Vijayanagara Empire is part of Medieval History of India. Below are notes on 14 sub-topics, followed by practice MCQs from State PSC and UPSC papers.

Administration: Central, Provincial (Nayaka system, Amaram-Nayakas), and Local

  • Central Administration:
  • King was the supreme authority in executive, judicial, and military matters.
  • Coronation of the crown prince was known as 'Yuvaraja Pattabhisegam'.
  • A Council of Ministers assisted the King, including a Prime Minister (Pradhani).
  • Land revenue was the main source of state income.
  • Vijayanagara kings maintained close ties between religion and administration.
  • Devaraya I constructed a large dam across the Tungabhadra River and a canal-aqueduct to the capital.
  • Provincial Administration (Nayankara System):
  • The empire was divided into provinces called 'Rajyas' (also Mandalas or Chavadi), governed by a Mahamandaleshvara.
  • Nayankara System: A major political innovation of Vijayanagara, comparable to the Iqta system of the Delhi Sultanate.

Art and Architecture: Temple Architecture (Vittala Temple, Hazara Rama Temple), Sculptures, City Planning (Hampi)

  • Hampi served as the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire, located on the banks of the Tungabhadra River.
  • The ruins of Hampi were brought to light by Colonel Colin Mackenzie in 1800.
  • Abdur Razzak described Vijayanagara city as exceptionally beautiful and wealthy.
  • The royal center in Hampi was located in the south-western part, encompassing over 60 temples and approximately 30 identified palace complexes.
  • Vijayanagara Temple Architecture:
    • Distinctive features included tall gopurams (monumental gateways) and elaborate Kalyanamandapams (marriage halls).
    • Kalyanamandapams were characterized by intricately carved pillars.
    • A notable architectural feature was the sculpting of Yali (a mythical creature, often horse-lion-like) on temple pillars and pilasters.
  • Vittala Temple (Hampi):
    • Built by King Krishnadevaraya.
    • Renowned for its musical pillars and the iconic stone chariot.
  • Hazara Rama Temple (Hampi):
    • Built by King Krishnadevaraya.
    • Known for its detailed relief carvings depicting scenes from the Ramayana.
    • Belongs to the Vijayanagara kingdom.
  • Virupaksha Temple (Hampi):
    • One of the oldest and principal shrines in Hampi.
    • Significantly expanded and patronized during the Vijayanagara period.
  • Mahanavami Dibba (Hampi):
    • A massive platform situated on one of the highest points in Hampi.
    • Used for royal rituals and ceremonies, particularly during the Mahanavami festival.
    • Its base is adorned with extensive relief carvings.

Battle of Talikota (Rakkasa-Tangadi) and its impact

  • The Battle of Talikota, also known as Battle of Rakkasa-Tangadi or Rakshasi-Tangadi.
  • Fought on January 23, 1565 CE, near the villages of Rakkasa and Tangadi, on the banks of the Krishna River.
  • It was fought between the Vijayanagara Empire and the combined forces of the Deccani Sultanates.
  • The Deccani Sultanates coalition included Ahmednagar, Bijapur, Golconda, Berar, and Bidar.
  • At the time of the battle, Sadashiva Raya was the titular king of Vijayanagara, but the de facto ruler and army leader was his regent, Rama Raya.
  • The Vijayanagara Empire suffered a crushing defeat; Rama Raya was captured and executed.
  • The battle dealt a "death blow" and brought an abrupt end to the Vijayanagara Empire's glory and influence.
  • The victorious Sultanate armies thoroughly plundered and destroyed the capital city of Hampi, which subsequently became an abandoned UNESCO World Heritage site.
  • The capital was later shifted to Penukonda and then Chandragiri by the surviving members of the Vijayanagara royal family (Aravidu dynasty).

Decline and Aravidu Dynasty

Decline of Vijayanagara Empire began signi1. ficantly after the Battle of Talikota (RakkasaTangadi) in 1565 CE. In this battle, Vijayanagara (under Aliya 2. Rama Raya, regent of Sadasiva Raya, Tuluva dynasty) was decisively defeated by a confederacy of four Deccan Sultanates (Ahmednagar, Bijapur, Golconda, Bidar). Aliya Rama Raya was executed, and the cap3. ital city of Vijayanagara was plundered and largely destroyed. The Aravidu Dynasty (c. 1570-1646 CE) suc4. ceeded the Tuluva dynasty, becoming the last ruling lineage of the Vijayanagara Empire. Its founder was Tirumala Raya, brother of the 5. fallen Aliya Rama Raya. After the devastation of Vijayanagara, Tiru6. mala Raya established his new imperial capital at Penugonda (present-day Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh). Later Aravidu rulers, like Venkata II, further 7. shifted the capital to Chandragiri. The Aravidu period was characterized by 8. continued decline, internal strife, and the increasing autonomy of provincial governors (Nayaks). The empire fragmented into smaller princip9. alities, eventually leading to its disintegration around 1646 CE, with Sriranga III being the last major ruler.

Economic Life: Agriculture, Trade, Guilds, Coinage, Urban Centres

  • Agriculture: Main crops included rice, ragi, pulses, cotton, and spices.
  • Irrigation: State actively encouraged and supported agriculture through the construction of tanks, dams (e.g., on Tungabhadra river), and canals.
  • Land Tax: The principal source of state revenue. The tax rate on land was fixed depending on the quality of the land, ranging from 1/6 to 1/2 of the produce (e.g., under Krishnadevaraya's administration).
  • Trade: Vijayanagara engaged in extensive internal and external trade.
  • Key Imports: Horses (the single biggest item of import, crucial for military purposes), pearls, precious stones, copper, mercury, velvet, and Chinese silk.
  • Key Exports: Cotton, silk, spices (pepper, cardamom), rice, iron, and saltpetre.
  • Ports & Trading Partners: Major ports included Calicut, Mangalore, Bhatkal, and Goa. Traded extensively with Arabs, Persians, Portuguese, and Chinese.
  • Guilds: Craftsmen and merchants were organized into various guilds (shrenis), which protected their members' interests and regulated trade.
  • Industries Tax: Private owners of workshops and various artisans paid a specific industries or professional tax.
  • Coinage: Gold coins like Varaha (also known as Pagoda, the principal coin) and Fanam (a smaller gold coin) were widely circulated. Silver and copper coins were also in use.
  • Specific Textile Taxes: Panjupeeli (tax on cotton yarn), Nulayam (tax on cotton thread), Tari kadamai (tax on looms/weavers), and Sella (tax on the sale of cloth).
  • Urban Centres: Hampi (the capital city of Vijayanagara) was a large, well-fortified, and prosperous urban center, as extensively described by foreign travelers.

Foreign Accounts: Nicolo de Conti, Abdur Razzaq, Domingos Paes, Fernão Nuniz

  • Nicolo de Conti (Italian): Visited during the reign of Devaraya I (early 15th century).
  • Abdur Razzaq (Persian): Ambassador from Persia (ruler Shah Rukh). Visited during the reign of Devaraya II (mid-15th century). Impressed by fortifications of Calicut. Noted abundant flower merchants and the necessity of jasmine flowers in Vijayanagara.
  • Domingos Paes (Portuguese): Visited during the reign of Krishnadeva Raya (early 16th century). Described Vijayanagara city, comparing its grandeur to Rome. Provided a detailed physical description of Krishnadeva Raya: medium height, fair complexion, good figure, rather fat, with signs of smallpox. Described the fortified city of Hampi.
  • Fernão Nuniz (Portuguese): Horse trader, visited during the reign of Achyuta Raya (mid-16th century). His account provides a detailed history of the Vijayanagara Empire.
  • Duarte Barbosa (Portuguese): Visited during the reign of Krishnadeva Raya.
  • Afanasy Nikitin (Russian): Merchant traveller, visited South India in the 15th century.
  • Peter Mundy (English): Traveller.
  • Antonio Monserrate (Spanish): Traveller.

