social conditions.
  • Babur mentions the Hindu kingdom of Mewar in his Baburnama.
  • The Tuzuk-i-Baburi was later translated into Persian and became known as Baburnama.
  • The Persian translation was carried out by Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan, son of Bairam Khan, during Akbar's reign.
  • Turki was not the official language of the Mughal court; Persian later became the official language of the Mughal Court.
  • Babur is one of two Mughal emperors who wrote their own memoirs; the other being Jahangir (Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri).
  • (Contextual) Humayun-nama, a biography of Humayun and Babur's family, was written by Babur's daughter, Gulbadan Begum, in Persian.

Battle of Khanwa (1527): Conflict with Rana Sanga and Rajput confederacy

  • Fought on: 17th March 1527, near Agra.
  • Combatants: Babur (Mughals) vs. Rana Sanga (Mewar) and a confederacy of Rajput and Afghan forces.
  • Significance: Considered more decisive than the First Battle of Panipat (1526) for the establishment of Mughal rule in India.
  • Rana Sanga was a more formidable adversary than Ibrahim Lodi.
  • Babur declared 'Jehad' (holy war) before the battle to motivate his troops, prohibited alcohol, and adopted the title 'Ghazi' after his victory.
  • Rana Sanga's key allies in the battle included: Mahmud Lodi (brother of Ibrahim Lodi, proclaimed Sultan), Hasan Khan Mewati (Wali of Mewat), Medini Rai of Chanderi, Rawal Udai Singh of Dungarpur, Raja Bharmal of Idar, Viramdev Mertiya.
  • Rao Ganga of Marwar sent a contingent under his son, Maldeo Rathore, to support Rana Sanga.
  • Before the battle, Rana Sanga had captured the Fort of Bayana from Babur's governor, Mehdi Khawaja.
  • Rana Sanga had previously conquered territories from Mahmud II of Malwa, including Bhilsa, Raisen, and Sarangpur.
  • Babur sent a peace proposal to Rana Sanga through the Hindu King Silhadi Tanwar (Salhadi Tanwar) of Raisen before the battle.
  • Silhadi Tanwar of Raisen, initially an ally of Rana Sanga, later defected to Babur's side during the battle.
  • During the battle, when Rana Sanga was severely wounded, Raja Ajja Jhala (or Jhala Ajja) took his royal insignia and continued leading the forces.
  • Karamchand escorted the injured Rana Sanga safely from the battlefield to Basawa.
  • Hakim Khan Sur was not a participant in the Battle of Khanwa (he is associated with the Battle of Haldighati).

Battles of Chanderi (1528) and Ghagra (1529)

  • Battle of Chanderi (1528):
  • Fought in 1528 between Babur and Medini Rai, the Rajput ruler of Malwa.
  • Babur secured a decisive victory, capturing the strategically important Chanderi fort.
  • This victory further consolidated Babur's control over the Malwa region.
  • Battle of Ghagra (1529):
  • Fought in 1529 between Babur and the combined Afghan forces, led by Mahmud Lodi (brother of Ibrahim Lodi) and Nusrat Shah of Bengal.
  • Occurred near the Ghagra River in Bihar; notable for being fought simultaneously on both land and water.
  • Babur achieved a decisive victory, effectively crushing the last significant Afghan resistance in Eastern India.
  • This was Babur's last major battle before his death in 1530.

Challenges to Mughal authority and resistance from Indian rulers

  • Rao Jodha conquered Mandore in 1453.
  • Swaroop De Jhali, a queen of Maldeo, built 'Bahuji Ro Talab' near Mandore.

Conquest of Kabul and establishment of a base

  • Babur lost his ancestral domain, Farghana, multiple times, and failed to hold Samarkand.
  • Turned his attention towards Afghanistan after being dislodged from Central Asian territories.
  • Conquered Kabul in 1504 CE, establishing it as his new base and kingdom.
  • Kabul served as a vital strategic location for future expeditions into India.
  • Assumed the title of 'Padshah' (Emperor) at Kabul in 1507 CE, breaking from the traditional Timurid title of 'Mirza'.

Consolidation of Mughal power in India: Initial challenges and administrative measures

  • Babur's arrival introduced gunpowder (artillery) to the Indian subcontinent.
  • Babur established the Timurid dynasty (Mughal dynasty) in India.
  • Arch and dome architecture was already prevalent in India before Babur's arrival (Delhi Sultanate period).
  • Babur built the Kabulibagh Mosque at Panipat.
  • Daulat Khan Lodi (Governor of Punjab) invited Babur to invade India.
  • Rana Sanga (Ruler of Mewar) also invited Babur to invade India.
  • Ustad Ali and Mustafa were Babur's master gunners/artillery experts.

