Social Religious Movement is part of Modern History of India. Below are notes on 13 sub-topics, followed by practice MCQs from State PSC and UPSC papers.

Aligarh Movement and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

  • Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (1817-1898):
    • Founder of Aligarh Movement; aimed at modernizing Indian Muslims.
    • Advocated reconciling Islam with modern Western scientific education and culture.
    • Emphasized learning English and Western sciences for Muslim socioeconomic upliftment.
    • Insisted on Muslim cooperation with British Government.
    • Opposed Indian National Congress: Feared British retaliation and Hindu domination; believed Muslims were not yet ready for political participation.
    • Initially promoted Hindu-Muslim unity (e.g., "two eyes of a beautiful
  • During the Extremist phase, the press became more assertive, advocating for Swaraj, direct action, and passive resistance.
  • Newspapers like Kesari, Mahratta (Tilak), Bande Mataram (Aurobindo Ghosh), Yugantar (Bhupendranath Dutta), and Sandhya (Brahmabandhab Upadhyay) propagated extremist views.
  • The concept of 'Boycott' was first declared in the newspaper Sanjiboni (edited by Krishna Kumar Mitra) on July 13, 1905.

Anti-Caste Movements: Jyotiba Phule, Satya Shodhak Samaj, Sree Narayana Guru

  • Jyotiba Phule (Mahatma Phule):
    • Born: April 11, 1827.
    • Founder: Satyashodhak Samaj (TruthSeeking Society) in 1873 in Maharashtra.
    • Associated with: Anti-caste movement, universal education, women's rights, and upliftment of lower castes.
    • Advocated: Non-Brahmin movement, opposed Brahminical domination.
    • Literature: Ishara.
    • Activism: In 1889, called a meeting of barbers in Bombay to discourage them from tonsuring women (widows).
    • Not associated with: Republican Party.
    • His work and supporters (e.g., Krushnaji Bhalekar, editor of Deenbandhu) are considered foundational to nonBrahmin journalism.
  • Satya Shodhak Samaj (Truth-Seeking Society):
    • Founded by: Jyotiba Phule in 1873.
    • Location: Maharashtra.
    • Primary emphasis: Seeking of truth, securing social justice and rights for lower castes and women, challenging caste hierarchy.
    • Organized: An anti-caste movement.
  • Sree Narayana Guru:
    • Led a social reform movement in Kerala.
    • Core philosophy: "One Caste, One Religion, One God for Mankind".
    • Worked for: Eradication of caste discrimination, temple entry for all, and social equality.
  • E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker 'Periyar' & Self-Respect Movement:
    • Popularly known as: 'Periyar' and "Firebrand of South India".
    • Founder: Self-Respect Movement in Tamil Nadu (1925).
    • Nature: Non-Brahmin movement, anticaste, rationalist, promoted self-respect and dignity.
    • Participation: Active participant in Vaikom Satyagraha (1924) in Kerala for temple entry of untouchables.
    • Political involvement: Joined Non-Cooperation Movement, served as a leader of the Chennai Congress Committee.
    • Agitation: Led 'Kallukadai Mariyal' (anti-liquor protest). Agitated for Communal Reservation due to very little representation for backward classes in government jobs and professional courses.
    • Chronological order of his events (approx.): Non-Cooperation Movement (early 1920s) -> Leader of Chennai Congress Committee (during Congress tenure) -> Kallukadai Mariyal (early 1920s) -> Vaikom Satyagraha (1924).
  • Other Key Anti-Caste Movement Facts:
    • Vaikom Satyagraha (1924): A templeentry movement in Kerala for untouchables. Key leaders included T.K. Madhavan, K.P. Kesava Menon, and George Joseph. E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker (Periyar) significantly participated. B.R. Ambedkar supported but did not start the Vaikom Satyagraha.
    • B.R. Ambedkar: Famous quotes: "Be Educated, Be Organized and Be Agitated", "I like the religion that teaches liberty, equality and fraternity".
    • Rettai Malai Srinivasan: Honored with titles like Rao Sahib, Rao Bahadur, and Diwan Bahadur. His autobiography is Jeeviya Saritha Surukkam. Founded the Adi Dravida Mahajana Sabha.
    • Kandukuri Viresalingam: Believed in universal education.
    • Social Reformers and their Literature:
      • Vitthal Ramji Shinde: Bhartiya Asprushatecha Prashna
      • Dadoba Pandurang: Dharmavivechan
      • Gopal Hari Deshmukh (Lokahitawadi): Jatibhed
      • Jyotirao Phule: Ishara

Arya Samaj and Swami Dayananda Saraswati

  • Founder: Swami Dayananda Saraswati (Original name: Mool Shankar Tiwari).
  • Founded Arya Samaj in Bombay (Mumbai) in 1875.
  • Key Slogan: "Go back to the Vedas." Advocated Vedic infallibility.
  • Inspired by Vedas; rejected Puranas, Tantras, and other post-Vedic scriptures as corruptions.
  • Opposed idol worship (idolatry), polytheism, ritualism, animal sacrifices, ancestor worship, pilgrimages, and the dominance of the priestly class.
  • Advocated monotheism (God is formless, omnipotent, omnipresent).
  • Social reforms: Opposed hereditary caste system (believed in caste by merit/gunakarma-swabhava), child marriage, and untouchability.
  • Supported widow remarriage, inter-caste marriage, and female education.
  • Introduced the 'Shuddhi' (purification) movement for reconversion to Hinduism.
  • Authored "Satyarth Prakash" (The Light of Truth), completed in 1875, emphasizing Vedic principles; first published from Udaipur.
  • Coined the slogan "India for the Indians."
  • Known as the "Martin Luther of India."
  • Social base: Primarily located in Punjab and Western Uttar Pradesh; strong support from trading castes.
  • Arya Samaj's social base was generally more extensive than that of the Brahmo Samaj.
  • Advised by Keshub Chandra Sen (Brahmo Samaj) to use Hindi for wider propagation of his ideas.
  • Met and held discussions with Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar.
  • A major split occurred in Arya Samaj in 1893 due to differences over:
    • Meat-eating vs. vegetarianism.
    • Anglicised (modern) education vs. traditional Sanskrit-based (Vedic) education.
  • Post-split factions:
    • "College Party" (advocating Anglicised education): Led by Lala Hans Raj and Lala Lajpat Rai; established Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (DAV) colleges.
    • "Gurukul Party" (advocating traditional Vedic education): Led by Swami Shraddhanand; established Gurukul Kangri.
  • Prominent associated figures include Harbilas Sharda and Chandkaran Sharda.