Krishnadevaraya: Reign, conquests, and achievements

  • Reigned from 1509 to 1529 CE, considered the greatest ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire.
  • Titles: 'Andhra Bhoj' (patron of Telugu literature) and 'Yavanasthapanacharya' (Restorer of the Yavana kingdom).
  • Founded the suburban township of Nagalapuram, near Vijayanagara, named after his mother Nagala Devi.
  • Authored 'Amuktamalyada' in Telugu, a treatise on statecraft and dharma, considered his magnum opus.
  • Also composed 'Jambavati Kalyanam' in Sanskrit.
  • His court was adorned by 'Ashtadiggajas', eight famous Telugu poets, including Allasani Peddana, Nandi Thimmana, Dhurjati, and Madayyagari Mallana. Siddheshvara was not one of them.
  • Key military conquests: defeated the Gajapati ruler Prataparudra Deva of Odisha (conquered Udayagiri fort in 1514 CE).
  • Captured the Raichur Doab from the Bijapur Sultan, Ismail Adil Khan, in 1520 CE.
  • Restored the Bahmani Sultan Mahmud Shah to the throne after defeating the Bahmani Sultanate, hence earning the title 'Yavanasthapanacharya'. This involved conquering the capitals of Muslim kingdoms like Bidar and Gulbarga.
  • Permitted the Portuguese (under Afonso de Albuquerque) to build a fort at Bhatkal to ensure a steady supply of horses.
  • Foreign travellers Domingo Paes and Fernão Nuniz visited the Vijayanagara Empire during/around his reign.
  • Duarte Barbosa, another Portuguese traveller, praised his administration for the great justice and equity prevailing in his empire.
  • He was a great scholar of both Telugu and Sanskrit.

Legacy and Cultural Impact on South India

  • Yakshagana: A prominent folk theatre/dance form that saw significant development, formalization, and widespread patronage during the Vijayanagara Empire, particularly in the Karnataka region.
  • The Vijayanagara period was marked by extensive patronage of various classical arts, including dance, music, and literature, fostering their growth and development.

Literature: Kannada, Telugu, Sanskrit, and Tamil contributions (Ashtadiggajas)

  • Vijayanagara Empire rulers extensively patronized literature in Sanskrit, Telugu, Kannada, and Tamil.
  • Sanskrit Contributions:
    • Sayana: Famous Vedic commentator, authored Vedartha Prakasha. Flourished under Vijayanagara kings (e.g., Harihara I, Bukka Raya I).
    • Gangadevi: Authored Madura Vijayam (or Kampana Charita), detailing the conquest of Madurai.
    • Krishnadevaraya: Composed the Sanskrit drama Jambavati Kalyanam.
  • Telugu Contributions:
    • Krishnadevaraya (1509-1529):
      • Authored the political treatise Amuktamalyada in Telugu.
      • Known by titles: Andhra Bhoj, Andhra Pitamaha, Abhinava Bhoja.
      • His court was adorned by Ashtadiggajas (Eight Elephants of Literature) – 8 eminent Telugu poets.
      • Allasani Peddana: Poet laureate (Telugu poet), known as Andhra Kavita Pitamaha (Grandfather of Telugu Poetry), a title conferred by Krishnadevaraya. Authored Manucharitra.
      • Tenali Ramakrishna: Famous jester-poet among Ashtadiggajas.
      • Ramrajbhushanudu (Bhattumurti): One of the Ashtadiggajas, authored Vasucharitra.
      • Pingali Surana: One of the Ashtadiggajas, authored Raghavapandaviyam.
    • Srinath: Prominent Telugu poet, active during the reign of Deva Raya II.
    • Telugu Mahabharata Translators (Kavitrayam): Nannayya (11th century) and Tikkana (13th century), along with Errapragada, are known for their Telugu translations of the Mahabharata.
    • Other Notable Telugu Authors & Works:
      • Vallabhacharya: Kreedabhiramamu
      • Ekamranatha: Prataparudracharitamu
      • Kase Sarvappa: Siddheswaracharitramu
      • Koravi Goparaju: Simhasana Dwatrimsika
  • Kannada Contributions:
    • Mallanarya: Court poet of Krishnadevaraya, wrote Bhava Chinta Ratna and Veerasaivamrita in Kannada.
  • Tamil Contributions:
    • Kamban: Famous Tamil poet, known for Ramavataram (Kambaramayanam); not associated with Telugu Mahabharata translation.

Origin and Foundation of the Empire (Harihara I, Bukka I)

  • Vijayanagara Empire founded by two brothers, Harihara I and Bukka I.
  • Foundation year: 1336 AD.
  • Founded during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq of the Delhi Sultanate.
  • Harihara I founded the new city on the south bank of a tributary to the Krishna River (Tungabhadra), ruling as an agent of the deity Virupaksha.
  • The empire lasted for over two centuries as the dominant power in South India.
  • Bukka I is credited with creating administrative units like stholas, nadus, and simas, and appointing officials for revenue and local administration.
  • The establishment of the Bahmani Sultanate in 1347 AD created a significant threat, influencing Harihara's expansionist activities.

Political History and Major Dynasties (Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva, Aravidu)

  • Vijayanagara Empire was founded in 1336 AD by Harihara I and Bukka I.
  • It was located in the Tungabhadra river valley.
  • The ruling dynasties of the Vijayanagara Empire were: Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva, and Aravidu, in chronological order.
  • Sangama Dynasty (c. 1336–1485 AD):
    • Founded by Harihara I.
    • Harihara I and Bukka I were the founders.
    • Devaraya II (Praudhadevaraya) was a significant ruler who employed Muslims and kept the Quran near his throne.
    • Virupaksha II belonged to this dynasty.
  • Saluva Dynasty (c. 1485–1505 AD):
    • Founded by Saluva Narasimha (Narasimha Saluva).
    • Saluva Narasimha ended the Sangama dynasty through the "Saluva Usurpation" (1485 AD) to prevent the kingdom's degeneration.
    • Thimma (Immadi Narasimha Saluva), son of Saluva Narasimha, was a ruler from this dynasty.
  • Tuluva Dynasty (c. 1505–1570 AD):
    • Founded by Vira Narasimha in 1505 AD by deposing the last Saluva ruler (Immadi Narasimha Saluva) in the "Tuluva Usurpation."
    • Krishnadeva Raya (1509–1529 AD) was the greatest ruler of this dynasty.
      • He was the younger brother of Vira Narasimha.
      • Authored 'Amuktamalyada' in Telugu.
    • Achyuta Raya succeeded Krishnadeva Raya (his half-brother).
  • Aravidu Dynasty (c. 1570–1646 AD):
    • Founded by Tirumala.
    • Sriranga I was a ruler of this dynasty.
    • This dynasty ruled after the Battle of Talikota.
  • The city of Hampi, the capital of Vijayanagara, was sacked after the Battle of Talikota (1565 AD), which led to the decline of the empire.
  • Historian Robert Sewell's book 'A Forgotten Empire' is about the Vijayanagara Empire.

Relations with Contemporary Powers: Bahamani Sultanate, Deccan Sultanates, Gajapatis of Odisha

  • Vijayanagara Empire and the Bahamani Sultanate were major rivals in medieval South India.
  • The primary bone of contention between Vijayanagara and Bahamanis was the fertile Raichur Doab, located between the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers.
  • This region is also referred to as the Tungabhadra Doab.
  • Control over the wealthy Krishna-Godavari Delta, including its port cities, was another major cause of conflict.
  • The Bahamani Sultanate eventually fragmented into five independent Deccan Sultanates: Bijapur, Golkonda, Ahmednagar, Bidar, and Berar.
  • The Sultanate of Bijapur sent Afzal Khan to capture Shivaji.
  • Vijayanagara also engaged in conflicts with the Gajapatis of Odisha, primarily for control over the coastal Andhra region.