Death and immediate legacy

  • Babur died on December 26, 1530, in Agra.
  • He was initially buried in Aram Bagh (Baghe Gul Afshan) in Agra.
  • As per his wishes, his remains were later exhumed and reburied in a garden in Kabul, Afghanistan.
  • Babur's tomb is located in Kabul.
  • He was succeeded by his eldest son, Humayun.

Early incursions and expeditions into India

  • Babur made five early incursions into India before 1526 AD.
  • According to Abul Fazl, Babur attacked India five times before his decisive victory at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 AD.

Early life and Central Asian background

  • Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur was born in Farghana (now Uzbekistan) in 1483.
  • His homeland was Farghana, a small principality in Central Asia.
  • Babur was a follower of Khwaja Ubaydullah Ahrar, a prominent leader of the Naqshbandiyya Sufi order.

First Battle of Panipat (1526): Causes, course, and significance

  • First Battle of Panipat (1526): Fought on April 21, 1526.
  • Combatants: Babur (Timurid ruler) vs. Sultan Ibrahim Lodi (Sultan of Delhi, Lodi Dynasty).
  • Causes: Babur's ambition to establish an empire in India; invitations from disgruntled regional powers (e.g., Daulat Khan Lodi, Rana Sanga); Ibrahim Lodi's weak administration and unpopularity among his nobles.
  • Babur's Military Innovations & Tactics:
    • Cannons/Field Artillery: Pioneered the effective use of gunpowder artillery (cannons) in India. Chief gunners included Ustad Ali Quli and Mustafa Rumi Khan.
    • Tulughma: A military tactic involving flanking maneuvers, where the army's wings enveloped the enemy.
    • Ottoman (Rumi) Method: Arranging carts (often leather-strapped) in a fortified formation to protect cannons and matchlockmen, linked by ropes or chains.
  • Outcome: Ibrahim Lodi's numerically superior army was decisively defeated; Ibrahim Lodi was killed on the battlefield.
  • Significance:
    • Marked the end of the Delhi Sultanate (Lodi Dynasty).
    • Laid the foundation of the Mughal Empire in India and established the Timurid dynasty in the region.
    • Revolutionized Indian warfare by introducing advanced gunpowder artillery and sophisticated tactics like Tulughma and the Ottoman method, leading to the increased popularity and effective use of gunpowder and artillery in India.

Political scenario of India on the eve of Babur's invasion

  • India lacked a strong, unified central power, divided into numerous independent kingdoms and regional powers.
  • Delhi Sultanate: Weakened under Ibrahim Lodi (Lodi Dynasty), known for his autocratic rule, suspicion of nobles, and internal dissent.
  • Major Northern Powers:
    • Punjab: Governed by Daulat Khan Lodi, who was discontented with Ibrahim Lodi's treatment.
    • Mewar: Ruled by Rana Sanga, a powerful Rajput ruler seeking to expand his influence.
    • Other independent kingdoms included Gujarat, Malwa, Sind, Kashmir, and Odisha.
  • Invitation to Babur:
    • Daulat Khan Lodi: Governor of Punjab, invited Babur to overthrow Ibrahim Lodi.
    • Alam Khan Lodi: Ibrahim Lodi's uncle and a pretender to the Delhi throne, also invited Babur.
    • Rana Sanga: Ruler of Mewar, invited Babur, hoping he would weaken Ibrahim Lodi, clearing the way for Rajput dominance.

Practice MCQs: Mughal Dynasty: Babur

Ancestry and claims (Timurid and Chagatai)

  1. Babur, who established Mughal Empire in India, comes from the dynasty

    Asked in: APPSCCE 2020 Prelims 2020

    1. Kabul Shahi
    2. Sayyid
    3. Timurid
    4. Ottoman
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Timurid

    The Timurid dynasty was a Turco-Mongol dynasty founded by Timur (Tamerlane), who conquered vast territories in Central Asia and beyond. Babur's lineage from Timur gave him a claim to legitimacy and a strong military tradition.