Brahmo Samaj: Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Debendranath Tagore, Keshub Chandra Sen

  • Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833): Known as "Father of Indian Renaissance" and "Leading Light of Renaissance Movement".
  • Key Organizations Founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy:
    • Atmiya Sabha (1815): The first organization he founded.
    • Unitarian Committee (1821).
    • Vedanta College (1825).
    • Brahmo Sabha (1828), later renamed Brahmo Samaj.
  • Core Principles and Reforms of Raja Ram Mohan Roy / Brahmo Samaj:
    • Believed in monotheism (worship of one God) and opposed polytheism and idol worship.
    • Rejected the infallibility of the Vedas and the need for a priestly class to interpret religious texts.
    • Emphasized human reason, rationality, and universalism in religious matters.
    • Aimed to liberalize and rationalize Hinduism, not to oppose its sublime ideas, making it adaptive to the modern world.
    • Strongly opposed social evils like Sati (played a leading role in its abolition in 1829), caste system, and polygamy.
    • Advocated for women's rights, including widow remarriage and education.
  • Other Contributions and Facts about Raja Ram Mohan Roy:
    • Conferred the title 'Raja' by Mughal Emperor Akbar II.
    • Strongly opposed the Jury Act of 1826.
    • Authored 'Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhiddin' (A Gift to Monotheists - Persian treatise), 'The Precepts of Jesus, the Guide to Peace and Happiness', and 'Gaudiya Vyakaran' (Bengali grammar).
    • Advocated for liberal humanitarian nationalism and internationalism; organized a public banquet to cheer the success of the Spanish American Revolution.
    • Died in Bristol, England, on September 27, 1833.
    • Rabindranath Tagore described him as "the only person in his time to realise completely the significance of the modern age."
  • Debendranath Tagore (1817-1905):
    • Established Tattwabodhini Sabha in 1839 to propagate Raja Ram Mohan Roy's ideas and train Brahmo missionaries.
    • Joined Brahmo Samaj in 1842.
    • Appointed Keshub Chandra Sen as Chief Acharya of Brahmo Samaj.
    • After the first split in Brahmo Samaj (1866) over Keshub Chandra Sen's radical reforms, Debendranath Tagore led the faction known as Adi Brahmo Samaj.
  • Keshub Chandra Sen (1838-1884):
    • Joined Brahmo Samaj in 1857 and was appointed Chief Acharya by Debendranath Tagore.
    • Led the Brahmo Samaj of India after the 1866 split.
    • Campaigned for women's education and other social reforms.
    • Played a leading role in the passing of the Native Marriage Act (Civil Marriage Act) of 1872, which allowed inter-caste and widow remarriage for contracting parties declaring themselves non-Hindus.
    • A second major split occurred in Brahmo Samaj in 1878 when he arranged the marriage of his minor daughter (under 14) with the Maharaja of Cooch Behar, which violated his own stated principles and the 1872 Act.
    • His dissenting followers broke away to form the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj.
  • Other Relevant Information:
    • Dharma Sabha (1830): Founded by Radhakanta Deb to counter the Brahmo Samaj and defend orthodox Hinduism.
    • Servants of India Society (1905): Founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
    • Brahmo Samaj, while influential, remained largely an elite intellectual movement and did not grow into a mass movement.

Early Dalit and Lower Caste Upliftment Initiatives

  • Ambedkar (B.R.):
    • Born: Mhow.
    • Advocated 'Neo-Buddhism'.
    • Journal: Mook Nayak (1920).
    • Organized Mahad Satyagraha (1927).
    • Founded: All India Depressed Classes Federation.
    • Founded: Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha (1924).
    • Founded: Samaj Samata Sangh (1927) with G.N. Sahasrabuddhe.
    • Founded: Peoples Education Society (1946) which established Siddharth College.
    • Pivotal in Hindu Code Bill.
    • Embraced Buddhism (1956) for upliftment of Scheduled Classes.
    • Experienced caste discrimination, e.g., untouchable satchel, denied Sanskrit study.
  • Naicker (E.V. Ramaswami 'Periyar'): Started Self-Respect Movement.
  • Thakkar (A.V. / Amritlal Vithaldas): Founded Bhil Seva Mandal (1922).
  • Govind Guru: Founded 'Bhagat Panth' for Bhil religious reforms.
  • Gupt (Shobha Lal): Founded Khadlai Ashram for Bhil Education.
  • Shinde (Vitthal Ramji): Wrote 'My Reminiscences and Experiences'; Founded Depressed Classes Mission Society (1906).
  • Phule (Savitribai): Wrote 'Subodh Ratnakar'.
  • Ramabai (Pandita): Wrote 'The High Caste Hindu Woman'.
  • Shahu Maharaj: Supported caste reform; not associated with Hindu Code Bill.
  • Mate (S.M. alias Bapusaheb): Pune author, taught untouchables, Hindu supporter, presided Ambedkar Jayanti (1945) at Kalyan.
  • Karve (Dr. Dhondo Keshav): Pioneer of Women's Empowerment.
  • Laxman Nayak: Known as 'Gandhi of Malkangiri'.
  • Matangini Hazra: Known as 'Old Gandhi'.
  • Satchidananda Hiranand Vatsyayan 'Agyeya': Hindi Litterateur & Revolutionary.
  • Vaikkom Satyagraha (1924): Aimed to open temples to low-caste Hindus.
  • Justice Party (Tamil Nadu): Opposed Congress (Brahmin-dominated); Demanded communal representation for non-Brahmins.
  • Sarvahitkarini Sabha: Founded Kabir Pathshala in Churu for untouchables' education.
  • Subordinate castes (Tamil Nadu, 1820s) prohibited from: Using umbrella, wearing shoes, golden ornaments, turbans.

