Tughluq Dynasty is part of Medieval History of India. Below are notes on 11 sub-topics, followed by practice MCQs from State PSC and UPSC papers.

Administration under the Tughluqs: Central, Provincial, and Iqta System

  • Ibn Battuta described the postal system under Muhammad bin Tughluq's reign.
  • The horse post was called Uluq, with stations located every four miles.
  • The foot post was called Dawa, with stations located every 1/3 of a kos (approximately one mile, as one kos was about three miles).
  • Dawa carriers carried a ringing bell.
  • The foot post (Dawa) was generally quicker than the horse post (Uluq) for relaying urgent messages and perishable goods due to continuous relay.
  • Firoz Shah Tughluq was a prominent ruler of the Tughluq dynasty.
  • Under Firoz Shah Tughluq, the Iqta system became increasingly hereditary, allowing Marches), notably Ghazi Malik (later Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq), for frontier defense.
    • Military Reorganization: Maintained a large, permanent, centrally administered standing army (Huliyā and Dāgh system).
    • Economic Measures: Increased land revenue (50% of produce) and implemented market control policies to sustain the large army at lower costs.
  • Later Mongol engagements:
    • 1305: Malik Kafur and Ghazi Malik decisively defeated Mongols led by Ali Beg, Tartaq.
    • 1306: Ghazi Malik defeated Mongols led by Kebek.
  • Post-1306 Boundary: After successful counter-offensives and strengthening of defenses, River Ravi became the effective defensive frontier between Delhi Sultanate and the Mongols.
  • Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq: Faced Mongol invasion (Tarmashirin c. 1327-29) but did not lose territory; paid them to withdraw.

officials to pass their assignments to heirs, which weakened central control.

  • Firoz Shah Tughluq established new departments such as Diwan-i-Khairat (charity department) and Diwan-i-Bandagan (department for slaves).
  • Muhammad bin Tughluq created the Diwani-Kohli, a department dedicated to agricultural development.

Decline of the Tughluq Dynasty: Successors and Internal Weaknesses

  • Decline of the Tughluq dynasty commenced swiftly after Firuz Shah Tughluq's death in 1388 AD.
  • Internal weaknesses included the absence of a clear-cut succession policy, leading to frequent and intense power struggles among Firuz Shah's successors.
  • Firuz Shah's administrative decisions, such as making jagirs hereditary, maintaining a large slave army, and a generally weak army, contributed to the long-term decentralization and weakening of central authority.
  • Successors to Firuz Shah Tughluq included Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq Shah II (Firuz's grandson and first successor), Abu Bakr Shah, and Muhammad Shah, all having short reigns.
  • Nasir-ud-din Mahmud (reigned 1394-1413 AD) is generally considered the last ruler of the Tughluq dynasty.
  • During Nasir-ud-din Mahmud's reign, Timur (Tamerlane) invaded India in 1398 AD, sacking Delhi and inflicting a devastating blow from which the Sultanate never fully recovered.
  • Nasrat Shah was a rival claimant to the Tughluq throne during Nasir-ud-din Mahmud's reign, contributing to further instability.
  • Key causes of the downfall of the Tughluq dynasty and the wider Delhi Sultanate at this time were Timur's invasion, pervasive weak administration, and chronic lack of a defined succession policy.
  • The Tughluq dynasty effectively ended with Nasir-ud-din Mahmud's death in 1413 AD, succeeded by the Sayyid dynasty established by Khizr Khan in 1414 AD.

Firoz Shah Tughluq: Administrative and Religious Policies (Jaziya, Ulema's Influence)

  • Firoz Shah Tughluq rigorously applied Shariat law to state administration.
  • He abolished numerous non-Shariat taxes (abwabs), retaining only four sanctioned by Islamic law: Kharaj (land tax), Khams (1/5th of war booty), Jaziya (poll tax), and Zakat (tax on Muslims for charity).
  • He introduced Haq-i-sharb (irrigation tax), levied on lands irrigated by state canals, which was an innovation not explicitly among the four primary Shariat taxes.
  • Firoz Shah Tughluq was the first Sultan of Delhi to impose Jaziya (poll tax) specifically on Brahmins.
  • He significantly increased the influence and authority of the Ulema in state affairs.
  • His autobiography is titled Futuhat-i-Firoz Shahi.
  • Established several key departments and institutions:
    • Diwan-i-Khairat: Department for charity, aiding poor Muslims, orphans, and providing for marriages.
    • Diwan-i-Bandagan: Department of slaves; he accumulated a large number of imperial slaves (reportedly 1,80,000).
    • Dar-ul-Shafa: Public hospitals.
    • Public Works Department: Responsible for constructing new cities (e.g., Firozabad, Fatehabad, Jaunpur, Hissar), canals, mosques, and bridges.
  • During his Nagarkot campaign, Firoz Shah Tughluq collected 300 volumes of Sanskrit books from the Jwalamukhi Temple.
  • These Sanskrit texts were subsequently translated into Persian by Azz-ud-Din Khalid Kirmani (also known as Izzuddin Khalid Khani) under the title Dalail-i-Firoz Shahi.
  • He abolished severe punishments like mutilation and torture.

Firoz Shah Tughluq: Welfare Measures and Public Works (Irrigation, Hospitals, New Towns)

  • Firoz Shah Tughluq prioritized the material welfare of his subjects over wars.
  • Established a dedicated Department of Public Works (`Diwan-i-Imarat`) to oversee construction and maintenance.
  • Constructed the largest network of canals in India (until the 19th century).
  • Major irrigation projects include:
    • Canal from Sutlej to Ghaggar.
    • Canal from Yamuna to Hissar (approx. 150 miles long) for agricultural purposes.
    • Canals originating from Sutlej and Yamuna rivers joining at Karnal.
    • Canal names like Rajba and Ulugkhani are associated with his irrigation works.
    • Did not construct Sudarshan Lake.
  • Founded several new towns: Jaunpur (named after Muhammad bin Tughlaq, Juna Khan), Firozabad, Fatehabad, and Hissar-Firoza.
  • Established 'Diwan-i-Khairat' (Department of Charity) to assist poor Muslims, orphans, and provide marriage aid for poor girls.
  • Set up 'Dar-ul-Shafa' (hospitals or charitable dispensaries) to provide free treatment.
  • Introduced 'Haqq-i-Sharb' (irrigation tax), which was 1/10th of the produce.
  • Brought two Ashokan Pillars (from Topra and Meerut) to Delhi.
  • Abolished non-Islamic taxes; only imposed four taxes sanctioned by Islam (Kharaj, Khams, Jizya, Zakat).

Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq: Rise to Power and Policies

  • Founder of the Tughlaq Dynasty: Ghiyas-uddin Tughluq.
  • Original name of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq: Ghazi Malik.

Literature and Education under the Tughluqs

  • Zia-ud-din Barani: Author of Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi and Fatwa-i-Jahandari.
  • Zia-ud-din Barani: Contemporary of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Muhammad bin Tughlaq, and Firoz Tughlaq.
  • Amir Khusrau: Author of Tughlaqnama.
  • Sultan Firoz Shah Tughluq: Ordered translation of Sanskrit works into Persian.
  • Dalail-i-Firuz Shahi: Persian translation of Sanskrit works (medicine, astrology) patronized by Firoz Shah Tughluq; Aazzuddin Khalid Khan was associated with its compilation/translation.
  • Shams-i-Siraj 'Afif': Author of Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi (distinct from Barani's).
  • Ain-ul-Mulk Multani: Author of Munshat-iMahru.
  • Yahya-bin-Ahmed Sirhindi: Author of Tarikh-i-Mubarakshahi.

Muhammad bin Tughluq: Administrative Experiments (Transfer of Capital, Token Currency, Doab Taxation)

  • Muhammad bin Tughluq (reigned 1325-1351) undertook several ambitious administrative experiments.
  • Taxation in Doab (c. 1326-27): Implemented an increase in land revenue in the fertile Doab region (between Ganga and Yamuna), coinciding with a period of famine, which led to severe peasant distress.
  • Transfer of Capital (1327-28):
  • Shifted the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (Devagiri) in the Deccan.
  • Motives included: establishing better control over the Deccan and Gujarat, gaining access to Western and Southern ports, and seeking protection from potential Mongol invasions from the North-Western frontier.
  • Forced the entire population of Delhi to migrate to Daulatabad, and later ordered their return to Delhi, causing immense suffering and disruption.
  • During a period when Delhi was ravaged by plague, Muhammad bin Tughluq lived in a camp called Swarga-dwari for two years.
  • Introduction of Token Currency (1329-30):
  • Introduced bronze/copper token coins, equating their value to that of gold and silver coins.
  • Aimed to overcome the shortage of precious metals and finance imperial projects.
  • The scheme failed largely due to widespread counterfeiting by the public and insufficient state control over minting.
  • Agricultural Reforms:
  • Established a separate agricultural department called Diwan-i-Kohi (or Diwan-i-Amir Kohi).
  • The department's objectives were to bring barren land under cultivation, improve agricultural techniques, and encourage crop rotation.
  • Provided agricultural loans known as Sondhar to peasants for cultivation and improvement.
  • Muhammad bin Tughluq did not construct the "Rajabwah" canal (this was later built by Firoz Shah Tughlaq).
  • Chronological Order of Key Experiments (approximate): Taxation of the Doab → Transfer of Capital → Reform of Token Currency → Conquest of Nagarkot (c. 1337-38).

Muhammad bin Tughluq: Character, Vision, and Controversial Policies

  • Muhammad bin Tughluq reigned from 1325 to 1351 AD.
  • He was the most learned ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, well-versed in Astronomy, Mathematics, and Medicine.
  • He showed regard for scholars of different religions, notably consulting and honouring the Jain scholar Jinaprabha Suri.
  • The famous Arab/Moorish scholar and traveller Ibn Battuta, from Morocco, visited India during Muhammad bin Tughluq's reign.
  • Ibn Battuta arrived in India in 1333 AD and stayed for eight years at the Sultan's court.
  • Muhammad bin Tughluq appointed Ibn Battuta as the Qazi of Delhi and later sent him as an ambassador to China.
  • Ibn Battuta's travelogue, "Rihla," provides significant insight into Muhammad bin Tughluq's reign and the socio-economic conditions of the time.
  • Historians Isami, Barni, and Ibn Battuta were contemporaries of Muhammad bin Tughluq.
  • Upon Muhammad bin Tughluq's death, historian Badauni famously commented: "The king was freed from his people and they from their king."

Muhammad bin Tughluq: Foreign Policy and Causes of His Failures

  • Muhammad bin Tughluq sent the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta as his envoy to China.
  • Ibn Battuta was appointed Qazi of Delhi by Muhammad bin Tughluq.
  • Muhammad bin Tughluq believed in close diplomatic, cultural, and economic contacts with the outside world.

5. Lodi Dynasty

  • Sultan Muhammad Tughluq personally led the Nagarkot (Kangra) expedition in 1339.
  • Taimur's invasion and occupation of Multan, crossing the Indus, did not occur during Muhammad bin Tughluq's reign.