  2. Who was the first Mughal Emperor

    Asked in: TOURIST INFORMATION OFFICER(TIO) 2017

    1. Shah Jahan
    2. Babur
    3. Aurangzeb
    4. Humayun
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Babur

    The Mughal Empire was established by Babur in the 16th century.

Art, architecture, and cultural patronage during his reign (initial phase)

  1. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by using the codes given below the lists: List-I List-II (Builder) (Monument)

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2011

    1. Babar 1. Jama Masjid (Sambhal)
    2. Humay‐ 2. Din Panah un
    3. Akbar 3. Jahangiri Mahal
    4. Jahangir 4. Akbar's Mausoleum's comple‐ tion Codes: A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 1, 2, 4, 3 C. 2, 1, 4, 3 D. 4, 3, 4, 1
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Babar 1. Jama Masjid (Sambhal)

    Matching the builders with their respective monuments: A. Babar: Built mosques, including the one at Sambhal (1). B. Humayun: Laid the foundation for his new city, Din Panah (2). C. Akbar: Constructed numerous buildings, including the Jahangiri Mahal within Agra Fort (3). D. Jahangir: Though he also built, he is credited with completing the mausoleum of his father, Akbar, at Sikandra (4).

  2. Among the following buildings, which ones are built by the Mughal Emperor Babar? (a) Kabuli Bagh Masjid (Panipat) (b) Panch Mahal (Delhi) (c) Jama Masjid (Sambhal) (d) Jama Masjid (Hisar) Select the correct answer using the code given below -

    Asked in: School Lecturer (Sanskrit Edu.) 2022 3 2022

    1. a, b
    2. a, c
    3. c, d
    4. b, d
    Show answer

    Answer: B. a, c

    This question tests knowledge of Mughal architecture and the specific contributions of various rulers. It requires differentiating between buildings constructed by Babur and other rulers.

  3. List I denotes the Mughal Gardens and List II denotes the rulers under whose reign the Gardens were built. Which of the following is not correctly matched- List I (1) Aaram Bagh (Agra) (2) Nishat bagh (Srinagar) (3) Shalimar garden– (Lahore) (4) Pinjore Garden – (Panchkula) List II Babur Akbar Shah Jahan Aurangzeb

    Asked in: School Lecturer (School Edu.) 2018 1 2018

    1. 1
    2. 2
    3. 3
    4. 4
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 3

    This question tests knowledge about the patronage of architecture and gardening by Mughal emperors.

  4. ‘Rajtarangini’ was translated into Persian in Kashmir on the request of which medieval ruler ?

    Asked in: Deputy Superintendent of Police (Police Telecom) Exam 2024

    1. Zainul Abidin
    2. Ibrahim Lodhi
    3. Babur
    4. Alauddin Shah
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Zainul Abidin

    This question focuses on medieval Indian history, specifically the cultural and intellectual exchanges during the Sultanate period in Kashmir.

  5. Humayun-nama was written by Mughal emperor's daughter Gulbadan Begum. Who was the emperor?

    Asked in: mineral dev officier 2025

    1. Babar
    2. Humayun
    3. Akbar
    4. Jahangir
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Babar

    The 'Humayun-nama' was written by Gulbadan Begum, who was the daughter of the first Mughal emperor, Babar. She was Humayun's half-sister. The book provides a detailed account of the lives of Babar and Humayun.

Babur's character, personality, and military strategies

  1. Who used 'Tulghuma' as a military tactic for the first time in India?

    Asked in: WBPSC CS Prelims 2022

    1. Alauddin Khilji
    2. Muhammad bin Tughluq
    3. Babur
    4. Akbar
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Babur

    Babur effectively used the Tulghuma tactic, which involved flanking and encircling the enemy wings, during the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 against Ibrahim Lodi.

Baburnama (Tuzuk-i-Baburi): A historical and literary perspective

  1. Consider the following relating to Babur. I. The Autobiography of Babur is 'Babur Namah' II. It was originally written in Persian

    Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2015

    1. Only I is true
    2. Only II is true
    3. Both I and II are true
    4. Both I and II are false
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Only I is true

    - Statement I: The Autobiography of Babur is 'Babur Namah'. This is correct. Babur's autobiography is titled 'Baburnama' (or Tuzk-e Baburi). - Statement II: It was originally written in Persian. This is incorrect. Baburnama was originally written by Babur himself in Chagatai Turkic, his mother tongue. It was later translated into Persian during the reign of his grandson, Akbar.