Eradication of Untouchability and Caste Discrimination Efforts

  • "Nothing can emancipate the outcaste except the destruction of the caste system" was stated by B.R. Ambedkar.
  • Mahatma Gandhi founded the All India Harijan Sangh (initially All India Anti-Untouchability League) in 1932.
  • G.D. Birla was the first President/Chairman of the Harijan Sevak Sangh.
  • Mahatma Gandhi's anti-untouchability campaign asserted that untouchability did not enjoy the sanction of the Hindu shastras.
  • Act V of 1843 relating to Slavery in India denied masters the use of Courts to assert their claims on slaves.
  • In 1926, Rao Bahadur C.K. Bole proposed a bill in the Bombay Legislative Assembly to deny 'Gram Joshi' rights to claim fees if not invited.
  • E.V. Ramasamy Naicker (Periyar) supported Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy for the abolition of the Devadasi system.
  • Vaikom Satyagraha was launched in 1924 in Travancore (Kerala) against untouchability and caste discrimination, specifically for opening temples and roads to low caste Hindus. Mahatma Gandhi participated in this Satyagraha.
  • All India Kisan Sabha was founded by Swami Sahajanand Saraswati.
  • The Self-Respect Movement was founded by E.V. Ramaswami Naicker.
  • Dr. B.R. Ambedkar adopted Buddhism in 1956.
  • Bhai Parmanand founded the 'Jat Pat Torak Mandal' in 1922 to break caste barriers.
  • B.R. Ambedkar started the Kalaram Temple entry Satyagraha at Nasik in 1930.
  • Bhogilal Pandya established the ‘Harijan Sewa Samiti’ in Dungarpur in 1935.
  • M. C. Raja was associated with the All India Depressed Classes Association.
  • Jagjivan Ram was associated with the All India Depressed Classes League.
  • B.R. Ambedkar was associated with the All India Depressed Classes Congress.

Genesis and Salient Features of 19th Century Socio-Religious Reform Movements

  • Servants of India Society (1905): Founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Its members included Hridayanath Kunzru, M.C. Setalvad, B.N. Rao, Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, and G.V. Devadhar.
  • Seva Samiti (Allahabad, 1914): Founded by Hridayanath Kunzru, a member of the Servants of India Society.
  • Serampore Mission: Key figures were William Carey, Joshua Marshman, and William Ward.
  • Hindu Mahasabha (1915): Founded at the Haridwar Kumbh Mela. Initiated by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya and Lala Lajpat Rai; its first session was also held in 1915.
  • Tattvabodhini Sabha: Founded by Devendranath Tagore.
  • Satyashodhak Sabha: Founded by Jyotiba Phule.
  • Manav Dharma Sabha: Founded by Durgaram Mehta.
  • Dev Samaj (1887): Founded by Shivnarayan Agnihotri. Tulsi Ram was also associated.
  • Social Service League (1911): Founded by N. M. Joshi.
  • Indian National Social Conference (1887): Founded by M. G. Ranade.
  • Brahmo Samaj (1828): Founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Keshab Chandra Sen was a prominent leader, advocating intercaste marriage, widow remarriage, and women's emancipation.
  • Paramhans Mandali (1849): Founded by Dadoba Pandurang and Durgaram Mehtaji.
  • Prarthana Samaj (1867): Founded by Dr. Atmaram Pandurang. M. G. Ranade was a key leader.
  • Arya Samaj (1875): Founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati. Advocated the Shuddhi movement and rejected the hereditary caste system. Swami Dayanand Saraswati believed the Vedas were infallible.
  • Theosophical Society (1875): Founded by H.P. Blavatsky and H.S. Olcott.
  • Ramakrishna Mission (1897): Founded by Swami Vivekananda. Swami Vivekananda condemned rituals and superstitions.
  • Bharat Dharma Mahamandal (1902): Associated with Pandit Din Dayalu Sharma.
  • Bhoodan Movement: Initiated by Vinoba Bhave. The first land donation was received in the village of Pochampalli in Telangana. Jayaprakash Narayan joined the movement in 1953.
  • Sarvodaya Samaj: Organized by Vinoba Bhave for non-violent transformation.
  • Ganapati Festival (Maharashtra): Transformed into a national festival with a political character by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Liberal Hindus (like Ranade's school) and some orthodox Congress politicians opposed its political organization.
  • Akali Movement (1920s): Aimed to purify Sikh Gurudwaras in Punjab.
  • Jyotiba Phule: Believed "Vedas were not infallible and that they were created by Aryans." His life period was 1828-1890. He worked for the removal of untouchability.
  • Vitthal Ramji Shinde: Recipient of the American Unitarian Association Scholarship, studied comparative religions in England, attended a conference in Amsterdam, and wrote for 'Subodh Patrika'.
  • Satguru Ram Singh: The first freedom fighter to evolve non-cooperation and the use of swadeshi as political weapons.
  • Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Considered the "First Modern Man of India." Accepted the concept of God propounded by the Upanishads. His life period was 1772-1833. He championed the abolition of Sati.
  • M. G. Ranade: His life period was 1842-1901. He supported the Age of Consent Bill (1891).
  • D. K. Karve: His life period was 1858-1962.
  • Gopal Hari Deshmukh: Popularly known as 'Lokhitwadi,' he edited the monthly magazine 'Lokhitwadi'.
  • Age of Consent Bill (1891): Opposed by Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
  • Socio-religious movements (19th century): Contributed to the modernization of India by emphasizing rationalism and scientific temper.
  • Missionary contributions: Introduced printing presses and modern writing methods (comma, semicolon, colon, full stop). Enriched regional languages (e.g., Robert De Nobili and Caldwell for Tamil). They did not spread the Gospel only through the English language.
  • Watchword of first generation Englisheducated Bengalis: Rationalism.
  • First class influenced by Western civilization: Educated Hindu Middle Class.
  • Evangelical Ideology: Supported Christianity and Western education. Believed it was the divine destiny of British rulers to bring Christianity to India. Did not advocate respect for Oriental Institutions.
  • Social reform leaders: Fought for the problems of women and depressed classes.
  • South Division Liberal Federation: Started in 1918 as a Brahminical organization.
  • Maiti Movement (Uttarakhand): Initiated by Kalyan Singh Rawat.
  • Dadu Sect: Associated with figures like Garib Dasji, Sant Dasji, Jagannathji, and Madho Dasji.
  • Swami Krishna Prem (Ronald Henry Nixon): Founder of 'Uttar Vrindavan Ashram' in Mithota, Almora district.
  • Etawah Pilot Project: Associated with Albert Myer.
  • Sevagram Project: Associated with Mahatma Gandhi.
  • Deenbandhu: C.F. Andrews.
  • Lady with the Lamp: Florence Nightingale.
  • Chronological Order of Organizations (earliest to latest): Brahmo Samaj (1828), Paramhans Mandali (1849), Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Samaj (1851), Scientific Society of Aligarh (1864), Prarthana Samaj (1867), Arya Samaj (1875), Theosophical Society (1875), Indian National Social Conference (1887), Ramakrishna Mission (1897), Servants of India Society (1905), Seva Samiti (1914), Hindu Mahasabha (1915).