Society, Religion, and Culture during the Tughluq Period (Sufism, Bhakti Movement)

  • Ibn Battuta: Morocco
  • Marco Polo: Italy
  • Afanasy Nikitin: Russia
  • Seydi Ali Reis: Turkey
  • Duarte Barbosa: Portugal
  • Jean Baptiste Tavernier: France
  • Niccolao Manucci: Italy (Venetian)
  • Fa-Hien: China
  • Al-Biruni: Persia

Timur's Invasion and its Impact on the Delhi Sultanate

Timur, a Turco-Mongol invader from Central 1. Asia, invaded India in 1398 CE. At the time of Timur's invasion, the Delhi 2. Sultanate was ruled by the Tughlaq Dynasty. The Sultan of Delhi during Timur's invasion 3. was Nasiruddin Mahmud Tughlaq (reigned 1394-1413 CE). Timur's forces defeated the Delhi Sultanate 4. army, sacked and plundered Delhi, causing widespread destruction. Impact: The invasion severely weakened the 5. Tughlaq Dynasty, leading to its rapid decline and virtual collapse of the Delhi Sultanate. It created a period of political anarchy and 6. paved the way for the rise of independent regional kingdoms. Timur's invasion is often considered the 7. effective end of the Tughlaq Dynasty's power in Delhi. Timur appointed Khizr Khan as his deputy in 8. Multan, Lahore, and Dipalpur, who later established the Sayyid Dynasty (1414 CE).

Practice MCQs: Tughluq Dynasty

Administration under the Tughluqs: Central, Provincial, and Iqta System

  1. Which of the following were features of the postal system of India as described by Ibn Battuta ? 1. The foot post carries a ringing bell in one hand. 2. The horse post is called uluq, stationed at a distance of every four miles. 3. The foot post or dawa has one station at every four kos of distance. 4. The foot post is quicker than horse post. Select the correct answer using the code given below :

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 1 2024 · UPPCS Prelims 2014

    1. 1, 2 and 4
    2. 1 and 2 only
    3. 2 and 3 only
    4. 1, 3 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1, 2 and 4

    - Ibn Battuta described two types of postal systems: horse-post (uluq) and foot-post (dawa). - The foot- post was quicker than the horse-post according to Ibn Battuta. - The foot-post runners carried bells. - During the reign of Alauddin Khilji, especially after the major Mongol invasions up to 1306 AD were repulsed, the frontier policy was significantly strengthened. While the Indus River was the broader geographical border, the effective line of control and defense against the Chagatai Mongols often stabilized around the Ravi and sometimes the Beas River. Following the successful defense in 1306, the area up to the Beas river was strategically important, with forts like Dipalpur and Samana securing the frontier region, effectively making the Beas (or the line east of it, including the Ravi) a practical boundary of conflict and control. Historical accounts suggest forces were deployed along this line. Horse-post stations were at 4-mile intervals; foot- post stations were at much shorter intervals (1/3 mile).

  2. Which one of the following pair is correctly matched?

    Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2014

    1. Khilji dynasty - Ibrahim Lodi
    2. Delhi sultanate - Qutb-udin Aibak
    3. Mughal empire - Akbar
    4. Tughluq dynasty - Firozshah Tughluq
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Delhi sultanate - Qutb-udin Aibak

    - A) Khilji dynasty - Ibrahim Lodi: Incorrect. Ibrahim Lodi was the last sultan of the Lodi dynasty. Alauddin Khilji was the most prominent ruler of the Khilji dynasty. - B) Delhi sultanate - Qutb-ud-din Aibak: Correct. Qutb-ud-din Aibak was the founder of the Mamluk dynasty (also known as the Slave dynasty), which was the first dynasty to rule the Delhi Sultanate, establishing its capital in Delhi. - C) Mughal empire - Akbar: Factually correct that Akbar was a Mughal emperor, but Babur was the founder of the Mughal Empire. - D) Tughluq dynasty - Firozshah Tughluq: Factually correct that Firoz Shah Tughlaq was a Tughluq sultan, but Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq was the founder of the Tughluq dynasty. Given the options and the phrasing "Which one...", option B provides the most direct and foundational link between the entity (Delhi Sultanate) and the ruler (its first Sultan), making it the intended correct answer over later rulers of other dynasties/empires.

Decline of the Tughluq Dynasty: Successors and Internal Weaknesses

  1. Who was the last ruler of the Tughluq dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2004

    1. Firuz Shah Tughluq
    2. Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq Shah II
    3. Nasir-ud-din Mahmud
    4. Nasrat Shah
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Nasir-ud-din Mahmud

    - The Tughluq dynasty ended in 1413. - Nasir-ud- din Mahmud was the ruler of Delhi during the final years of the dynasty.

  2. Which of the following was/were the cause(s) of the downfall of the Delhi Sultanate in India?

    Asked in: FISHERY OFFICER EXTENSION OFFICER (FO EO) 2020

    1. Timur's invasion
    2. Weak administration
    3. Lack of clear-cut succession policy
    4. All of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: D. All of the above

    The fall of the Delhi Sultanate was a multi-faceted process involving external invasions, internal administrative weaknesses, and succession disputes. These factors collectively contributed to the decline and eventual collapse of the Sultanate.

Firoz Shah Tughluq: Administrative and Religious Policies (Jaziya, Ulema's Influence)

  1. Who among the following translated 300 volumes of Sanskrit books collected by Firoz Tuqlaq during the campaign of Nagarkot?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2023

    1. Azizuddin Khan
    2. Mulla Abdul Baqi
    3. Mirza Muhammad Ali
    4. Talib Amuli
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Azizuddin Khan

    Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq of the Delhi Sultanate was known for his interest in scholarship and had several Sanskrit works translated into Persian. After his campaign to Nagarkot and the capture of the Jwala Devi temple library, he commissioned the translation of numerous Sanskrit texts. One significant work, a treatise on philosophy and divination, was translated into Persian by Izaz al-Din Khalid Khani (also spelled Aizz al-Din Khalid Khani or similar variations) and named 'Dalail-i-Firoz Shahi'. Option A, Azizuddin Khan, appears to be the closest match among the given choices for this historical figure.

  2. Who established the department?

    Asked in: Department Recruitment 2024 (Research Officer) 2024

    1. Alauddin Khilji
    2. Giyasuddin Tughlaq
    3. Jalaluddin Khilji
    4. Firoz Shah Tughlaq
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Alauddin Khilji

    The department for looking after arrears of revenue was established by Alauddin Khilji.