  2. Which Mughal emperor wrote his own autobiography?

    Asked in: WBPSC CS Prelims 2017

    1. Babur
    2. Akbar
    3. Shah Jahan
    4. Aurangzeb
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Babur

    Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur (reigned 1526-1530 CE), the founder of the Mughal dynasty in India, wrote his autobiography titled 'Baburnama'. Originally written in Chagatai Turkic, it provides a vivid and candid account of his life, conquests, observations on nature, society, and politics. While his grandson Jahangir also wrote an autobiography ('Tuzk-e-Jahangiri'), Babur's 'Baburnama' is arguably the most famous and highly regarded among Mughal autobiographies.

  3. Which Hindu Rajya has been mentioned by Babar in his Babarnama :

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 1995

    1. Orissa
    2. Gujarat
    3. Mewar
    4. Kashmir
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Mewar

    Babur's Babarnama (Tuzuk-i-Baburi) is a valuable source of information about the political condition of India on the eve of his invasion. He specifically mentions the prominent kingdoms in India, identifying five Muslim rulers (Delhi, Gujarat, Malwa, Bengal, Bahmani) and two great Hindu rulers, the Rana of Mewar and the ruler of Vijayanagar. Rana Sanga of Mewar was a formidable opponent whom Babur faced in the Battle of Khanwa in 1527, an event detailed in Babarnama.

  4. The autobiography of Babur was known as

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 3 2022

    1. Chach Namah
    2. Firdaus Namah
    3. Babur Namah
    4. Shah Namah
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Babur Namah

    The autobiography of Babur is known as Babur Namah (also spelled Baburnama) or Tuzk-e Baburi.

  5. Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R). Assertion (A): Babur wrote Tuzk-e-Babri in Chagatai Turki. Reason (R): Turki was the official language of the Mughal Court. Select the correct answer from the code given below : Code :

    Asked in: uppsc 2025 2025

    1. Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
    2. (A) is true, but (R) is false
    3. (A) is false, but (R) is true
    4. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
    Show answer

    Answer: B. (A) is true, but (R) is false

    Babur did indeed write his autobiography, Tuzk-e- Babri (also known as Baburnama), in Chagatai Turki, which was his native language. However, the official language of the Mughal Court was not Turki; it evolved over time, with Persian becoming the dominant court language from the reign of Akbar onwards.

  6. Which statement is false about 'Humayun- nama'? - (5) Question not attempted

    Asked in: Department Recruitment 2024 (Assistant Archivist) 2024

    1. (1) Gulbadan Begum wrote it in her old age.
    2. (2) This is a Persian language text written by Hindal's sister.
    3. (3) Elphinstone wrote that Humayun-nama is only real historical text among texts of Asia.
    4. (4) It describes the character and family life of Babur and Humayun.
    Show answer

    Answer: C. (3) Elphinstone wrote that Humayun-nama is only real historical text among texts of Asia.

    The statement "Elphinstone wrote that Humayun- nama is only real historical text among texts of Asia" is false. While Mountstuart Elphinstone was an important historian and administrator who wrote about India, this specific quote attributed to him regarding the 'Humayun-nama' is not accurate or widely recognized. The 'Humayun-nama' itself is considered a valuable historical text, but the extreme claim attributed to Elphinstone is incorrect. The other statements are generally true about the 'Humayun-nama'.

  7. Two of the great Mughals wrote their own memories. There were

    Asked in: ASSISTANT ENGINEER(ELECTRICAL) 2016

    1. Babar and Humayun
    2. Humayun and Jahangir
    3. Babar and Jahangir
    4. Jahangir and Shahjahan
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Babar and Jahangir

    Autobiographies of rulers provide invaluable first- hand accounts of their lives, reigns, and the socio- political conditions of their times. This question tests knowledge of Mughal history and the literary contributions of its emperors.

Battle of Khanwa (1527): Conflict with Rana Sanga and Rajput confederacy

  1. Which of the following battle is considered as the most decisive battle than the Battle of Panipat for the Mughal conquest of India?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2024

    1. Battle of Khanwa
    2. Battle of Ghaghra
    3. Battle of Chanderi
    4. Battle of Ab Darrah Pass
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Battle of Khanwa

    While the First Battle of Panipat (1526) marked the beginning of Mughal rule in India, the Battle of Khanwa (1527) is often considered more decisive for the establishment and consolidation of the Mughal Empire. In this battle, Babur defeated a powerful confederacy of Rajput rulers led by Rana Sanga of Mewar, who posed a serious threat to the nascent Mughal power.