Religious

Developments:

Vaishnavism,

Shaivism, Jainism, Sufism, and State

Patronage

  • Patron Deity: Lord Virupaksha (a form of Shiva) was the patron deity of the Vijayanagara Empire.
  • Ritual Kingship: Rulers claimed to govern on behalf of Lord Virupaksha, a hallmark of their administration.
  • Royal Orders: The name "Srivirupaksha" was routinely inscribed in Kannada script in royal orders.
  • Pampadevi: The local mother goddess, Pampadevi, was revered as the consort of Virupaksha. Legend states she performed penance to marry him.
  • Temple Location: The Vijayanagara site and city developed around existing shrines of Virupaksha and Pampadevi; the temples were not newly built at a chosen 'beautiful place' by the empire.
  • Title "Hindu Suratrana": Rulers adopted this title, meaning "Sultan among Hindu kings," signifying their role as protectors of Hindu dharma.
  • Religious Patronage & Innovation:
    • Vijayanagara rulers adopted and further developed earlier religious traditions.
    • Shaivism: Virupaksha cult was central, reflecting strong state patronage.
    • Vaishnavism: Also widely patronized; rulers made grants to Vaishnava temples, including the Venkateshwara shrine at Tirupati.
    • Jainism: Jainism was tolerated and received some patronage, particularly from merchants and local chiefs.
    • Sufism: Sufi saints and deras existed, indicating a degree of religious pluralism, though not a primary focus of state patronage.
    • Royal Portraiture: A significant innovation was the display of royal portrait sculptures within temples, symbolizing the king's divine association.

Society: Social Structure, Caste System, Position of Women

  • Society was stratified; the Nayak system created a powerful warrior class.
  • Nagarakkani: Land owned by the `nagaram` (urban settlements/guilds).
  • Nattar: Local chiefs/leaders of `Nadus` (districts), played a significant role in local administration.
  • Viragal (Hero stones): Common, memorializing heroes who died in battle, reflecting a martial culture.
  • Position of Women: Generally enjoyed a relatively high position and greater freedom compared to many contemporary societies.
  • Nuniz (Portuguese chronicler) documented women's expertise in various fields:
    • Wrestling
    • Astrology
    • Accounting
    • Soothsaying
    • Serving as palace guards and in the army.
  • Devadasis: Temple women who played a crucial role in preserving classical dance and music traditions.

7. Delhi Sultanate: Administration

Practice MCQs: Vijayanagara Empire

Administration: Central, Provincial (Nayaka system, Amaram-Nayakas), and Local

  1. The Amara-Nayaka system was a major political innovation of which Indian imperial rulers ?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2021 · Assistant Prosecuting Officer (APO) Exam 2021

    1. Cholas
    2. Chalukyas
    3. Guptas
    4. Vijayanagara
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Vijayanagara

    B. अकबर C. lसिकन्दर लोदी D. आरामिशाह Ans: C lसिकं दर लोदी ने आगरा शहर की नींव डाली और उसिे राजधानी बनाया।

Art and Architecture: Temple Architecture (Vittala Temple, Hazara Rama Temple), Sculptures, City Planning (Hampi)

  1. Which kingdom did the temple of Hazara Rama belong to ?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2016

    1. Avadh
    2. Travancore
    3. Vijayanagara
    4. Ahom
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Vijayanagara

    Hampi, where the Hazara Rama temple is located, was the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire.

  2. Name the platform used for ritual purposes by the kings of the Vijayanagara Empire.

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2018

    1. Mahanavami Dibba
    2. Lotus Mahal
    3. Hazara Rama
    4. Virupaksha
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Mahanavami Dibba

    The Mahanavami Dibba is a large, elaborately carved stone platform located in the Royal Centre of Hampi, the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire. It served as the main stage for royal ceremonies, particularly the Mahanavami festival (also known as Dussehra), where the king presided over parades, sports, and religious rituals demonstrating the empire's power and prosperity.

  3. The ruins of Hampi were brought to light by which of the following British officers of the East India Company ?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2022

    1. Colonel Colin Mackenzie
    2. James Prinsep
    3. William Jones
    4. James Rennell
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Colonel Colin Mackenzie

    Early British administrators and scholars played a significant role in the documentation and study of Indian historical sites and artifacts, often through their surveying and archaeological work.

  4. The structure of Mahanavami Dibba is situated in which one of the following places?

    Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2023

    1. Ujjain
    2. Gaur
    3. Hampi
    4. Mandu
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Hampi

    Hampi is the site of the ruins of Vijayanagara, the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire. The Mahanavami Dibba is a massive stone platform located in the Royal Centre area of Hampi. It is believed to have been used by the Vijayanagara rulers for public ceremonies, especially during the Mahanavami festival (now celebrated as Navaratri or Dasara). Ujjain, Gaur, and Mandu were important historical cities but were not the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire.

  5. Which of the following were some of the chief characteristics of the Vijayanagara temple architecture? 1. Tall gopurams 2. Kalyanamandapam with pillars 3. Absence of sculptures on pillars Select the correct answer code:

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2024

    1. 1, 2
    2. 1 only
    3. 2, 3
    4. 1, 2, 3
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1, 2

    Vijayanagara architecture is known for tall gopurams and Kalyanamandapams with sculpted pillars.

  6. Match the Column: I II I. Brihadeshwara Temple a. Mahabalipuram II. Shore Temple b. Thanjavur III. Tunganath c. Hampi IV. Virupaksha d. Rudraprayaag

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2021

    1. I - a, II - b, III - c, IV - d
    2. I - b, II - c, III - d, IV - a
    3. I - c, II - d, III - a, IV - b
    4. I - b, II - a, III - d, IV - c
    Show answer

    Answer: D. I - b, II - a, III - d, IV - c

    - I. Brihadeshwara Temple, a grand Chola architecture masterpiece, is located in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. - II. Shore Temple, part of the Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, is located in Mahabalipuram (Mamallapuram), Tamil Nadu. - III. Tunganath Temple, one of the Panch Kedar temples dedicated to Shiva, is located in the Rudraprayag district of Uttarakhand. - IV. Virupaksha Temple, dedicated to Lord Virupaksha (a form of Shiva), is located in Hampi, Karnataka, and is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site.

  7. Which of the following temples were built by Krishnadevaraya? I. Vithalaswami temple II. Hazara Ramaswami temple III. Ranganatha temple IV. Kailasnath temple

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2021

    1. I only
    2. I and II only
    3. II and III only
    4. I, II, III and IV
    Show answer

    Answer: B. I and II only

    The construction of the magnificent Vithalaswami Temple complex was initiated by Krishnadevaraya, although it might have been completed by his successors. It is famous for its intricate carvings, musical pillars, and the iconic stone chariot. The Hazara Ramaswami Temple, located within the royal enclosure, is also attributed to Krishnadevaraya and is known for its detailed sculptural panels depicting scenes from the Ramayana.

Battle of Talikota (Rakkasa-Tangadi) and its impact

  1. In January 1565, the Battle of Talikota was fought between

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2018

    1. The Vijayanagara Empire and the Deccani Sultanates
    2. The Marathas and Mughals
    3. Malik Ambar and Mughals
    4. Tipu Sultan and the Britishers
    Show answer

    Answer: A. The Vijayanagara Empire and the Deccani Sultanates

    The Battle of Talikota (also known as the Battle of Rakkasa-Tangadi) was fought on January 23, 1565, between the forces of the Vijayanagara Empire and a confederacy of the Deccani Sultanates (Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, Golconda, and Bidar). The battle resulted in a decisive defeat for Vijayanagara and marked the effective end of its pre-eminence.

  2. Which of the following statements is/are correct? I. The battle of Rakshasi-Tangadi fought in 1565 CE brought an abrupt end to the Vijayanagar Empire. II. Domingo Paes and Barbosa visited Vijayanagar. III. Due to his patronage of art and letters king Krishnadevaraya was known as ‘Andhra Bhoja’.

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2021

    1. I only
    2. III only
    3. I and II only
    4. II and III only
    Show answer

    Answer: D. II and III only

    - The Battle of Talikota (1565) was fought between the Vijayanagar Empire and a confederacy of Deccan Sultanates (Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmadnagar, and Bidar). Berar did not join. - Domingo Paes and Duarte Barbosa provided detailed and vivid descriptions of the city of Vijayanagar and its prosperity. - Krishnadevaraya's reign is considered the golden age of the Vijayanagar Empire, marked by military successes, administrative reforms, and cultural flourishing.