  3. Which of the following tax was imposed by Firoz Tughlaq is not mentioned in Shariat? - Question not attempted

    Asked in: Department Recruitment 2024 (Research Scholar) 2024

    1. Haq-i-sharb
    2. Jaziya
    3. Kharaj
    4. Zakat
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Haq-i-sharb

    Understanding the taxation policies of the Delhi Sultanate, particularly under Firoz Tughlaq, is important. Firoz Tughlaq was known for his religious orthodoxy and tried to govern according to Islamic principles, but he also introduced certain taxes, like the irrigation tax, which were not strictly Shariat-compliant to finance his administration and public works.

  4. Which is the autobiography of Firoz Shah Tughlaq ?

    Asked in: Additional Private Secretary Exam 2017

    1. Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi
    2. Tarikh-i-Shahi
    3. Futuhat-i-Firoz Shahi
    4. Miftah-ul-Futuh
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Futuhat-i-Firoz Shahi

    Firoz Shah Tughlaq wrote his autobiography in Persian, titled 'Futuhat-i-Firoz Shahi', which translates to 'Victories of Firoz Shah'. It details his campaigns, administrative policies, and personal reflections.

  5. Which of the following Sultans of Delhi imposed 'Jizya tax' on Brahmins for the first time?

    Asked in: Civil Judge 2022

    1. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
    2. Firoz Shah Tughlaq
    3. Alauddin Khalji
    4. Aram Shah
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Firoz Shah Tughlaq

    This question is about the socio-economic policies of the Delhi Sultanate rulers. It is important to recall specific administrative decisions of the Sultans.

Firoz Shah Tughluq: Welfare Measures and Public Works (Irrigation, Hospitals, New Towns)

  1. Which of the following kings realised that the Material welfare of the subjects is more impor- tant than wars?

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2006

    1. Qutb-ud-din Ajbak
    2. Firuz Shah Tughlaq
    3. Muhammad bin Tughlaq
    4. Sher Shah
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Firuz Shah Tughlaq

    Firuz Shah Tughlaq, the successor of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, is known for his focus on public works and welfare measures rather than military conquest. He built canals, reservoirs, hospitals (Dar-ul-Shafa), towns (like Jaunpur, Hissar-Firuza), and rest houses. He also reformed the revenue system, abolished many harsh taxes, and tried to improve the economic condition of his subjects.

  2. The two medieval period canals originating from the Sutlej and Yamuna rivers and joining at Karnal were made at the orders of :

    Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2024

    1. Alauddin Khalji
    2. Mohammad Tughlaq
    3. Firuz Tughlaq
    4. Ibrahim Lodi
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Firuz Tughlaq

    Firuz Shah Tughlaq (ruled 1351–1388) of the Delhi Sultanate was renowned for his extensive public works, including irrigation canals. He is credited with repairing and extending old canals and constructing new ones to promote agriculture and supply water to his newly founded cities like Hissar and Firuzabad. The canals originating from the Yamuna and Sutlej rivers, particularly the Western Yamuna Canal and its branches in the Haryana region, are associated with his reign.

  3. The biggest network of canals known in India until 19th century was created by which of the following Sultans ?

    Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2014

    1. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
    2. Firuz Shah Tughlaq
    3. Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq
    4. Allauddin Khilji
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Firuz Shah Tughlaq

    Firuz Shah Tughlaq (ruled 1351-1388) is credited with undertaking extensive public works, including the construction and renovation of numerous irrigation canals across his empire. Notable canals built or improved by him include those from the Yamuna river to Hissar and from the Sutlej river.

  4. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding irrigation in India ? a. Firoz Shah Tughlaq constructed Sudarshan Lake. b. Pannya Gupta constructed Western Yamuna Canal.

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2016

    1. Statement a
    2. Statement b
    3. Statements a and b
    4. Neither statement a nor b
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Neither statement a nor b

    - Statement a: The Sudarshan Lake was a historical reservoir constructed by Chandragupta Maurya. It was later improved by rulers like Ashoka and Rudradaman I. Firoz Shah Tughlaq is known for his extensive network of canals built in the Delhi Sultanate period, but he did not construct the Sudarshan Lake. Therefore, statement a is incorrect. - Statement b: The Western Yamuna Canal is one of the oldest canals in India. It was originally built by Firoz Shah Tughlaq in the 14th century and later renovated during the Mughal period. Pannya Gupta is not associated with the construction of this canal. Therefore, statement b is incorrect.

  5. Who constructed a canal of 150 miles from Yamuna to Hissar for agricultural purpose?

    Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2017

    1. Qutb-ub-din-Aibak
    2. Firoz Shah Tughlaq
    3. Khizir Khan
    4. Sikandar Lodi
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Firoz Shah Tughlaq

    Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388) is well known for his extensive public works, including the construction of irrigation canals to promote agriculture.

  6. The city of Jaunpur was founded by—

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2011 · UPPSC Upper Mains 2007

    1. Muhammad Tughlaq
    2. Firoz Shah Tughlaq
    3. Ibrahim Shah Sharqi
    4. Sikandar Lodi
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Firoz Shah Tughlaq

    Firoz Shah Tughlaq founded Jaunpur in 1359 in memory of his cousin, Muhammad bin Tughluq, whose original name was Jauna Khan.

  7. Which Sultan of Delhi brought Ashoka's Pillar to Delhi?

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2009

    1. Firozshah Tughlaq
    2. Jalaluddin Khilji
    3. Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq
    4. Qutub-ud-din Aibak
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Firozshah Tughlaq

    Firoz Shah Tughlaq was known for his interest in historical monuments and public works. His action demonstrates a continuity of interest in impressive structures, even from earlier dynasties like the Mauryas.