Prarthana Samaj, Young Bengal Movement, and Theosophical Society

  • Prarthana Samaj
    • Founded: 1867 in Bombay, Maharashtra.
    • Founder: Dr. Atmaram Pandurang Tarkhadkar, with the inspiration and help of Keshav Chandra Sen.
    • Key Figures: Mahadev Govind Ranade (Chief Architect in Maharashtra), R.G. Bhandarkar, N.G. Chandavarkar, K.T. Telang.
    • Aims: Reform Hindu society, belief in one God (monotheism), social reforms including:
      • Abolition of the caste system.
      • Promoting widow remarriage.
      • Women's education.
      • Ending child marriage.
    • Influenced by: Brahmo Samaj.
    • Related/Precursor Organizations in Maharashtra/Gujarat:
      • Manav Dharma Sabha: Founded in 1844 at Surat by Durgaram Manchharam and Dadoba Pandurang Tarkhadkar.
      • Paramahansa Mandali: Founded in 1849 in Bombay by Dadoba Pandurang Tarkhadkar. Believed in one God and breaking caste rules (secret meetings to eat food cooked by people of lower castes).
    • Gopal Hari Deshmukh: Popularly known as 'Lokahitwadi'. A prominent social reformer in Maharashtra, known for his articles in the weekly 'Prabhakar'.
    • Mahadev Govind Ranade: Known as the 'Architect of Modern India' (by Gangadhar Gadgil). A moderate, influenced by Sant Tukaram, established many institutions, promoted adult education and widow remarriage, contributed to economic nationalism.
  • Young Bengal Movement
    • Founder: Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (a brilliant Anglo-Indian teacher).
    • Period: Taught at Hindu College, Calcutta, from 1826 to 1831.
    • Followers: Known as Derozians.
    • Ideology: Radical, emphasized rationalism, questioning of authority, freedom of thought, and promoted Western learning and science among young men of Bengal.
    • Personal Details: Born in Calcutta in 1809. Died of Cholera at the age of 22.
  • Theosophical Society
    • Founders: Madam H. P. Blavatsky and Colonel H. S. Olcott.
    • Founded: 1875 in New York, USA (founders were non-Indians).
    • International Headquarters: Established in Adyar, Madras (India) in 1882.
    • Aims:
      • To form a nucleus of the universal brotherhood of humanity, without distinction of race, creed, sex, caste, or color.
      • To encourage the study of comparative religion, philosophy, and science.
      • To investigate the unexplained laws of nature and the powers latent in man (emphasis on occultism, mysticism, and GuhyaRahasyavaad).
    • Beliefs: Advocated for the revival and strengthening of ancient religions such as Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, and Buddhism. Recognized the doctrine of transmigration of the soul and Karma.
    • Key Leader in India: Annie Besant joined the society in 1889 and came to India in 1893. She later led the society after Olcott's death and played a crucial role in the Indian national movement.
    • Impact: Helped people overcome a sense of false pride; proved to be an important association in Socio-Religious Movement in South India due to its headquarters in Adyar.
    • Note: Did not solely advocate for a rational and scientific approach based on Western ideas; rather, it sought to blend ancient wisdom with spiritual inquiry.

Ramakrishna

Mission

and

Swami

Vivekananda

  • Ramakrishna Paramahamsa: Original name Gadadhar Chattopadhyay. Priest of Kali temple at Dakshineshwar. Guru of Swami Vivekananda.
  • Swami Vivekananda: Original name Narendra Nath Datta. Chief disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa.
  • Advocated 'Practical Vedānta'.
  • Believed that if religion does not support social reforms, it should be changed, as it is man-made.
  • Emphasized social service (Daridra Narayana Seva), stating, "I have no time to think about God because a lot of work has to be done on this earth."
  • Participated in the Parliament of the World's Religions held at Chicago in September 1893.
  • His opening address at Chicago began with "Sisters and Brothers of America."
  • Founded the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897.
  • Established the Ramakrishna Math at Belur; land acquired in 1897, permanent headquarters inaugurated/shifted in 1899.
  • During his second visit to U.S.A. (1899-1900), set up/strengthened Vedanta Centres, notably in New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles.
  • His birth anniversary (January 12th) is celebrated as National Youth Day.
  • Sister Nivedita (Margaret Elizabeth Noble) was a prominent disciple of Swami Vivekananda.

Role in Cultural Renaissance and Indian Nationalism

  • Spread of printing press, modern education, and Western ideas stimulated critical selfreflection and a sense of national awakening.
  • Social-Religious Reform Movements (SRMs) played a crucial role in developing national consciousness by fostering unity, pride in Indian heritage, and social equality.
  • Brahmo Samaj: Advocated rationalism and social reform, contributing to a sense of selfrespect and identity.
  • Arya Samaj: Promoted 'Back to Vedas', cultural pride, and the slogan 'India for Indians', fostering indigenous identity.
  • Ramakrishna Mission: Emphasized spiritual humanism and universalism, contributing to national self-esteem and cultural revitalization.
  • Most major religious reform movements significantly influenced the rise of Indian nationalism.
  • The slogan 'Hind-Hindi-Hindu' was propagated by Madan Mohan Malaviya, aiming to unite diverse Hindu groups.
  • Bal Gangadhar Tilak transformed the traditional Ganapati festival in Maharashtra into a national and political festival to mobilize masses for the nationalist cause.