  3. The Islamic Sultanates of the Deccan (Ahmednagar, Bijapur, Golconda, Berar, Bidar) combined in 1565 to inflict a crushing defeat on the ruler of the Hindu Vijayanagar empire in the Battle of Talikota. Who was the king of Vijayanagar at that time ?

    Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2015

    1. Rama Raya
    2. Satyaki
    3. Tirumala
    4. Sadashiva Raya
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Rama Raya

    The Battle of Talikota (1565) led to the decisive defeat of the Vijayanagara Empire by the Deccan Sultanates.

  4. The Vijayanagara Empire received its death blow at the battle of:

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 2 2015

    1. Talikota in 1565
    2. Panipat in 1661
    3. Talikota in 1665
    4. Raichur in 1510
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Talikota in 1565

    The Vijayanagara Empire suffered a decisive defeat in the Battle of Talikota (also known as the Battle of Rakshasa-Tangadi) in 1565 against a confederacy of Deccan Sultanates (Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmadnagar, and Bidar). This battle led to the sacking of the capital city Vijayanagara and marked the beginning of the decline and eventual collapse of the empire.

  5. The villages Raksas and Tagdi related to which battle?

    Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2017

    1. Battle of Talikotta
    2. Battle of Takkolam
    3. Battle of Panipat 1761
    4. Battle of Adayar
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Battle of Talikotta

    The decisive Battle of Talikota in 1565, which led to the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, was fought between the Vijayanagara forces and the Deccan Sultanates near the villages of Rakkasagi and Tangadagi, which correspond to the names Raksas and Tagdi mentioned in the question.

  6. The Battle of Talikota was fought in the year

    Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2019

    1. 1575
    2. 1565
    3. 1545
    4. 1555
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 1565

    The Battle of Talikota in 1565 marked a major defeat for the Vijayanagara Empire and led to the sacking of its capital, Hampi.

  7. The Battle of Rakshasi-Tangadi is popularly known as the

    Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2022

    1. Battle of Talikota
    2. Battle of Khanwa
    3. Battle of Panipat
    4. Battle of Dharmat
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Battle of Talikota

    The Battle of Rakshasi-Tangadi, fought on January 26, 1565, is popularly known as the Battle of Talikota. The battle was fought near the villages of Rakshasi and Tangadi, situated on the banks of the Krishna River, and is named after the plain between them, or after the town of Talikota which was the Sultanates' base.

Decline and Aravidu Dynasty

  1. Tirumala, the founder of the Aravidu dynasty of Vijayanagar empire, established his capital at which of the following places ? - Question not attempted

    Asked in: Asst. Engineer Comb. Comp. Exam (Pre) 2024

    1. Penugonda
    2. Hampi
    3. Anegundi
    4. Chandragiri
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Chandragiri

    The Aravidu dynasty was the last dynasty to rule the Vijayanagar empire. Chandragiri became an important administrative and political center for the remnants of the empire.

Economic Life: Agriculture, Trade, Guilds, Coinage, Urban Centres

  1. Consider the following pairs with reference to textiles in Southern India : (Tax) (Meaning) 1. Panjupeeli : on cotton yarn 2. Nulayam : on cotton thread 3. Tari kadamai : on silk clothes 4. Sella : on silk thread Which of the pairs given above is/are correct ?

    Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2023

    1. 1 only
    2. 1 and 2 only
    3. 2, 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 1 and 2 only

    Based on historical records of medieval South Indian taxes, Panjupeeli and Nulayam were indeed taxes related to cotton yarn/thread, making statements 1 and 2 correct. Tari kadamai was a tax on looms/weavers, not specifically on silk clothes, making statement 3 incorrect. Statement 4 is also likely incorrect.

  2. Regarding the taxation system of Krishna Deva, the ruler of Vijayanagar, consider the following statements : 1. The tax rate on land was fixed depending on the quality of the land. 2. Private owners of workshops paid an industries tax. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2016

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Both 1 and 2

    Let's evaluate each statement based on historical accounts of the Vijayanagar Empire: 1. The tax rate on land was fixed depending on the quality of the land Land revenue was the principal source of income for the Vijayanagar state. Historical sources, including accounts by foreign visitors like Domingo Paes and Fernao Nuniz, indicate that land was classified based on its fertility, irrigation facilities, and type of crop cultivated. The tax rate varied accordingly, ensuring a more equitable system where better quality land with higher productivity paid more tax. This statement is correct. 2. Private owners of workshops paid an industries tax Besides land revenue, the state levied various other taxes, known as "professional taxes" or taxes on trades and industries. These included taxes on workshops, merchants, artisans, and other professionals. This tax was imposed on the income or output of these activities. This statement is correct.

  3. In medieval India, the term 'Fanam' referred to :

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2022

    1. Clothing
    2. Coins
    3. Ornaments
    4. Weapons
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Coins

    - The Fanam (also spelled Panam or Fanum) was a small gold coin widely circulated in South India during the medieval period, particularly under dynasties like the Vijayanagara Empire and later in various southern kingdoms. - It was one of the smallest gold denominations used for everyday transactions. - Historical records and numismatic studies confirm 'Fanam' as a monetary unit.

  4. Which among the following was the single biggest item of import to the Vijayanagar empire?

    Asked in: WBPSC CS Prelims 2020

    1. Pearl
    2. Precious stones
    3. Horses
    4. Silk
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Horses

    - The military strength of the Vijayanagar empire relied heavily on its cavalry. - The Deccan region did not breed horses of sufficient quality or in sufficient numbers for military needs. - This created a huge demand for imported horses, making them the most valuable import commodity.

  5. Consider the following statements in relation to the 'The Five Hundred' of the Chola Kingdom : (i) 'The Five Hundred' was a group of soldiers chosen from the army and navy. (ii) 'The Five Hundred' was a guild of merchants that traded across the South- East Asia. (iii) 'The Five Hundred' was operating with no single leader and no head office. (iv) 'The Five Hundred' was operating with a leader chosen by the King and head office was located at Nagapattinam. Which of the above statements is/are correct?

    Asked in: GS and General English JE Civil PWD 05 2025

    1. Only (i)
    2. Only (ii)
    3. (i), (ii) and (iii)
    4. None of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: D. None of the above

    Similar to ID 77315, this question tests knowledge about the Chola Kingdom's merchant guilds, specifically 'The Five Hundred' (Anjuvannam). The correct identification of their nature, activities, and organization is crucial. The difference here lies in the available options.

Foreign Accounts: Nicolo de Conti, Abdur Razzaq, Domingos Paes, Fernão Nuniz

  1. Which among the following King's reign Persian traveller 'Abdurrajjak' came to India ?

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 60 62rd

    1. Dev Rai I
    2. Krishna Dev Rai I
    3. Dev Rai II
    4. Krishna Rai II
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Dev Rai II

    Abdurrazzak was an ambassador from the court of Shah Rukh, the Timurid ruler of Persia.

  2. Domingo Paes, the medieval traveller, has described the city of

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2021

    1. Madurai
    2. Vijayanagara
    3. Arikamedu
    4. Gingee
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Vijayanagara

    Domingo Paes was a Portuguese traveller who visited the Vijayanagara Empire in the early 16th century, specifically around 1520-1522, during the reign of its most famous ruler, Krishnadevaraya. His detailed account, known as the 'Chronica dos Reis de Bisnaga' (Chronicle of the Kings of Vijayanagara), provides valuable insights into the city of Vijayanagara (Hampi), its administration, military strength, economy, and social life.

  3. Abdur Razzaq, an ambassador of the ruler of Persia, was sent to Calicut in the fifteenth century. He was greatly impressed by the :

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2023

    1. Fortifications of Calicut
    2. Climatic conditions of the coastal town
    3. High quality spices of the place
    4. Musical traditions of the place
    Show answer

    Answer: C. High quality spices of the place

    Abdur Razzaq, the ambassador from Persia who visited Calicut (Kozhikode) in the 15th century, was primarily impressed by the city's status as a major international trading port. His account, like those of other contemporary visitors, highlights the bustling trade, the multitude of merchants from various countries, and the quality of goods exchanged. Calicut was renowned globally for its spice trade, particularly pepper, which was a key commodity that attracted merchants from Europe, the Middle East, and other parts of Asia. While he described aspects of the city, the economic vibrancy centered around high-quality spices was the most noteworthy and impressive feature for a foreign visitor interested in trade.