  2. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the code given below the lists : List-I List-II

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2012

    1. Battle of Haldighai 1. Babar
    2. Battle of Bilgram 2. Akbar
    3. Revolt of Khusro 3. Humayun
    4. Battle of Kanwah 4. Jahangir Code: A. 2 3 4 1 B. 1 3 2 4 C. 3 2 4 1 D. 2 4 1 3
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Battle of Haldighai 1. Babar

    - Battle of Haldighati (1576) was fought between the forces of Rana Pratap of Mewar and the Mughal army led by Raja Man Singh I, a general of Emperor Akbar. - Battle of Bilgram (1540), also known as the Battle of Kannauj, was fought between Sher Shah Suri and the Mughal Emperor Humayun. Humayun was defeated and forced into exile. - The revolt of Khusro (1606) was led by Prince Khusro, the eldest son of Emperor Jahangir, against his father shortly after Jahangir's accession. - The Battle of Kanwah (1527) was fought between the founder of the Mughal Empire, Babur, and the Rajput confederacy led by Rana Sanga of Mewar. Babur's victory solidified his rule in North India.

  3. During which one of the following battles, did Babar declare 'Jehad' ?

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2009

    1. Battle of Panipat
    2. Battle of Khanwa
    3. Batlie of Cbanden
    4. None of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Battle of Khanwa

    The Battle of Khanwa was fought in 1527 between Babar and a confederacy of Rajput rulers led by Rana Sanga of Mewar. After his victory at Panipat against the Muslim Lodi dynasty, Babar faced a more formidable challenge from the Rajputs. Facing a potentially demoralized army, Babar declared the battle a 'Jehad' (holy war) to galvanize his troops against the Hindu opponents and forbade the consumption of wine.

  4. Assertion (A): The Battle of Khanua was certainly more decisive and significant than the First Battle of Panipat. Reason (R): Rana Sanga, the Rajput hero, was certainly a more formidable adversary than Ibrahim Lodi.

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2001

    1. Both A and R are individually true, and R is the correct explanation of A
    2. Both A and R are individually true, but R is NOT a correct explanation of A
    3. A is true, but R is false
    4. A is false, but R is true
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Both A and R are individually true, and R is the correct explanation of A

    Assertion (A) is true: The Battle of Khanua (1527) is often considered more significant than the First Battle of Panipat (1526) for Babur. While Panipat established his foothold by defeating the Delhi Sultanate, Khanua was against a formidable confederacy led by Rana Sanga, a powerful Rajput ruler. Winning against Sanga was crucial for consolidating Mughal rule and facing a much tougher military challenge than Ibrahim Lodi's disorganized army. Reason (R) is true: Rana Sanga was a highly respected and experienced warrior who led a united front of Rajput and Afghan chiefs, posing a much more severe threat to Babur's newly established power than the relatively ineffective Ibrahim Lodi. R is the correct explanation of A: The formidable challenge posed by Rana Sanga (R) is precisely why the victory at Khanua was more critical for Babur's survival and consolidation of power than the victory over the weaker Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat (A).

  5. Under whose command marwari forces was sent to support sanga against Babar:

    Asked in: RPSC RAS Prelims 2008

    1. Rao ganga
    2. Maldeo
    3. Biram Deo
    4. Suja
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Maldeo

    During the Battle of Khanwa (1527) between Rana Sanga of Mewar and Babur, Rao Ganga of Marwar sent a contingent to support Rana Sanga. This contingent was led by his son, Maldeo Rathore (later Rao Maldeo). Maldeo commanded the Marwari forces in the battle.

  6. Ques # 64 (English) Which of the following regions were conquered by Rana Sanga from Mahmud II of Malwa?

    Asked in: Asst. Agriculture Officer 2015 1 2015

    1. Bhilsa and Raisen
    2. Sarangpur and Jabalpur
    3. Ranthambore and Chatsu
    4. Mandsore and Ujjain
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Bhilsa and Raisen

    Rana Sanga (also known as Sangram Singh I) was a powerful Rajput ruler of Mewar who fought extensively against the Lodi Sultanate of Delhi and the Mughal emperor Babur. During his reign, Rana Sanga expanded his territories significantly. He conquered Bhilsa (Vidisha) and Raisen from Mahmud II of Malwa. These conquests were part of his efforts to consolidate his power and establish Rajput supremacy in the region.