Sikh Reform: Singh Sabha and Akali Movements; Parsi Reform Movements

  • Kuka Movement: Started mid-19th century in Western Punjab.
  • Singh Sabha Movement:
    • Founded: 1873 A.D. in Amritsar.
    • Aim: Restore Sikhism to its pristine form, promote Sikh identity, propagate modern Western education.
  • Akali Movement:
    • Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC): Formed in 1920.
    • Purpose: To reclaim control of Sikh shrines (Gurudwaras) from corrupt Mahants and loyalist government-manipulated committees.
    • Akali Dal: Formed by SGPC to coordinate groups (Jathas) for the Gurudwara reform.
    • Culminated in the Sikh Gurudwara Act of 1925, giving control of Gurdwaras to SGPC.
  • Parsi Reform Movements:
    • Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha (Religious Reform Association):
      • Founded: 1851.
      • Founders include: Naoroji Furdonji, Dadabhai Naoroji, S.S. Bengalee, K.R. Cama, J.B. Wacha.
      • Published the journal Rast Goftar (Truth-Teller).
      • Aim: Modernize Parsi social customs and restore Zoroastrianism to its pristine purity.
    • Bahramji M. Malabari (B.M. Malabari):
      • Prominent 19th-century Parsi socialite and reformer (born 1853, Western India).
      • Editor of "Indian Spectator" and "Voice of India".
      • Chief crusader for the Age of Consent Act 1891.

Wahabi and Faraizi Movements; Deoband and Ahmadiyya Schools

  • Wahabi Movement (India):
    • Initiated by Syed Ahmed of Rae Bareli (Syed Ahmed Barelvi), inspired by Abdul Wahab of Arabia.
    • Aim: To purify Islam, return to original teachings, and eradicate un-Islamic practices.
    • Advocated jihad, initially against Sikhs in Punjab, then against British rule.
    • Prominent centres: Sithana and Patna.
    • Titumir's (Mir Nisar Ali) Barasat Uprising (1831) in Bengal, a peasantreligious movement against Hindu landlords and British indigo planters, shared puritanical Islamic reformist goals and is often associated with Wahabi tendencies.
  • Faraizi Movement:
    • Started by Haji Shariatullah in Eastern Bengal around 1818.
    • Aim: To return to 'Faraiz' (obligatory duties of Islam) and purify Islamic practices.
    • His son, Dudu Miyan, continued the movement, giving it a revolutionary character.
    • Dudu Miyan focused on tenant rights, organizing peasants against landlords and British indigo planters.
    • The movement sought to establish a parallel administration in Faraizi areas.
  • Deoband School/Movement:
    • Founded in 1866 at Darul Uloom, Deoband (Saharanpur, UP).
    • Leaders: M. Qasim Nanautvi, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, and later Mahmudul-Hasan.
    • Aim: Moral and religious regeneration of the Muslim community and preservation of pure Islamic teachings.
    • It adopted an anti-British stance and focused on promoting Islamic values through traditional education.
    • Opposed Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's Aligarh Movement, particularly its political modernism and pro-British policies.
  • Ahmadiyya Movement:
    • Founded in 1889 by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in Qadian, Gurdaspur (Punjab).
    • Beliefs: Advocated for a universal religion of all humanity, based on Islamic principles.
    • Opposed armed jihad and emphasized peaceful propagation of Islam, tolerance, and inter-religious understanding.
    • Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed to be the Mahdi (a divinely guided leader) and the Messiah, a prophet.
  • Other Relevant Movements/Concepts:
    • Kherwar or Sapha Har Movement (1870s): Preached monotheism and internal social reform, particularly among tribal communities.
    • Jinan (or Ginan): Devotional poems developed by 'Khojas', a branch of Ismailis (a Shia Sect).

Women's Issues: Abolition of Sati, Widow Remarriage, Child Marriage, Women's Education

  • Abolition of Sati:
    • 1829: Sati outlawed by Regulation XVII of Bengal Code, under Governor-General Lord William Bentinck.
    • Pioneer: Raja Ram Mohan Roy campaigned against Sati.
    • 18th Century: Raja Sawai Jai Singh of Amber promoted widow remarriage, also reflecting a progressive stance against such practices.
  • Widow Remarriage:
    • 1856: Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act passed, permitting widow remarriage.
    • Pioneer: Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar led a strong campaign, citing scriptural support (Parashara Smriti).
    • Western India: Vishnushastri Pandit founded the Widow Remarriage Association in Maharashtra (1866). D.K. Karve actively campaigned and worked for widows. M.G. Ranade also supported.
    • South India: Veeresalingam Pantulu founded the Rajahmundri Social Reform Association (1871/1878) to encourage widow remarriage.
  • Child Marriage & Age of Consent:
    • 1872: Native Marriage Act (Civil Marriage Act/Brahmo Marriage Act) allowed inter-caste and widow marriages, fixed minimum age for girls at 14 and boys at 18 for those who declared not to be Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Parsis or Jews.
    • 1891: Age of Consent Act raised the age of consent for sexual intercourse for girls from 10 to 12.
    • Advocate: Behramji M. Malabari (Parsi reformer) championed the Age of Consent Act.
    • Opposition: Bal Gangadhar Tilak opposed the Age of Consent Act, viewing it as British interference.
    • 1884: Rukhmabai vs. Bhikaji case revolved around restitution of conjugal rights and age of consent.
    • 1929: Child Marriage Restraint Act (popularly Sarda Act) fixed minimum marriage age: Girls 14, Boys 18. (Later raised to 18 for girls and 21 for boys in 1978).
  • Women's Education:
    • D.K. Karve: Prominent in Western India for women's education. Established Widow Home Association (1893) and Indian Women's University (1916).
    • Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar: Staunch advocate for women's education, associated with Bethune School.
    • Pandita Ramabai: Founded Sharada Sadan (1889) for Hindu widows. Her advisory board included M.G. Ranade, Dr. R.G. Bhandarkar, Justice K.T. Telang.
    • Her Holiness Mataji Maharani Tapaswini: Founder of Mahakali Pathshala in Calcutta (for Hindu girls).
    • All India Women's Conference (AIWC) 1927: Founded primarily to promote women's education.
  • Chronology of Key Social Reforms (British Government):
    • Regulations against infanticide: 1795 (Bengal Regulation XXI), 1802 (Bengal Regulation VI).