  4. Who among the following traveller visited the court of Vijaynagar ruler Devray II as a Persian Ambassador ?

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2024

    1. Barbosa
    2. Nicolo-de-Conti
    3. Afanasy Nikitin
    4. Abdur Razzaq
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Abdur Razzaq

    Foreign travellers' accounts are crucial primary sources for understanding the history, society, and economy of medieval kingdoms like Vijayanagara.

  5. Which among the following statements about Vijayanagara are correct ? Colin Mackenzie was the first Surveyor General of India to visit Vijayanagara. John Marshall was the first to take detailed photographs of the site. James Burgess was the first to undertake conservation of Hampi. Select the answer using the code given below :

    Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2024

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1, 2 and 3
    4. 1 and 2
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1 only

    - Statement 1 is correct: Colin Mackenzie, a surveyor and antiquarian, visited the ruins of Hampi (Vijayanagara) around 1800 and produced the first survey maps of the site. He is considered the first Surveyor General of India appointed in 1815. - Statement 2 is incorrect: Detailed photography of Hampi started much earlier than John Marshall's time. For example, Alexander Greenlaw took extensive photographs of Hampi in 1856. John Marshall served as the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India from 1902 to 1928. - Statement 3 is incorrect: While James Burgess contributed significantly to Indian archaeology and conservation principles, he was not the first to undertake conservation efforts at Hampi. Early efforts were limited, and systematic, large-scale conservation initiatives at Hampi came much later, involving various individuals and the Archaeological Survey of India over time. Mackenzie's work was primarily documentation.

  6. Match the travellers (List I) with the Kings of Vijayanagara empire (List II) during whose period they had visited : List I (Travellers) List II (Kings)

    Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2015

    1. Abdur Razzak I. Devaraya I
    2. Nicolo Conti II. Devaraya II
    3. Fernao Nuniz III. Krishna Devaraya
    4. Barbosa IV. Achyuta Raya Select the code for the correct answer from the options given below : A. I II IV III B. II I IV III C. I II III IV D. I IV II III
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Nicolo Conti II. Devaraya II

    - Nicolo Conti, an Italian merchant, visited the Vijayanagara Empire during the reign of Devaraya I around 1420-1421. - Abdur Razzak, a Persian ambassador, visited the empire during the reign of Devaraya II around 1443. - Duarte Barbosa, a Portuguese writer and traveller, visited during the reign of Krishna Devaraya around 1516. - Fernao Nuniz, a Portuguese horse trader and chronicler, visited during the reign of Achyuta Deva Raya (Krishna Devaraya's successor) around 1535-1537.

  7. Who among the following travellers was from Italy and visited Vijayanagar Kingdom in the fifteenth century?

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 2 2018

    1. Nikitin
    2. Fa-Hien
    3. Bernier
    4. Nicolo Conti
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Nicolo Conti

    Nicolo Conti was an Italian merchant and explorer who travelled extensively in Asia during the early 15th century. He visited the Vijayanagar Empire (likely during the reign of Devaraya I) around 1420-1421 CE and left valuable accounts of the city and the empire.

Krishnadevaraya: Reign, conquests, and achievements

  1. The greatest ruler of the Vijayanagar Empire was

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2006

    1. Harihara II
    2. Krishnadevaraya
    3. Mallikarjuna
    4. Firuz Shah
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Krishnadevaraya

    Krishnadevaraya's rule brought the Vijayanagar Empire to its zenith of power and prosperity. He was known for his military campaigns against the Deccan Sultanates and Gajapatis of Odisha, as well as his patronage of arts and letters.

  2. Who among the following famous rulers founded a suburban township of Nagalapuram, near Vijayanagara, after his mother's name?

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 68th

    1. Harihara
    2. Bukka
    3. Krishnadevaraya
    4. More than one of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Krishnadevaraya

    Krishnadevaraya (reigned 1509–1529), the most famous ruler of the Tuluva dynasty, founded the city of Nagalapuram, named after his mother, Nagaladevi. This township is located near the capital city of Vijayanagara (Hampi).

  3. Which one of the following works was composed by Krishnadevaraya on statecraft in Telugu ?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2022

    1. Amuktamalyada
    2. Jambavati Kalyanam
    3. Rayavachakamu
    4. Satyavadu Parinaya
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Amuktamalyada

    Amuktamalyada is a significant Telugu epic poem composed by Krishnadevaraya, the most famous ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire. While primarily a literary work narrating the story of Andal, it is renowned for its sections discussing political maxims, principles of governance, and administrative advice, making it a work on statecraft. Jambavati Kalyanam and Ushaparinayam are Sanskrit dramas by Krishnadevaraya. Rayavachakamu is a historical chronicle about the Vijayanagara Empire but was written by Sthānapati Ananta, not Krishnadevaraya. Satyavadu Parinaya is likely a reference to Krishnadevaraya's Sanskrit work Satyaraja Parinayam.

  4. Who among the following was not a court poet of king Krishnadevaraya?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2024

    1. Timmana
    2. Dhurjati
    3. Mallana
    4. Siddheshvara
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Siddheshvara

    King Krishnadevaraya's court was famous for the 'Ashtadiggajas', eight eminent poets and scholars. Timmana (Nandi Thimmana), Dhurjati, and Mallana (Madayyagari Mallana) were all listed among these eight poets. Siddheshvara is not among the traditionally accepted list of Ashtadiggajas.

  5. Which one of the following Vijayanagar rulers was the author of ‘Amuktamalyada’?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2021

    1. Bukka I
    2. Bukka II
    3. Krishnadevaraya
    4. Harihara
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Krishnadevaraya

    'Amuktamalyada' is one of the Panchakavyas (five great epics) of Telugu literature. It tells the story of Andal (Godadevi), an Alvar saint, and her devotion to Vishnu. Krishnadevaraya wrote the work in Telugu, showcasing his proficiency in the language and his deep devotion. His reign is considered the golden age of Telugu literature.

  6. Who among the following is also known as 'Andhra Bhoj'?

    Asked in: JPSC CS Prelims 2014 · JPSC CS Prelims 2015

    1. Krishnadeva Raya
    2. Rajendra Chola
    3. Harihara
    4. Bukka
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Krishnadeva Raya

    - Krishnadeva Raya was not only a great military leader and administrator but also a renowned scholar, poet, and patron of arts and literature. - He himself authored works in Telugu (Amuktamalyada) and Sanskrit. - His court was adorned by Astadiggajas (eight great poets) who were stalwarts of Telugu literature. - The title 'Andhra Bhoj' compares him to the legendary King Bhoja of Malwa, famous for his extensive patronage of literature and learning, reflecting Krishnadeva Raya's similar role in the context of Andhra (Telugu) culture and literature.

  7. Identify the person from the description given below: a. He was given the title Andhra Bhoj. b. There were eight famous Telugu poets in his court. c. He established the city called 'Nagalapuram'. d. He was the only Hindu king to conquer the capitals of the Muslim kingdoms of Bidar and Gulbarga.

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2018

    1. Rama Deva Raya
    2. Pulakeshi I
    3. Parantaka I
    4. Krishnadeva Raya
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Krishnadeva Raya

    Krishnadeva Raya (reigned 1509-1529) was the most famous ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire. He held the title 'Andhra Bhoj' due to his patronage of Telugu literature. His court was adorned by the Ashtadiggajas, a group of eight eminent Telugu poets. He founded the suburban township of Nagalapuram near Vijayanagara in memory of his mother. He achieved significant military victories, including defeating the forces of the Bahmani successor states and capturing their capitals like Gulbarga and Bidar.

Legacy and Cultural Impact on South India

  1. Which South Indian dance tradition was firstly developed during the time of Vijaynagar ?

    Asked in: UKPSC CS Prelims 2021

    1. Mohiniattam
    2. Yakshagaan
    3. Krishnaattam
    4. Bharatanatyam
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Yakshagaan

    The Vijayanagar Empire (14th-17th centuries) was a golden age for South Indian arts and culture, including music, dance, and literature, providing patronage to various traditions.