  7. When was the battle of Khanwa between Rana Sanga and Babar fought ?

    Asked in: Asst. Agriculture Officer 2018

    1. 13th March, 1527
    2. 17th March, 1527
    3. 16th February, 1527
    4. 18th February, 1527
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 13th March, 1527

    The Battle of Khanwa was a decisive victory for Babur, marking a turning point in the establishment of the Mughal Empire in India. It demonstrated the military superiority of Babur's forces, particularly his use of artillery.

Battles of Chanderi (1528) and Ghagra (1529)

  1. Arrange the Battles of Babur given below, in chronological order : I. Battle of Ghaghra II. First Battle of Panipat III. Battle of Chanderi IV. Battle of Khanwa

    Asked in: UKPSC CS Prelims 2024

    1. IV, II, I, III
    2. II, IV, III, I
    3. III, I, II, IV
    4. I, IV, III, II
    Show answer

    Answer: B. II, IV, III, I

    - Babur's campaigns in North India established the Mughal Empire. - These four battles were crucial in consolidating his power and defeating the major Indian rulers of the time.

  2. Arrange the following events in correct chronological order starting from the earliest to the last event : I. First Battle of Panipat II. Battle of Khanwa III. Battle of Ghagra IV. Battle of Chanderi Select the correct answer from the code given below :

    Asked in: ukpsc 2025 2025

    1. I, II, III, IV
    2. I, III, II, IV
    3. I, II, IV, III
    4. I, III, IV, II
    Show answer

    Answer: C. I, II, IV, III

    These battles were crucial events during the early Mughal period in India, fought by Babur.

Challenges to Mughal authority and resistance from Indian rulers

  1. In which year did Rao Jodha conquer Mandore ? A) 1453 B) 1438 C) 1440 D) 1458

    Asked in: Asst. Agriculture Officer 2015 1 2015

    1. 1453
    2. 1438
    3. 1440
    4. 1458
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 1438

    Rao Jodha was a prominent ruler of the Rathore dynasty and the founder of Jodhpur city. His conquest of Mandore was a significant event in consolidating Rathore power in Marwar.

  2. The queen of Maldeo, who built 'Bahuji Ro Talab' near Mandore ? A) Uma De Bhatiyani B) Heera De Jhali C) Swaroop De Jhali D) Parbati Sisodeni

    Asked in: Asst. Agriculture Officer 2015 1 2015

    1. Uma De Bhatiyani
    2. Heera De Jhali
    3. Swaroop De Jhali
    4. Parbati Sisodeni
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Uma De Bhatiyani

    Uma De Bhatiyani was the chief queen of Rao Maldeo Rathore of Marwar. She was known for her intelligence and influence. She commissioned the construction of 'Bahuji Ro Talab' (Queen's Tank) near Mandore, which served as an important water source and is a testament to her patronage of public works.

Conquest of Kabul and establishment of a base

  1. Babar assumed the title of ‘Padshah’ first at

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2015

    1. Farghana
    2. Kabul
    3. Delhi
    4. Samarkand
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Kabul

    Babur captured Kabul in 1504. In 1507, he assumed the title 'Padshah' (Emperor) in Kabul, abandoning the Timurid title 'Mirza' used by his ancestors.

Consolidation of Mughal power in India: Initial challenges and administrative measures

  1. Consider the following: The arrival of Babur into India led to the 1. introduction of gunpowder in the subcontinent 2. introduction of the arch and dome in the region's architecture 3. establishment of Timurid dynasty in the region Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2015

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 1 and 3 only

    Let's evaluate each statement: 1. Introduction of gunpowder in the subcontinent While gunpowder technology existed in India before Babur, his invasion marked the effective introduction and large-scale use of sophisticated artillery and firearms in field warfare, which was crucial to his victories (e.g., Battle of Panipat). So, in the context of its impactful military deployment, this statement is considered true regarding Babur's arrival. 2. Introduction of the arch and dome in the region's architecture Arches and domes were introduced to India much earlier with the arrival of the Delhi Sultanate in the late 12th/early 13th century. Examples can be seen in early Sultanate architecture. Babur and the Mughals refined these forms but did not introduce them. This statement is false. 3. Establishment of Timurid dynasty in the region Babur was a descendant of Timur (Timurid) and Genghis Khan (Mongol/Chagatai). The dynasty he founded in India is known as the Mughal Dynasty, which was a branch of the Timurids who ruled Central Asia. His arrival directly led to the establishment of this dynasty in India. This statement is true. Therefore, statements 1 and 3 are correct.