  8. The Sultan of Delhi who is reputed to have built the biggest network of canals in India was

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 1998

    1. Iltutmish
    2. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
    3. Feroz Shah Tughlaq
    4. Sikandar Lodi
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Feroz Shah Tughlaq

    - Feroz Shah Tughlaq (reigned 1351-1388) was known for his extensive public works. - He focused on irrigation projects to promote agriculture and increase state revenue. - Notable canals built during his reign include those drawing water from the Yamuna and Sutlej rivers to supply regions like Hissar and areas in Punjab.

  9. Which of these Sultans set up a Department of Public Works to look after building programmes ? (1) Firoz Tughlaq (2) Jalaluddin Tughlaq (3) Muhammad Bin Tughlaq (4) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq

    Asked in: APPSC Group II Prelims 2016

    1. (1)
    2. (2)
    3. (3)
    4. (4)
    Show answer

    Answer: A. (1)

    Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388) was well- known for his extensive public works and welfare measures. He established a specific department, the Diwan-i-Imarat, dedicated to overseeing building programmes, which included the construction of new cities (like Hissar, Fatehabad, Jaunpur, Firozabad), mosques, canals, hospitals (Dar-ul-Shafa), and schools.

Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq: Rise to Power and Policies

  1. Ghazi Malik was the founder of which dynasty?

    Asked in: MPPSC CS Prelims 2017

    1. Tughlaq
    2. Khilji
    3. Sayyid
    4. Lodi
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Tughlaq

    The Tughlaq dynasty succeeded the Khilji dynasty in the Delhi Sultanate. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq established the dynasty in 1320 AD.

  2. Ghazi Malik was the actual name of

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 3 2021

    1. Ghiyas uddin Tughlaq
    2. Muhammad bin Tughlaq
    3. Firuz Shah Tughlaq
    4. None of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Ghiyas uddin Tughlaq

    Ghazi Malik was the original name of Ghiyas-ud- din Tughlaq, who founded the Tughlaq dynasty after overthrowing the Khilji dynasty in 1320 AD.

Literature and Education under the Tughluqs

  1. Who has written Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi?

    Asked in: acf 2019

    1. Minhajuddin Siraj
    2. Zia-ud-din Barani
    3. Amir Khusrau
    4. Ibn Battuta
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Zia-ud-din Barani

    Zia-ud-din Barani wrote the Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi.

  2. The treatise Tughlaqnama was written by

    Asked in: Assistant Auditor (Direct) 2021

    1. Feroz Shah
    2. Firdausi
    3. Amir Khusrau
    4. Isami
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Amir Khusrau

    Tughlaqnama is a historical work by Amir Khusrau, chronicling the events leading to the accession of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq to the throne of the Delhi Sultanate.

  3. By which name Sultan Firoz Shah Tughluq translated Sanskrit works into Persian?

    Asked in: BJS 2023

    1. Dalayal-i-Firozahshi
    2. Tarikh-i-Firozahshi
    3. Futuhat-i-Firozahshi
    4. Fatwa-i-Jahandari
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Dalayal-i-Firozahshi

    Firoz Shah Tughluq had Sanskrit works translated into Persian under the title 'Dalayal-i-Firozahshi'.

  4. Which writer was a contemporary of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq and Firoz Tughlaq?

    Asked in: mineral dev officier 2025

    1. Hasan Nizami
    2. Amir Ali
    3. Ziauddin Barani
    4. Shams-i-Siraj
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Ziauddin Barani

    Barani's historical writings are primary sources for understanding the administration, policies, and social conditions of the Delhi Sultanate during the 14th century.

  5. Which of the following is NOT correctly matched ? (Book) (Author)

    Asked in: UPPSC ACF RFO gs 1 2021

    1. Dalail-i-Firuz Shahi - Aazzuddin Khalid Khan
    2. Munshat-i-Mahru - Nizam-ud-din Ahmed
    3. Tarikh-i-Mubarakshahi - Yahiya-bin-Ahmed Sirhindi
    4. Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi - Shams-i-siraj 'Afif'
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Munshat-i-Mahru - Nizam-ud-din Ahmed

    Munshat-i-Mahru is a collection of letters written by Ain-ul-Mulk Mahru, a governor and official during the Tughlaq dynasty. These letters provide valuable insights into the administration and socio- economic conditions of the period. The other books and their authors are correctly matched: Dalail-i- Firuz Shahi by Aazzuddin Khalid Khan, Tarikh-i- Mubarakshahi by Yahiya-bin-Ahmed Sirhindi, and Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi by Shams-i-siraj 'Afif'.

  6. Which of the following is NOT correctly matched ? (Book) (Author) - Aazzuddin Khalid Khan - Nizam-ud-din Ahmed - Yahiya-bin- Ahmed Sirhindi - Shams-i-siraj 'Afîf'

    Asked in: UPPSC ACF RFO gs 1 2021

    1. Dalail-i-Fîrûz Shâhî
    2. Munshat-i-Mâhru
    3. Tarîkh-i-Mubarakshâhî
    4. Tarîkh-i-Fîrûz Shâhî
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Munshat-i-Mâhru

    This is a repeat of question ID 90347. Munshat-i- Mahru is a collection of letters by Ain-ul-Mulk Mahru, a prominent figure in the Tughlaq era. The other works listed are correctly attributed: Dalail-i- Firuz Shahi to Aazzuddin Khalid Khan, Tarikh-i- Mubarakshahi to Yahiya-bin-Ahmed Sirhindi, and Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi to Shams-i-siraj 'Afif'.

Muhammad bin Tughluq: Administrative Experiments (Transfer of Capital, Token Currency, Doab Taxation)

  1. The capital was shifted from Delhi to Daulatabad during the reign of

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2006

    1. Iltutmish
    2. Krishnadevaraya
    3. Muhammad bin Tughlaq
    4. Alauddin Khilji
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Muhammad bin Tughlaq

    Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq of the Delhi Sultanate is famous for his ambitious administrative experiments, one of which was the decision to shift the imperial capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (Devagiri) in 1327 AD. He ordered the entire population of Delhi to move to the new capital, a move that proved disastrous and was later reversed.