  2. Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R): Assertion (A): We have much more information about Cholas than their predecessors. Reason (R): The Chola rulers adopted the practice of having inscriptions written on the walls of temples giving a historical narrative of their victories. Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2020

    1. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
    2. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
    3. (A) is true but (R) is false
    4. (A) is false but (R) is true
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

    Assertion (A) states that we have much more information about Cholas than their predecessors. This is true because the Chola period is rich in historical sources. Reason (R) states that Chola rulers adopted the practice of having inscriptions written on temple walls giving historical narratives of their victories. This is also true and is a defining characteristic of Chola rule, particularly the extensive use of prasastis (eulogies) inscribed on temples detailing the king's achievements, conquests, and administration.

Literature: Kannada, Telugu, Sanskrit, and Tamil contributions (Ashtadiggajas)

  1. Which one of the following is the language of the famous political treatise Amuktmalyada?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2023

    1. Sanskrit
    2. Tamil
    3. Kannada
    4. Telugu
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Telugu

    Amuktamalyada is considered one of the masterworks of Telugu literature and is recognized as one of the Pancha Kavyas (five great epics) of Telugu literature. Krishnadevaraya himself is known as Andhra Bhoja for his patronage of Telugu literature.

  2. In whose court was the famous Telugu poet 'Srinath' ?

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2019

    1. Harihar second
    2. Dev Raya first
    3. Dev Raya second
    4. Krishna Dev Raya
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Dev Raya second

    Srinath (c. 1380–1449 CE) was a prominent poet and scholar in Telugu literature. He is considered one of the Panchakavyas (five great poets) of Telugu. He served as a court poet in the Reddy kingdom of Kondavidu and later under the Vijayanagara Emperor Deva Raya II.

  3. Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer using the code given below - Statement 1 : Krishnadevaraya, ruler of Vijaynagar, wrote the treatise Amuktamalyada. Statement 2 : Krishnadevaraya is also known by the name of Andhra Bhoj. Statement 3 : Allasani Peddana, the poet laureate well versed in Sanskrit and Tamil, adorned his court.

    Asked in: RPSC RAS Prelims 2021

    1. Statement 1 is true
    2. Statement 2 is true
    3. Both the statements 1 & 2 are true
    4. All the three statements are true
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Both the statements 1 & 2 are true

    Statement 1: Krishnadevaraya, the famous ruler of the Vijayanagar Empire (Tuluva Dynasty), was a prolific writer himself. He is credited with writing the epic poem 'Amuktamalyada' in the Telugu language. This statement is true. Statement 2: Krishnadevaraya was a great patron of art, literature, and architecture. Due to his immense contributions to Telugu literature, he is widely known by the title 'Andhra Bhoj' (analogous to the legendary King Bhoja of Malwa, a great patron of arts) and also 'Andhra Pitamaha'. This statement is true. Statement 3: Allasani Peddana was indeed a principal poet in Krishnadevaraya's court and one of the Ashtadiggajas (eight elephants/poets). He is considered the 'Andhra Kavita Pitamaha' (Grandfather of Telugu Poetry). While he was undoubtedly well-versed in Sanskrit, his primary fame and contribution are in Telugu literature. The statement mentioning him as well-versed in Sanskrit and Tamil might be inaccurate regarding Tamil proficiency as his major characteristic or field of expertise, compared to his mastery of Telugu and Sanskrit. Therefore, Statement 3 is not definitively and entirely true in the same way as Statements 1 and 2.

  4. Which of the following poet was given the title of 'Andhra Kavita Pitamah' by Krishnadeva Ray ?

    Asked in: RPSC RAS Prelims 2023

    1. Allasani Peddana
    2. Bhattumurti
    3. Tenali Ramakrishana
    4. Pingli Suranna
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Allasani Peddana

    Allasani Peddana was one of the Ashtadiggajas, the eight eminent Telugu poets in the court of the Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadeva Raya (reigned 1509-1529 CE). He is considered the foremost among them, and his most famous work is 'Manu Charitra'. Krishnadeva Raya himself was a scholar and patron of literature.

  5. In which language did the poet Mallanarya write the texts named "Bhava Chinta Ratna" and "Veerasaivamrita" in the court of Krishandev Ray?

    Asked in: RPSC RAS Prelims 2024

    1. Telugu
    2. Kannada
    3. Sanskrit
    4. Tamil
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Kannada

    - Krishnadevaraya, the most famous ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire, was a great patron of art, literature, and culture. - While Krishnadevaraya himself was a celebrated Telugu poet (known for Amuktamalyada) and his court was famous for the Ashtadiggajas (eight prominent Telugu poets), he also patronized poets writing in other languages, including Kannada and Sanskrit. - Mallanarya was a renowned Kannada poet of the 16th century who enjoyed the patronage of Krishnadevaraya. - His works "Bhava Chinta Ratna" and "Veerasaivamrita" are significant contributions to Kannada literature, particularly within the Veerashaiva (Shaiva) tradition.

  6. Match the following authors with their literary texts : Author Literary Text

    Asked in: TSPSC Group 1 Prelims 2022

    1. Vallabhacharya 1. Prataparudra-charit‐ amu
    2. Ekamranatha 2. Simhasana Dwatrimsika 3. Ganapathi-devacharit‐
    3. Kase Sarvappa amu
    4. Koravi Gopa‐ 4. Kreedabhi-ramamu raju 5. Siddheswara-charitra‐ mu Choose the correct answer : A. A-5; B-3; C-4; D-1 B. A-2; B-4; C-1; D-5 C. A-3; B-5; C-1; D-3 D. A-4; B-1; C-5; D-2
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Koravi Gopa‐ 4. Kreedabhi-ramamu raju 5. Siddheswara-charitra‐ mu Choose the correct answer : A. A-5; B-3; C-4; D-1 B. A-2; B-4; C-1; D-5 C. A-3; B-5; C-1; D-3 D. A-4; B-1; C-5; D-2

    This question tests knowledge of Telugu literature, particularly from the Kakatiya period and later. The correct pairings are: Vallabhacharya (Vinukonda Vallabharaya) - Kreedabhi-ramamu Ekamranatha - Prataparudra-charitamu Kase Sarvappa - Siddheswara-charitramu Koravi Goparaju - Simhasana Dwatrimsika

  7. Sayana, the famous commentator of the Vedas, flourished under the rule of

    Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2012

    1. Bahmani kings
    2. Golkonda kings
    3. Gajapati kings
    4. Vijayanagar kings
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Vijayanagar kings

    - Sayana was a prominent scholar and minister in the Vijayanagar Empire. - His extensive commentaries cover almost all parts of the Vedas and are considered highly authoritative.

Origin and Foundation of the Empire (Harihara I, Bukka I)

  1. The Vijayanagar State came into existence during the reign of

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2006

    1. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
    2. Muhammad bin Tughlaq
    3. Firuz Shah Tughlaq
    4. Khizr Khan
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Muhammad bin Tughlaq

    The decline of the Delhi Sultanate's power in the Deccan during Muhammad bin Tughlaq's reign facilitated the emergence of independent kingdoms like Vijayanagar in the South.

  2. Who was the founder of the Vijayanagara Empire?

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 67th Cancelled

    1. Deva Raya I
    2. Krishnadeva Raya
    3. Harihara-Bukka
    4. Vira Narasimha Raya
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Harihara-Bukka

    Harihara I and Bukka I are recognized as the founders of the Vijayanagara Empire.

  3. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding Vijayanagar Empire? 1. Vijayanagar empire was established in 1336 and it lasted for more than two centuries as the dominant power in South India. 2. The kingdom of Vijayanagar was founded by Harihara and Bukka. 3. Bukka created administrative units called stholas, nadus, and simas and appointed officials to collect revenue and to carry on local administration. 4. The foundation of the Bahmani Sultanate in 1347 created a new and greater danger, and Harihara was forced to lessen his own expansionist activities to meet the threat posed by Bahmani kings.