  2. Who built kabulibagh Mosque at Panipat?

    Asked in: Civil Judge 2018

    1. Akbar
    2. Aurangzeb
    3. Babar
    4. Ibrahim Lodi
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Babar

    Babar built the Kabulibagh Mosque at Panipat after his victory in the First Battle of Panipat.

  3. During his annexation of Afghanistan, who invited Babur to invade India?

    Asked in: RO ARO Mains 2021

    1. Ustad Ali
    2. Mustafa
    3. Daulat Khan
    4. Hasan Khan
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Daulat Khan

    This question relates to the historical context of the Mughal Empire's establishment in India, specifically the factors leading to Babur's invasion.

Death and immediate legacy

  1. Match List-I with Llst-II and select the correct answer by using the codes given below the lists : List-I (Emptors) List-II (Tombs)

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2005

    1. Babar 1. Lahore
    2. Akbar 2. Agra
    3. Jehangir 3. Kabul
    4. Shahjehan 4. Sikandara A. 1 2 3 4 B. 4 3 2 1 C. 3 4 1 2 D. 2 1 3 4
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Jehangir 3. Kabul

    Babar was initially buried in Agra but later re- interred in Kabul as per his will (A-3). Akbar's tomb is located at Sikandra, near Agra (B-4). Jahangir is buried in Lahore (C-1). Shah Jahan is buried alongside his wife Mumtaz Mahal in the Taj Mahal in Agra (D-2).

  2. Match List – I with List – II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists. List – I (Emperor) A. Babur B. Humayun C. Jahangir D. Shah Jahan List – II (City where Tomb is located) 1. Agra 2. Lahore 3. Delhi 4. Kabul Code : A B C D (a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 3 4 2 1 (c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 4 3 1 2

    Asked in: uppsc 2025 2025

    1. 4 3 2 1
    2. 3 4 2 1
    3. 3 4 1 2
    4. 4 3 1 2
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 4 3 2 1

    A. Babur - Kabul: Babur's tomb is located in Kabul, Afghanistan. He died in Agra but wished to be buried in his ancestral land. B. Humayun - Delhi: Humayun's tomb is in Delhi, India. C. Jahangir - Lahore: Jahangir's tomb is located in Shahdara Bagh, Lahore, Pakistan. D. Shah Jahan - Agra: Shah Jahan's tomb is located within the Taj Mahal complex in Agra, India, alongside his wife Mumtaz Mahal.

  3. The tomb of Babur is located at

    Asked in: Forest Officer (RFO) 2018

    1. Lahore
    2. Kabul
    3. Istanbul
    4. Baghdad
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Kabul

    Babur's tomb is situated in Kabul.

Early incursions and expeditions into India

  1. According to Abul Fazl, how many attacks did Babur make on India till 1526 AD? - Question not attempted

    Asked in: Department Recruitment 2024 (Assistant Archivist) 2024

    1. 5
    2. 6
    3. 4
    4. 3
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 4

    According to Abul Fazl in his work "Akbarnama," Babur made four significant invasions or attempts to conquer India before his final and successful campaign that led to the Battle of Panipat in 1526.

Early life and Central Asian background

  1. Who among the following Mughal emperors was a follower of the Naqshbandiyya leader, Khwaja Ubaydullah Ahrar ?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2019

    1. Babur
    2. Humayun
    3. Akbar
    4. Jahangir
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Babur

    Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire in India, had strong connections to Sufism, particularly the Naqshbandiyya order, which was influential in his native region of Transoxiana. He held Khwaja Ubaydullah Ahrar in high regard and mentioned him respectfully in his memoirs, the 'Baburnama', indicating he was a follower or at least deeply influenced by the Khwaja.

  2. Which one of the following was the homeland of Babur ?

    Asked in: UPSC CISF AC EXE 2021

    1. Farghana
    2. Samarkand
    3. Bukhara
    4. Sogdiana
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Farghana

    - Babur was a descendant of Timur on his father's side and Genghis Khan on his mother's side. - He inherited the rule of Fergana at a young age and spent much of his early life trying to secure and expand his control in the region, including attempts to capture Samarkand.

First Battle of Panipat (1526): Causes, course, and significance

  1. Consider the following statements : The arrival of Babur into India led to the 1. introduction of gunpowder in the subcontinent 2. introduction of arch and dome in the region's architecture 3. establishment of Timurid dynasty in the region 4. introduction of cannons in warfare Which of the above statements are correct?