  2. The scheme of extending agricultural loans Sondhar was introduced by

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2017

    1. Alauddin Khalji
    2. Muhammad Tughlaq
    3. Firuz Tughlaq
    4. Mubarak Khalji
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Muhammad Tughlaq

    Muhammad Tughlaq's agricultural reforms, including the establishment of a separate department (Diwan-i-Amir Kohi) and the provision of Sondhar loans, aimed at improving agricultural output, though they met with limited success during his reign.

  3. Identify the correct order of events of Muhammad-bin-Tughluq.

    Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2015

    1. Transfer of capital, conquest of Nagarkot, Reform of Token currency, Taxation of the Doab
    2. Reform of Token currency, Transfer of capital, Taxation of the Doab, conquest of Nagarkot
    3. Taxation of the Doab, Transfer of capital, Reform of Token currency, conquest of Nagarkot
    4. Conquest of Nagarkot, Reform of Token cur‐ rency, Taxation of the Doab, Transfer of the capit‐ al
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Taxation of the Doab, Transfer of capital, Reform of Token currency, conquest of Nagarkot

    - Muhammad-bin-Tughluq's reign was from 1325 to

  4. - Taxation of the Doab: This occurred early in his reign, around 1326-1327, and was a significant administrative misstep contributing to distress and rebellion. - Transfer of capital: He ordered the transfer of the capital from Delhi to Devagiri (renamed Daulatabad) in 1327. - Reform of Token currency: The experiment with introducing bronze/ copper token currency equivalent to silver tanka was launched around 1329-1330. This experiment failed disastrously. - Conquest of Nagarkot: The expedition to capture the Kangra Fort (Nagarkot) took place around 1337-1338. - The chronological order is thus: Taxation of the Doab (1326-27), Transfer of Capital (1327), Reform of Token currency (1329-30), Conquest of Nagarkot (1337-38). 34. Which one among the following was/were the motive/motives behind Muhammad Bin Tughlaq's transfer of capital from Delhi to Daulatabad ? 1. The shift to Daulatabad would give him a chance to establish control over Deccan and Gujarat 2. It would provide access to the Western and Southern ports 3. It would protect him from direct Mongol invasion from the North-Western frontier Select the correct answer using the code given below :

    Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2014

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 1, 2 and 3

    Daulatabad was centrally located for controlling the expanded Tughlaq Empire. Its location provided better access to southern regions and coastal trade. Moving the capital away from Delhi offered protection from Mongol invasions.

  5. The Delhi Sultan who transferred the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (Devagiri) was

    Asked in: WBPSC CS Prelims 2017

    1. Qutbuddin Aibak
    2. Iltutmish
    3. Muhammad-bin Tughlaq
    4. Firoz Shah Tughlaq
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Muhammad-bin Tughlaq

    Muhammad-bin Tughlaq (reigned 1325-1351 CE) was a ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty. Among his several controversial administrative experiments, one significant decision was the transfer of the imperial capital from Delhi to Devagiri, which he renamed Daulatabad, in the Deccan region around 1327 CE. The move was intended to better control the vast empire and the rich Deccan region, but it proved disastrous due to practical difficulties and the forced relocation of the populace. The capital was eventually shifted back to Delhi.

  6. Which Sultan of Delhi established separate Agriculture department which planned the rotation of crops ?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2008

    1. Iltutmish
    2. Balban
    3. Alauddin Khilji
    4. Mohammad Bin Tughlaq
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Mohammad Bin Tughlaq

    Diwan-i-Amir Kohi was one of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq's administrative reforms aimed at improving the economic condition of the state, though many of his ambitious projects faced difficulties in implementation.

  7. For the first time, the token currency in India was introduced by—

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2008

    1. Iltutmish
    2. Alauddin Khilji
    3. Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq
    4. Sher Shah Suri
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq

    Muhammad Bin Tughlaq's token currency was a significant administrative experiment, but it failed disastrously primarily due to the state's inability to prevent widespread counterfeiting by the populace.

  8. Which new department was started by Muhammad-bin- Tughlaq for the development of agriculture ?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2009

    1. Diwan-i-Risalat
    2. Diwan-i-Ashraf
    3. Diwan-i-Kohi
    4. Diwan-i-Mustkharaz
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Diwan-i-Kohi

    Sultan Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq (1325-1351 CE) established a new department called Diwan-i-Kohi (or Diwan-i-Amir Kohi) with the specific objective of bringing uncultivated land under the plough. This was part of his efforts to improve agricultural production, which he believed was crucial for the state's revenue and the welfare of the people.

  9. Assertion (A): Muhammad bin Tughlaq left Delhi, and, for two years lived in a camp called Swarga-dwari. Reason (R): At that time, Delhi was ravaged by a form of plague and many people died.

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2002

    1. Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
    2. Both A and R are individually true but R is not a correct explanation of A
    3. A is true but R is false
    4. A is false but R is true
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A

    - Assertion (A) is true: Historical accounts state that Muhammad bin Tughlaq indeed moved his court and residence temporarily from Delhi to a camp called Swarga-dwari, located near Kannauj on the Ganges, for about two years. - Reason (R) is true: The primary reason cited by historians for this move was a severe plague that afflicted Delhi at that time, causing significant mortality.

Muhammad bin Tughluq: Character, Vision, and Controversial Policies

  1. Ibn Batutah, the famous Arab scholar and traveller, visited India during the reign of

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2013

    1. Ghiyas-ud-din Balban
    2. Humayun
    3. Muhammad-bin Tughlaq
    4. Sher Shah Suri
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Muhammad-bin Tughlaq

    Ibn Battuta stayed in India for several years and was appointed as Qazi (judge) of Delhi by Muhammad bin Tughlaq. His detailed account of his travels, the "Rihla," is a valuable source of information about the history, society, and geography of the 14th-century world, including India under the Tughlaqs.