11. Political Organisation Established before Congress

Practice MCQs: Social Religious Movement

Aligarh Movement and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

  1. Which of the following statements about Sir Syed Ahmad Khan is/are correct? He argued that India was a federation of ethnic communities based on common descent. His philosophy was very similar to that of the Indian National Congress. He imagined India as a Nation State based on individual citizen's rights. The curriculum at the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College blended Muslim theology and European empiricism. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2018

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 and 3
    3. 3 only
    4. 1 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 1 and 4

    Sir Syed Ahmad Khan held views on India as a composite of distinct communities and promoted a blend of modern and religious education at MAO College.

  2. Consider the following statements : 1. Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College was founded at Aligarh by Sayyid Ahmad Khan. 2. Sayyid Ahmad Khan was a great believer in religious toleration, and Hindus, Parsis and Christians had contributed to the funds of his college. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 1 2021

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Both 1 and 2

    Statement 1 is correct: Sayyid Ahmad Khan (1817-1898) founded the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh in 1875 with the aim of providing modern Western education to the Muslim community, integrated with Islamic studies. This institution later evolved into Aligarh Muslim University. Statement 2 is correct: Sayyid Ahmad Khan, despite his focus on Muslim education, was a proponent of religious toleration and harmony. His college was open to students from all communities, and he actively sought and received financial contributions from people of diverse backgrounds, including Hindus, Parsis, and Christians, reflecting a spirit of composite nationalism and inter-community cooperation in funding the venture.

  3. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was opposed to Muslims joining the Congress because: (i) He feared that this would attract retaliation from the British. (ii) He suspected that the Congress would be dominated by Hindus

    Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2021

    1. (i) and (ii)
    2. (ii) and (iii)
    3. (iii) and (iv)
    4. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
    Show answer

    Answer: A. (i) and (ii)

    Sir Syed Ahmed Khan advocated for Muslim loyalty to the British government and focused on Muslim educational upliftment, seeing political agitation through the Congress as detrimental to Muslim interests in India.

  4. What was the primary aim of ‘Aligarh Movement’ ?

    Asked in: UKPSC CS Prelims 2024

    1. To promote the revival of traditional Islamic Education
    2. To establish a theocratic Islamic State in India
    3. To promote the Western Scientific Education among Muslims of India
    4. To encourage Hindu-Muslim unity against British
    Show answer

    Answer: C. To promote the Western Scientific Education among Muslims of India

    - The movement led to the establishment of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh in 1875, which later became the Aligarh Muslim University. - It sought to reconcile Islamic thought with Western scientific knowledge.

  5. Which Reformer does the following passage relate to ? “He insisted on the cooperation of the Muslims with the British Government and looked at all political movements with distrust. Thus, when the Indian National Congress was formed, he opposed it. He regarded education and education alone as the means of national progress.” Select the correct answer using the code given below :

    Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2009

    1. Keshab Chandra Sen
    2. Lord Macaulay
    3. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
    4. Badruddin Tyabji
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

    - Sir Syed Ahmad Khan founded the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College (later Aligarh Muslim University) specifically to promote modern education among Muslims. - He believed that political confrontation with the British would be detrimental to Muslim interests and advocated for loyalty and cooperation. - He was a prominent opponent of the Indian National Congress from its inception, fearing it would lead to Hindu dominance and marginalize Muslims.

  6. __________ was the centre of the Aligarh movement.

    Asked in: WBPSC CS Prelims 2017

    1. The Deoband School
    2. The Anglo-Oriental College
    3. Pir-Fakir Majlis
    4. The Khilafat Committee
    Show answer

    Answer: B. The Anglo-Oriental College

    The Aligarh movement was started by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan primarily to educate the Muslim community in British India and to promote interaction and loyalty with the British government. The Scientific Society (1864), the Muhammadan Anglo- Oriental College (MAO College) founded in 1875, and its transformation into Aligarh Muslim University in 1920, served as the intellectual and organizational hub of this movement.

  7. Who is known as the “Father of Muslim Renaissance in Bengal” ?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2009

    1. Abdul Latif
    2. Mirza Ghulam Ahmed
    3. Muhammad Qasim
    4. Rashid Ahmed Gangohi
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Abdul Latif

    Nawab Abdul Latif (1828–1893) was a prominent figure in the Muslim community of Bengal in the 19th century. He played a crucial role in promoting modern education among Bengali Muslims and advocating for their social and political advancement, leading to him being recognized as the pioneer of the Muslim Renaissance in Bengal.

Anti-Caste Movements: Jyotiba Phule, Satya Shodhak Samaj, Sree Narayana Guru

  1. In the early decades of the twentieth century, caste movements began to proliferate in the Indian society. Which of the following movements are related to caste-consciousness, leading to caste-movements in particular regions ? (a) Satyashodhak Samaj in Maharashtra (b) Self- respect agitation in Tamilnadu (c) Ghadar movement in Punjab (d) Bijolia movement in Rajasthan Select the correct answer from the code given below:

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2018

    1. (a) and (b) only
    2. (a), (b), (c), (d)
    3. (b), (c) and (d) only
    4. (c) and (d) only
    Show answer

    Answer: A. (a) and (b) only

    (a) Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth Seekers' Society) was founded by Jyotirao Phule in Maharashtra in

  2. It aimed to liberate the lower castes, untouchables, and women from the oppression of Brahmanical domination and the caste system. It was explicitly a movement addressing caste hierarchy and discrimination. (b) The Self-Respect Movement, founded by E.V. Ramasamy 'Periyar' in Tamil Nadu in 1925, was a radical social movement that challenged the caste system, particularly Brahmin hegemony, and advocated for the rights, dignity, and self-respect of non-Brahmins. It was fundamentally a caste-based reform movement. (c) The Ghadar Movement (early 20th century) was primarily an anti-colonial movement aimed at overthrowing British rule in India, organized by Indian immigrants, mostly Punjabis, living abroad. While caste identities might have existed among its members, its core ideology and actions were nationalist and revolutionary, not centered around challenging the caste system within India. (d) The Bijolia Movement (1913-1941) in Rajasthan was a long- standing peasant movement against excessive land revenue demands, begar (forced labour), and other feudal exactions imposed by the Jagirdar of Bijolia.