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 69th

    1. Only 1 and 2
    2. 1, 2 and 3
    3. 3 and 4
    4. None of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 3 and 4

    Statement 1 is debatable as gunpowder was known before Babur, though his application of artillery was new. Statement 2 is incorrect as arch and dome architecture was introduced earlier by the Delhi Sultanate. Statement 3 is correct as Babur was a descendant of Timur and founded the Mughal dynasty. Statement 4 is correct as Babur's skilled use of cannons and artillery tactics revolutionized warfare in India.

  2. Between whom was the First Battle of Panipat fought in 1526?

    Asked in: WBPSC CS Prelims 2023

    1. Babur and Ibrahim Lodi
    2. Babur and Rana Sanga
    3. Babur and Sher Khan
    4. Akbar and Himu
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Babur and Ibrahim Lodi

    - The First Battle of Panipat was fought in 1526. - It was fought between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi. - It resulted in the victory of Babur and the establishment of the Mughal Empire in India.

  3. In which year, did Babar defeat Sultan Ibrahim Lodi at the battle of Panipat?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2016

    1. 1527 A.D.
    2. 1526 A.D.
    3. 1525 A.D.
    4. 1524 A.D.
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 1526 A.D.

    The First Battle of Panipat is historically significant for the introduction of gunpowder firearms and artillery by Babur in the Indian subcontinent on a large scale, which gave his smaller army a decisive advantage over Lodi's larger forces.

  4. The first Battle of Panipat was fought between :

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2012

    1. Babar and Ibrahim Lodi
    2. Babar and Rana Sanga
    3. Sher Shah Suri and Akbar
    4. Humayun and Ibrahim Lodi
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Babar and Ibrahim Lodi

    The First Battle of Panipat took place on April 21,

  5. It marked a turning point in Indian history as it led to the decline of the Delhi Sultanate and the establishment of the Mughal Empire in India by Babur. 54. The First Battle of Panipat took place in

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 3 2022

    1. 1520
    2. 1530
    3. 1525
    4. 1526
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 1526

    Babur's victory in this battle marked the end of the Delhi Sultanate and the beginning of Mughal rule in India.

  6. First battle of Panipat took place in

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 3 2023

    1. 1526
    2. 1528
    3. 1616
    4. 1626
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1526

    This battle was fought on April 21, 1526, between the forces of Babur and the Lodi dynasty ruler, Ibrahim Lodi.

  7. Which of the following statement is not true? (1) The popularity of gun-powder and artillery rose in India due to Babur's victories. (2) Babur appointed Rumi Khan as his master gunner. (3) Babur successfully used Tulughma war tactics in India. (4) Babur used Ottoman tricks for decoration of cannons in Battle of Panipat. (5) Question not attempted

    Asked in: Department Recruitment 2024 (Research Scholar) 2024

    1. The popularity of gun-powder and artillery rose in India due to Babur's victories.
    2. Babur appointed Rumi Khan as his master gunner.
    3. Babur successfully used Tulughma war tactics in India.
    4. Babur used Ottoman tricks for decoration of cannons in Battle of Panipat.
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Babur used Ottoman tricks for decoration of cannons in Battle of Panipat.

    Babur's effective use of gunpowder and artillery, along with his adoption of the Tulughma tactics, was instrumental in his victory at the First Battle of Panipat (1526). The Ottoman Turks had advanced artillery technology, and Babur learned from them and adapted these techniques.

Political scenario of India on the eve of Babur's invasion

  1. Alam Khan, one of those who invited Babar to invade India was

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2003

    1. An uncle of Ibrahim Lodi and a pretender to the throne of Delhi
    2. A cousin of Ibrahim Lodi who was ill-treated and expelled form the country
    3. The father of Dilawar Khan to whom cruel treatment was meted out by Ibrahim Lodi
    4. A high official in Punjab province who was very much discontented with Ibrahim Lodi’s treatment to his tribe.
    Show answer

    Answer: A. An uncle of Ibrahim Lodi and a pretender to the throne of Delhi

    The invitation to Babur by disgruntled Indian rulers was a crucial factor leading to the establishment of the Mughal Empire in India. Several figures invited Babur, including nobles opposed to the centralizing and often harsh policies of Ibrahim Lodi. Alam Khan Lodi was one such noble with a claim to the throne.