  2. Who was the Jain scholar who was consulted and honoured by Sultan Muhammad-bin Tughlaq ?

    Asked in: HAS Prelims 2019

    1. Jinaprabha Suri
    2. Mahendra Suri
    3. Hemchandra Suri
    4. Kundacharya
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Jinaprabha Suri

    Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq was known for his interactions with scholars of various faiths. Historical sources mention that he invited and honored Jain scholars at his court. Among the options provided, Jinaprabha Suri was a prominent Digambara Jain scholar who lived during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq and is recorded to have been consulted and shown respect by the Sultan.

  3. Which one of the following travelogues has given an insight on the reign of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq ?

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 2 2017

    1. Ibn Battuta's Rihla
    2. Francois Bernier's Travels in the Mogul Em‐ pire
    3. Niccolao Manucci's Storia do Mogor
    4. Tavernier's Travels in India
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Ibn Battuta's Rihla

    Ibn Battuta, a famous Moroccan traveler and scholar, visited India during the reign of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq (1325-1351 AD) and served him for several years. His detailed travelogue, 'Rihla' (meaning 'journey'), provides invaluable insights into the political, social, and economic conditions of the Delhi Sultanate under Muhammad Bin Tughlaq.

  4. Ibn Battuta, the famous Muslim explorer who came to India during the times of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, belonged to which country ?

    Asked in: PPSC CS Prelims 2018

    1. Egypt
    2. Greece
    3. Iran
    4. Morocco
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Morocco

    Ibn Battuta was a Berber Maghrebi scholar and explorer from Tangier, Morocco. He is known for his extensive travels covering over 117,000 kilometers across the Islamic world and beyond.

  5. Ibn Batuta came to India during which rulers' reign?

    Asked in: WBPSC CS Prelims 2021

    1. Akbar
    2. Sher Shah
    3. Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
    4. Alauddin Khilji
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Muhammad Bin Tughlaq

    - Ibn Batuta, the famous Moroccan traveler and scholar, visited India in the 14th century. - He arrived in India around 1333 AD and was appointed as a Qazi (judge) by Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughlaq of the Delhi Sultanate. He remained in India for several years, serving the Sultan.

  6. Ibn Batuta, the Moorish traveller, visited India during the reign of:

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 1994

    1. Mohammad Bin Tughlak.
    2. Babar
    3. Akbar
    4. Mahmood Ghazni
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Mohammad Bin Tughlak.

    Ibn Batuta, the famous Moroccan traveler and scholar, arrived in India in 1333 AD and spent several years there, serving in various capacities, including as Qazi (judge) in Delhi, under the Sultan of Delhi, Mohammad Bin Tughlak (reigned 1325-1351 AD).

  7. Ibn Batuta visited India during the reign of

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2011

    1. BahlolLodi
    2. Firoz Tughlaq
    3. Ghayasuddin Tughlaq
    4. Mohammad bin Tughlaq
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Mohammad bin Tughlaq

    - Ibn Batuta arrived in India in 1333 AD, during the reign of the Tughlaq dynasty. - Mohammad bin Tughlaq reigned from 1325 to 1351 AD. - Ibn Batuta stayed in India for several years and was appointed as a Qazi (judge) by Mohammad bin Tughlaq. - He wrote extensively about his travels in his book "Rihla" (The Journey), which provides valuable insights into the political, social, and economic conditions of the Delhi Sultanate during that period.

  8. The most learned ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, who was well versed in various branches of learning including Astronomy, Mathematics and Medicines was :

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2012

    1. Itutmish
    2. Alaiiddin Khalji
    3. Muhammad bin Tughlaq
    4. Sikandar Lodi
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Muhammad bin Tughlaq

    Muhammad bin Tughlaq (reigned 1325-1351) is widely regarded by historians as the most learned and intellectual ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. He was well-versed in numerous fields, including philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, logic, medicine, and various languages. Despite his intellectual prowess, his reign was marked by controversial and often ill-fated administrative experiments like the transfer of capital from Delhi to Devagiri and the introduction of token currency, which earned him epithets like "the wise fool."

  9. “The king was freed from his people and they from their king”. On whose death did Badauni comment thus?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 1999

    1. Balban
    2. Ala-ud-din Khalji
    3. Muhammad-bin-Tughlak
    4. Feroze Shah Tughlak
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Muhammad-bin-Tughlak

    - The quote is attributed to the historian Badauni. - It refers to a king whose reign was characterized by policies that alienated him from his subjects. - Muhammad-bin-Tughluq's reign fits this description due to his controversial administrative and economic experiments.

Muhammad bin Tughluq: Foreign Policy and Causes of His Failures

  1. Ibn Batuta went to China as the envoy of which one of the following Delhi Sultans?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2020

    1. Alauddin Khilji
    2. Muhammad bin Tughluq
    3. Iltutmish
    4. Firoz Shah Tughluq
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Muhammad bin Tughluq

    The famous Moroccan traveller Ibn Batuta visited India during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325-1351). He spent several years in the Sultanate, serving as a qazi (judge) in Delhi. In 1341, Muhammad bin Tughluq appointed him as his ambassador to the Mongol court in China.

  2. Who among the following foreign travellers was appointed Qazi of Delhi by Muhammad Tughlaq?

    Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2021

    1. Al-Masudi
    2. Abu Zaid
    3. Ibn Battuta
    4. Ibn Haukal
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Ibn Battuta

    Ibn Battuta served as Qazi of Delhi for several years before being sent on a diplomatic mission to China. His travelogue, 'Rihla' (The Journey), provides invaluable information about political, social, and economic conditions in 14th-century India under Muhammad Tughlaq.

  3. Consider the given four statements and choose the correct answer from the given options. 1. Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi attacked Nagarkot fort in 1009 A.D. 2. In 1339, the Nagarkot expedition was led personally by Sultan Muhammad Tugluq. 3. In 1348 A.D., Raja Puran Chand recovered Kangra fort. 4. After Amir Timur's return, Hari Chand ascended the throne of Kangra in 1405 A.D.