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 65th

    1. Dayanand Saraswati
    2. Jyotiba Phule
    3. Gandhiji
    4. Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Jyotiba Phule

    It was an agrarian movement focused on peasant rights and economic issues, not a movement driven by caste-consciousness or challenging the fundamental caste structure, although peasants belonged to various castes. 12. 'Satyashodhak Samaj' was founded by Jyotiba Phule (also known as Mahatma Phule) founded the Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth-Seekers' Society) in 1873 in Maharashtra. Its main aim was to promote education and social rights, and political access for underprivileged groups, including women, Shudras, and Dalits, and to reduce the influence of Brahmins.

  3. The Self-Respect Movement was initiated by

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2021

    1. B.R. Ambedkar
    2. Jyotiba Phule
    3. E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker
    4. Jawaharlal Nehru
    Show answer

    Answer: C. E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker

    The Self-Respect Movement was a socio-political movement started in South India (primarily Tamil Nadu) in 1925 by E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker, popularly known as Periyar. The movement aimed at achieving a society where backward castes have equal human rights and encourages them to seek self-respect. It was a significant force against Brahminical dominance, caste hierarchy, and religious superstitions.

  4. Who formed the 'Satya Shodhak Samaj' ?

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2018

    1. B.R. Ambedkar
    2. Keshaychandra Sen
    3. Pandita Ramabai
    4. Jyotiba Phule
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Jyotiba Phule

    Jyotiba Phule founded the Satya Shodhak Samaj in 1873 in Maharashtra. Its main objective was to work for the upliftment and rights of depressed classes, women, and backward castes, challenging the caste system and Brahminical dominance.

  5. A non-Brahmin movement emerged in south India under the leadership of E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker 'Periyar' is known as .........................

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2018

    1. Self-Respect Movement
    2. Justice Movement
    3. Dravidian Movement
    4. Low-Caste Movement
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Self-Respect Movement

    - E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker, popularly known as Periyar, launched the Self-Respect Movement in

  6. - The movement aimed at achieving a society where backward castes have equal opportunities, promoting self-respect among them, and challenging the caste-based inequalities and Brahminical dominance. - It advocated for social reform, rationalism, anti-casteism, and women's rights. 16. Who was the founder of Satyashodhak Samaj ?

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2010

    1. B.G. Tilak
    2. Jyotiba Phule
    3. Narayan Guru
    4. B.R. Ambedkar
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Jyotiba Phule

    Jyotiba Phule founded the society in 1873 in Maharashtra with the aim of achieving equal rights for people from lower castes and promoting education for women.

  7. Given below are two statements : Statement I : B. R. Ambedkar started Vaikam Satyagrah in 1924 for temple entry of untouchables. Statement II : Jyotiba Phule was not associated with Republican Party. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2024

    1. Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
    2. Both Statement I and Statement II are incor‐ rect
    3. Statement I is correct and Statement II is in‐ correct
    4. Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct

    - Statement I is incorrect. The Vaikom Satyagraha (1924-1925) was a major temple entry movement in Travancore, initiated and led by local leaders from Kerala like K. P. Kesava Menon, K. Kelappan, and T. K. Madhavan, with support from Mahatma Gandhi and Periyar E.V. Ramasamy. While B. R. Ambedkar was a prominent leader fighting against untouchability and for temple entry rights, he was not the one who started or primarily led the Vaikom Satyagraha. - Statement II is correct. Jyotirao Phule (1827-1890) was a 19th-century social reformer from Maharashtra, known for his work against caste discrimination and for the education of women. The Republican Party of India was founded by B. R. Ambedkar much later, in 1956, after Phule's death. Phule was not associated with the Republican Party.

Arya Samaj and Swami Dayananda Saraswati

  1. Which of the following statements about the social base of the Arya Samaj in British India is/ are correct? 1. It was located mainly in Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh. 2. It mainly comprised the trading castes. 3. It was much more limited than that of the Brahmo Samaj. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2017

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1 and 2 only

    - Statement 1 is correct. The Arya Samaj, founded by Dayanand Saraswati, had its strongest influence and following primarily in Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh (areas like Agra, Meerut). - Statement 2 is correct. The support base of the Arya Samaj largely came from the educated urban middle classes, including prominent representation from trading castes like Khatris, Aroras, and Baniyas, as well as professional groups. - Statement 3 is incorrect. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Arya Samaj had grown significantly, especially in North India, and arguably had a broader and more active social base compared to the Brahmo Samaj, which remained more concentrated in Bengal and intellectual circles.

  2. Swami Dayanand Saraswati took inspiration from

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2021

    1. Puranas
    2. Vedas
    3. Medieval saints
    4. Sufism
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Vedas

    - Swami Dayanand Saraswati (1824-1883) was a prominent Hindu religious and social reformer and the founder of the Arya Samaj. - He famously gave the slogan "Go back to the Vedas" (Vedo ki or Laut Chalo). - He considered the Vedas to be the infallible source of all true knowledge and rejected the authority of later scriptures, including the Puranas, which he believed had corrupted the original teachings.