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2019

    1. 1, 3 and 4 only
    2. 1, 2 and 4 only
    3. 2 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 1, 2 and 4 only

    The Vijayanagar Empire was founded in 1336 by Harihara and Bukka and remained a dominant power in South India for over two centuries. Its rise coincided with the establishment of the rival Bahmani Sultanate, leading to frequent conflicts.

  4. Which among the following kingdoms was founded by two Brothers, Harihara and Bukka ?

    Asked in: JPSC CS Prelims 2021

    1. Kingdom of Kampili
    2. Kingdom of Vijayanagara
    3. Kingdom of Kakatiyas
    4. Kingdom of Hoysalas
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Kingdom of Vijayanagara

    - Harihara I and Bukka I were initially associated with the Kampili kingdom. - Following the decline of the Hoysalas and the Delhi Sultanate's campaigns in the Deccan, they established the Vijayanagara Empire.

  5. Which one of the following kingdoms was founded by the two brothers Harihar and Bukka ?

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 1 2023

    1. Bahmani
    2. Vijayanagara
    3. Malwa
    4. Maratha
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Vijayanagara

    Harihar I and Bukka Raya I established the Vijayanagara kingdom in the Deccan region in response to the instability and decline of the Delhi Sultanate's control in the south.

  6. Who among the following laid the foundation of the Vijayanagara Empire?

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 2 2022

    1. Harihara and Bukka
    2. Krishnadeva Raya
    3. Rama Raya
    4. Virupaksha Raya
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Harihara and Bukka

    The Vijayanagara Empire was founded in 1336 CE by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I, two brothers from the Sangama dynasty. They served under the Kakatiya rulers of Warangal and later shifted allegiance to the Kampili kingdom before establishing their own kingdom.

  7. In 1336 A.D. who had established the Vijaynagar empire ?

    Asked in: UKPSC CS Prelims 2024

    1. Ramrai
    2. Krishnadev Rai
    3. Harihar and Bukka
    4. Achyut Rai
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Harihar and Bukka

    - The empire was founded in response to the southward expansion of the Delhi Sultanate. - Harihara I was the first ruler of the Sangama dynasty, which founded the empire.

Political History and Major Dynasties (Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva, Aravidu)

  1. The Ruling Dynasties Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva were associated with

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2023 · UPSC CAPF 2014

    1. Warangal
    2. Kashmir
    3. Vijayanagara
    4. None of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Vijayanagara

    The Vijayanagara Empire, located in South India, was ruled by four major dynasties sequentially: Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva, and Aravidu.

  2. Consider the following statements regarding Chola Kingdom. 1. The Brihadeeswara temple of Thanjavur was built by the Cholas. 2. The famous bronze Nataraja idol was commissioned by Cholas. 3. One of the biggest setbacks for the Chola dynasty was its lack of naval force. Which of the above statements is/are correct?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2023

    1. 1, 2
    2. 1, 3
    3. 2, 3
    4. 1, 2, 3
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1, 2

    Statement 1: The Brihadeeswara temple (also known as Rajarajeswaram) at Thanjavur was built by the great Chola king Rajaraja I and completed around 1010 CE. Statement 2: The Cholas were renowned for their bronze sculptures, especially the iconic Nataraja (dancing Shiva) idols, which were commissioned during their rule and represent a high point of South Indian art. Statement 3: Far from lacking a naval force, the Cholas possessed a powerful navy that enabled them to expand their influence overseas, including conquests in Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and parts of Southeast Asia (e.g., Srivijaya kingdom).

  3. Match List I with List II : List-I List-II (Vijayanagar Kings) (Dynasty) (a) Virupaksha-II (i) Sangam (b) Achyuta Ray (ii) Tuluva (c) Sriranga-I (iii) Aravidu (d) Thimma (iv) Saluva Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2023

    1. (a) - (i), (b) - (ii), (c) - (iii), (d) - (iv)
    2. (a) - (ii), (b) - (i), (c) - (iv), (d) - (iii)
    3. (a) - (iv), (b) - (ii), (c) - (i), (d) - (iii)
    4. (a) - (iv), (b) - (iii), (c) - (ii), (d) - (i)
    Show answer

    Answer: A. (a) - (i), (b) - (ii), (c) - (iii), (d) - (iv)

    - (a) Virupaksha-II: Virupaksha Raya II was the last king of the Sangama dynasty, ruling from 1465 to 1485 CE. - (b) Achyuta Ray: Achyuta Deva Raya ruled from 1529 to 1542 CE and belonged to the Tuluva dynasty. He was the younger brother of Krishna Deva Raya. - (c) Sriranga-I: Sriranga Deva Raya I ruled from 1572 to 1586 CE and was the first notable ruler of the Aravidu dynasty, which succeeded the Tuluva dynasty after the Battle of Talikota. - (d) Thimma: Immadi Narasimha (also known as Thimma Bhupala or Thimma) was the son of Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, the founder of the Saluva dynasty. He succeeded his father as king, although power was largely held by ministers like Saluva Thimmarasa. Thus, he belonged to the Saluva dynasty.

  4. Krishna Devaraya belongs to dynasty of the Vijayanagar Empire.

    Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2024

    1. Aravidu
    2. Saluva
    3. Sangama
    4. Tuluva
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Tuluva

    Krishnadevaraya's reign is considered a golden age for the Vijayanagara Empire, marked by military success, economic prosperity, and cultural flourishing, particularly in Telugu literature.

  5. Which one of the following dynasties ruled under the suzerainty of Kingdom of Vijayanagar ?

    Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2017

    1. Sangamas, Saluvas, Tuluvas and Aravidus
    2. Sangamas, Hoysalas, Aravidus and Tuluvas
    3. Hoysalas, Saluvas, Poligars and Sangamas
    4. Yadavas of Devagiri, Hoysalas, Saluvas and Aravidus
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Sangamas, Saluvas, Tuluvas and Aravidus

    The Vijayanagar Empire (1336–1646 CE) was a powerful South Indian empire. Its history is marked by the rule of these four distinct dynasties, each contributing to the empire's rise, maintenance, or eventual decline.

  6. Who among the following Chola Kings conquered and annexed the Maldives?

    Asked in: UPSC CBI DSP LDCE 2023

    1. Parantaka
    2. Rajaraja
    3. Rajendra
    4. Gandaraditya
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Rajaraja

    Rajaraja I (also known as Rajaraja the Great), who ruled the Chola kingdom between 985 and 1014 CE, was a powerful ruler and naval commander. He significantly expanded the Chola empire through conquests. His military campaigns included the conquest of parts of Sri Lanka, the Chera kingdom, the Pandya kingdom, and the Maldives.

  7. The historian Sewell has written a book entitled ‘A Forgotten Empire’. What was the name of empire ?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2009

    1. Mughal Empire
    2. Vijayanagar Empire
    3. Maratha Empire
    4. Mauryan Empire
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Vijayanagar Empire

    The book titled 'A Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagar; A Contribution to the History of Southern India' was written by Robert Sewell. Published in 1900, this book is a significant historical account of the Vijayanagar Empire, relying on various sources including foreign travellers' accounts and local records. Sewell, an officer in the Indian Civil Service, played a key role in documenting the history and archaeology of Southern India, particularly the ruins of Hampi, the capital of the Vijayanagar Empire.

Relations with Contemporary Powers: Bahamani Sultanate, Deccan Sultanates, Gajapatis of Odisha

  1. Which of the following was the bone of contention between the Bahamanis and the rulers of Vijayanagara?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2019

    1. Telangana
    2. Goa
    3. Raichur Doab
    4. Krishan-Godavari Delta
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Raichur Doab

    The Raichur Doab is a fertile region located between the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers. Its agricultural wealth and strategic location made it a highly desirable territory. Control over this region was frequently disputed between the Bahamani Sultanate (and its successor states) to the north and the Vijayanagara Empire to the south, leading to numerous conflicts and battles over several centuries.