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2020

    1. 1 and 2
    2. 2 and 3
    3. 2 and 4
    4. 1 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 1 and 4

    - Kangra fort (Nagarkot) has a long history of sieges and conquests by various rulers including Mahmud Ghaznavi, Delhi Sultans (Tughluqs), and Mughals. - Its recovery after Timur's invasion is a significant event in Kangra's history.

  4. Select the correct statement/s from the following: (i) Mahmud of Ghazni, made a raid on Nagarkot (Kangra) in 1008-09 A.D. (ii) Hiuen-Tsang stayed for sometime at Sirmaur with the monk Jaya Guptam. (iii) Prince Nasir-ud-Din ascended the throne of Kangra under the name of Muhammad Tughlaq. (iv) The Nagarkot fort remained under the possession of Timur-e-Lang till AD 1043.

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2021

    1. (ii) and (iii)
    2. (iv) only
    3. (i), (ii) and (iii)
    4. All of these
    Show answer

    Answer: C. (i), (ii) and (iii)

    Statement (i): Mahmud of Ghazni's raid on Nagarkot in 1009 AD fits the 1008-09 period. (Likely correct) Statement (ii): Hiuen-Tsang's meeting with a monk named Jayagupta is documented, but his stay specifically with him at Sirmaur is not widely corroborated. (Questionable/ Likely Incorrect) Statement (iii): Prince Nasir-ud- Din taking the Kangra throne as Muhammad Tughlaq is historically false. (Incorrect) Statement (iv): Timur captured Kangra in 1399, not 1043 AD, and did not hold it until 1043 AD. (Incorrect) Given the high confidence that (i) is correct and (iii) and (iv) are incorrect, and the options list combinations of correct statements, there is a flaw in the question. Option C claims (i), (ii), (iii) are correct. If this is the intended answer, it requires considering (ii) and (iii) correct, which is inconsistent with historical data for (iii).

  5. Consider the following statements : 1. It was during the reign of Iltutmish that Chenghiz Khan reached the Indus in pursuit of the fugitive Khwarezm prince. 2. It was during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq that Taimur occupied Multan and crossed the Indus. 3. It was during the reign of Deva Raya II of Vijayanagara Empire that Vasco da Gama reached the coast of Kerala. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2021

    1. 1 only
    2. 1 and 2
    3. 3 only
    4. 2 and 3
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1 only

    Statement 1 is correct: Chenghiz Khan did reach the banks of the Indus River in 1221 AD while pursuing the Khwarezmian prince Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu. This event occurred during the reign of Iltutmish (1211-1236 AD) in the Delhi Sultanate. Statement 2 is incorrect: Timur invaded India and sacked Delhi in 1398 AD. At that time, the ruler of the Delhi Sultanate was Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq (1394-1413 AD), the last ruler of the Tughluq dynasty, not Muhammad bin Tughluq (1324-1351 AD). Statement 3 is incorrect: Vasco da Gama reached Calicut, on the coast of Kerala, in 1498 AD. Deva Raya II reigned the Vijayanagara Empire from 1422 to 1446 AD. The ruler of Vijayanagara around 1498 AD was Immadi Narasimha Nayaka or Vira Narasimha Raya.

  6. Which sultan believed in close diplomatic cultural and economic contents with outside world?

    Asked in: law officier 2025

    1. Muhammad bin Tughlaq
    2. Rukundin Firoz
    3. Islam Shah
    4. Firoz Tughlaq
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Muhammad bin Tughlaq

    Muhammad bin Tughlaq actively pursued diplomatic, cultural, and economic relations with external powers.

Society, Religion, and Culture during the Tughluq Period (Sufism, Bhakti Movement)

  1. Which of the following pairs are correctly matched ? Traveller Country from 1. Marco Polo Italy 2. Ibn Battuta Morocco 3. Nikitin Russia 4. Seydi Ali Reis Turkey Select the correct answer using the code given below :

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 1 2018

    1. 1, 2 and 3 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1, 2, 3 and 4
    4. 1 and 4 only
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 1, 2, 3 and 4

    Travellers' accounts are invaluable sources for reconstructing the history, society, economy, and culture of the regions they visited. They provide external perspectives that complement indigenous sources.

  2. Which one of the following pairs of travellers and their nationality is not correctly matched ?

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 2 2019

    1. Ibn Battuta - Moroccan
    2. Duarte Barbosa - Portuguese
    3. Jean Baptiste Tavernier - Dutch
    4. Niccolao Manucci - Venetian 5. Lodi Dynasty
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Jean Baptiste Tavernier - Dutch

    Jean-Baptiste Tavernier was a 17th-century French traveller and gem merchant who travelled extensively in India. He was not Dutch.

  3. Match the following pairs : (Name of the Foreign Traveller) (Country from) a. Fa-Hien 1. Persia b. Al-Biruni 2. Morocco c. Ibn Battuta 3. China d. Marco Polo 4. Italy Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

    Asked in: GS AE PHE 28 2023 1406 2024

    1. a b c d 3 2 1 4
    2. a b c d 1 2 3 4
    3. a b c d 2 3 1 4
    4. a b c d 3 1 2 4
    Show answer

    Answer: D. a b c d 3 1 2 4

    This question assesses knowledge about prominent foreign travellers who visited India and their respective nationalities/regions of origin.

Timur's Invasion and its Impact on the Delhi Sultanate

  1. Who was the Sultan of Delhi at the time of Timur's invasion?

    Asked in: Civil Judge 2018

    1. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
    2. Feroz Tughlaq
    3. Abubakr Shah
    4. Nasiruddin Mahmud Tughlaq
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Nasiruddin Mahmud Tughlaq

    Nasiruddin Mahmud Tughlaq was the Sultan of Delhi when Timur invaded India in 1398.