  2. The main place for the wars between Vijayanagara and Bahamanis is ______.

    Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2017

    1. The kingdom of Madurai
    2. Konkan region
    3. Goa region
    4. Raichur Doab region
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Raichur Doab region

    The Raichur Doab region was the primary site and cause of conflict between the Vijayanagara and Bahmani kingdoms.

  3. The bone of contention between Vijayanagar and Bahamani Kingdom was -

    Asked in: Asst. Engineer Comb. Comp. Exam 2018

    1. Tungabhadra Doab
    2. Kaveri Delta
    3. Malabar Coast
    4. Kaveri Doab
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Tungabhadra Doab

    The Tungabhadra Doab was a disputed territory that frequently led to conflicts between the Vijayanagar and Bahamani dynasties due to its economic and strategic importance.

  4. The ruler of which of the following State sent Afzal Khan to capture Shivaji ?

    Asked in: Regional Inspector (Technical) Exam 2022

    1. Golkunda
    2. Bijapur
    3. Ahmadnagar
    4. Khandesh
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Bijapur

    The confrontation between Shivaji and Afzal Khan is a significant event in Maratha history, demonstrating Shivaji's strategic prowess and the growing power of the Maratha forces against the established Deccan Sultanates.

Religious Developments: Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Jainism, Sufism, and State Patronage

  1. Which of the following statements about the Vijayanagara Empire is / are true? 1. The kings claimed to rule on behalf of the God Virupaksha 2. Rulers used the title "Hindu Suratrana" to indicate their close links with Gods 3. All royal orders were signed in Kannada, Sanskrit and Tamil 4. Royal portrait sculpture was now displayed in temples Select the correct answer using the code given below :

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2016

    1. 4 only
    2. 1 and 2 only
    3. 1, 2 and 3
    4. 1, 2 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 1, 2 and 4

    - Statement 1: The rulers of Vijayanagara considered themselves representatives of God Virupaksha, the presiding deity of their kingdom and the deity of the Virupaksha temple at Hampi. Royal orders were often signed with the phrase "Sri Virupaksha". This is true. - Statement 2: The Vijayanagara rulers adopted the title "Hindu Suratrana" or "Hindu Sultan", signifying their role as protectors of Hinduism against the Deccan Sultanates. This title is found in inscriptions and accounts. This is true. - Statement 4: Royal portrait sculpture was a notable feature in Vijayanagara art. Stone portraits of kings and sometimes queens were installed in temples, particularly in gopurams and mandapams, often depicting them in a posture of worship. This is true. - Statement 3: While Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, and Sanskrit were used in inscriptions and official documents depending on the region and context, it is not accurate to say that all royal orders were signed in all three languages (Kannada, Sanskrit, and Tamil). The language used would often depend on the local language of the area where the order was issued or effective, in addition to Sanskrit for formality or religious contexts.

  2. Which of the following is/are true about the Virupaksha-Pampadevi of Vijayanagara? 1. Matridevi Pampadevi had done penance to marry Virupaksha. 2. The Vijayanagara rulers claimed to rule on behalf of Pampadevi. 3. The patron deity of the Vijayanagara Kingdom was Virupaksha. 4. Normally, the name of Srivirupaksha was mentioned in the Kannada script in the royal orders. 5. Virupaksha was a form of Vishnu. Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

    Asked in: HAS Prelims 2022

    1. 1, 2, 3
    2. 2, 3, 5
    3. 1, 3, 4
    4. 2, 3, 4
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 1, 3, 4

    - Statement 1 is true: Pampa is the local goddess of the Hampi region, associated with the Tungabhadra River. Legend says she performed penance on Hemakuta Hill to marry Shiva (Virupaksha). - Statement 2 is false: The Vijayanagara rulers styled themselves as regents ruling on behalf of the deity Virupaksha, not Pampadevi. - Statement 3 is true: Virupaksha, housed in the temple at Hampi, was the principal deity of the Vijayanagara rulers and the kingdom. - Statement 4 is true: Royal charters and inscriptions from Vijayanagara often began with an invocation to "Srivirupaksha" in Kannada script. - Statement 5 is false: Virupaksha is a prominent form of the Hindu god Shiva, associated with his all-seeing aspect, not Vishnu.

  3. Given below are two statements: Statement I : The temples of Virupaksha and Pampadevi were built by choosing a beautiful place like Vijayanagara. Statement II : The Vijayanagara rulers adopted the earlier traditions, innovated them and developed them further. In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

    Asked in: HAS Prelims 2022

    1. Both Statements I and II are true.
    2. Both Statements I and II are false.
    3. Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
    4. Statement I is false but Statement II is true.
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Both Statements I and II are true.

    - Statement I is true: The site of Vijayanagara was chosen for its strategic defensibility and its pre- existing religious significance, being home to the sacred Pampa Tirtha and the Virupaksha temple. The founders built the city around these sacred centers, enhancing and developing the temple complexes. The location is indeed renowned for its natural beauty, which surrounds these temples. - Statement II is true: The Vijayanagara Empire is characterized by its synthesis of earlier traditions from various South Indian dynasties (like the Cholas, Hoysalas) in administration, art, architecture, and religious practices. They adopted existing frameworks, introduced innovations, and significantly developed artistic and architectural styles, hydraulic systems, and administrative structures.

  4. Vijayanagara rulers claimed that they were ruling on behalf of

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 2 2024

    1. Lord Murugan
    2. Lord Venkateshwara
    3. Shri Virupaksha
    4. Shri Vallabha
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Shri Virupaksha

    Vijayanagara rulers claimed to rule on behalf of the deity Shri Virupaksha. The Virupaksha Temple in Hampi was central to the empire's identity, and the rulers performed worship and ceremonies associating themselves with the divine authority vested in Virupaksha.

  5. Ritual kinship was the hallmark of Vijayanagar rule. Vijayanagar rulers claimed to have ruled on behalf of which one among the following shrines?

    Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2013

    1. Vithala
    2. Tirupati
    3. Virupaksha
    4. Mallikarjuna
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Virupaksha

    - The Vijayanagar rulers adopted a concept known as "ritual kinship" or "ritual sovereignty". - Under this concept, they claimed to rule on behalf of the deity Virupaksha, whose main temple was located at Hampi, the capital city. - The kings often used the title "Virupaksha" in their inscriptions and acted as representatives of the god, managing the kingdom's affairs and wealth seemingly as devotees or agents rather than absolute sovereigns in their own right.

  6. The Vijayanagara Kings ruled in the name of which of the following Gods ?

    Asked in: UPSC CISF AC EXE 2020

    1. Rama
    2. Vishnu
    3. Vithoba
    4. Virupaksha
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Virupaksha

    Virupaksha is the principal deity of the Virupaksha Temple in Hampi, which was the capital of the empire. The rulers considered themselves representatives or regents of the god.

Society: Social Structure, Caste System, Position of Women

  1. Which one of the following pairs of terms and their meanings is not correctly matched ?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2023

    1. Nagarakkani : Land owned by the nagaram
    2. Nattar : Male serpent deity
    3. Yupa : Sacrificial post
    4. Viragal : 'Hero stone' in the Tamil Nadu area
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Nattar : Male serpent deity

    'Nattar' in South Indian historical context, particularly in the Chola period and earlier, refers to the assembly or leaders of a 'Nadu', which was a rural administrative unit. They were involved in local administration, land management, and social affairs. A male serpent deity is typically referred to as Naga devata or similar terms related to serpents (Naga).

  2. In South India, devadasis kept the dance tradition alive by performing solo and dance- dramas. What are these dance-dramas called?

    Asked in: TSPSC Group 1 Prelims 2023

    1. Chhau nritya
    2. Kuravanjis
    3. Angika Abhinaya
    4. Aalambana
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Kuravanjis

    - Kuravanji (or Kuravanchi) is a specific genre of Tamil dance-drama that originated in the South Indian temples and was traditionally performed by Devadasis. - These dance-dramas typically feature a central theme often related to a deity or a noble, with characters like a heroine pining for her love, her confidante, and a soothsayer woman (Kurathi) who predicts her future. - Devadasis played a crucial role in preserving and transmitting various art forms, including music and dance, within the temple precincts, and Kuravanji was one of the prominent forms performed by them.