  3. Who had said, ‘Let's go back to the Vedas’??

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2024

    1. Ramakrishna Paramahamsa
    2. Swami Vivekananda
    3. Dayanand Saraswati
    4. Raja Ram Mohan Roy
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Dayanand Saraswati

    Swami Dayanand Saraswati (1824-1883) was the founder of the Arya Samaj (established in 1875). He believed that the Vedas contained the ultimate truth and advocated a return to the original Vedic religion, free from later additions, superstitions, and malpractices like idolatry and the caste system. His slogan encapsulated his reformist agenda.

  4. Who among the following is known as ‘Martin Luther of India’?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2024

    1. Swami Shraddhanand
    2. Swami Vivekananda
    3. Raja Ram Mohan Roy
    4. Swami Dayanand Saraswati
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Swami Dayanand Saraswati

    Swami Dayanand Saraswati (1824-1883) was a prominent Hindu reformer and founder of the Arya Samaj. He advocated for a return to the fundamental principles of the Vedas and strongly criticized prevailing social and religious practices like idolatry, polytheism, caste system, and child marriage, much like Martin Luther challenged the established Catholic Church practices.

  5. Among the following who said that the Vedanta was the expression of Hindu spiritual authority ?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2017

    1. Vivekananda
    2. Dayanand Saraswati
    3. B. R. Ambedkar
    4. Mahatma Hans Raj
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Vivekananda

    - Vivekananda's addresses at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893 brought global attention to Vedanta. - He founded the Ramakrishna Mission based on the principles of Vedanta and social service, seeing Vedanta as the foundation for India's spiritual and national resurgence. - While Dayanand Saraswati focused on returning to the Vedas, Vivekananda primarily championed Vedanta as the culmination and expression of Hindu spiritual authority.

  6. Which of the following statements is/are correct? I. Dayananda Sarasvati was born at Tankara in Gujarat in 1824. II. Arya Samaj had a great split in Mumbai in 1887. III. Tattvabodhini Sabha was founded by Devendranath Tagore.

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2021

    1. I only
    2. I and III only
    3. II only
    4. II and III only
    Show answer

    Answer: B. I and III only

    - Swami Dayananda Saraswati was a prominent religious and social reformer who founded the Arya Samaj. - Tattvabodhini Sabha played a significant role in promoting rational thinking and awareness during the Bengal Renaissance. - Internal divisions within the Arya Samaj emerged after the death of its founder.

  7. Match the items in List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below : List-I List-II (a) Gopal Krishna (1) Indian National Gokhale Conference (b) Sivnarayan Agni‐ (2) Servants of India hotri Society (c) Mahadev Govind (3) Dev Samaj Ranade (d) Dayanand (4) Arya Samaj Saraswati Codes :

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2010

    1. (a)-4, (b)-2, (c)-1, (d)-3
    2. (a)-2, (b)-3, (c)-1, (d)-4
    3. (a)-3, (b)-2, (c)-4, (d)-1
    4. (a)-1, (b)-3, (c)-2, (d)-4
    Show answer

    Answer: B. (a)-2, (b)-3, (c)-1, (d)-4

    Matching prominent figures of India's socio-religious reform and nationalist movements with the organizations they founded or were closely associated with.

Brahmo Samaj: Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Debendranath Tagore, Keshub Chandra Sen

  1. Match List-I with List-II : List-I List-II a. Servants of India 1. Debendranath Society Tagore b. Tattwabodhini 2. Gopal Krishna Sabha Gokhale c. Atmiya Sabha 3. Ram Mohan Roy 4. Keshab Chandra Sen Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 69th

    1. a 2, b 1, c 3
    2. a 2, b 4, c 3
    3. a 1, b 2, c 3
    4. a 1, b 4, c 3
    Show answer

    Answer: A. a 2, b 1, c 3

    - Servants of India Society: Aimed to train Indians for selfless service to the nation. - Tattwabodhini Sabha: Promoted rational and monotheistic interpretation of Hindu scriptures and spread Brahmo ideas. - Atmiya Sabha: Founded by Ram Mohan Roy, an early organization propagating monotheism and fighting against social evils.

  2. The 'Tattvabodhini Sabha' was established by

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2020

    1. Devendranath Tagore in 1839
    2. Keshab Chandra Sen in 1857
    3. Akshay Kumar Datta in 1850
    4. Dwarakanath Tagore in 1840
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Devendranath Tagore in 1839

    Its objective was to promote a rational and theistic basis for Hinduism, derived from the Upanishads, and to propagate the ideas of the Brahmo Samaj.

  3. Who among the following founded the Hindu Dharma Sabha in the 19th century?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2023

    1. Radhakanta Deb
    2. Ram Mohan Roy
    3. Dwarkanath Tagore
    4. Keshab Chandra Sen
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Radhakanta Deb

    The Hindu Dharma Sabha advocated for the preservation of orthodox Hindu traditions and practices in response to the social and religious reforms being introduced in the 19th century.

  4. Which of the following was/were founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy? 1. Atmiya Sabha 2. Brahmo Samaj 3. Prarthana Samaj 4. Arya Samaj Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2017

    1. 1, 2 and 3
    2. 2 only
    3. 1 and 2 only
    4. 1, 3 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 1 and 2 only

    - Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded the Atmiya Sabha in 1815 in Calcutta (now Kolkata). This was an association of friends who discussed religious and social topics. - He later founded the Brahmo Sabha in 1828, which was subsequently renamed Brahmo Samaj. This was a significant socio-religious reform movement that advocated for monotheism and opposed idolatry, caste system, Sati, etc. - Prarthana Samaj was founded in 1867 in Bombay by Atmaram Pandurang, Mahadev Govind Ranade, R.G. Bhandarkar, and others, inspired by the Brahmo Samaj. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was not its founder. - Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Dayananda Saraswati in 1875 in Bombay. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was not associated with its founding.

  5. Which one of the following social reformers strongly opposed Jury Act of 1826?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2024 · UPPCS Prelims 2017

    1. Rajnarayan Basu
    2. Mahadev Govind Ranade
    3. Raja Ram Mohan Roy
    4. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Raja Ram Mohan Roy

    The Jury Act of 1826 introduced discrimination by religion in the judicial system, allowing Christians (including Indian Christians) to serve on juries in trials of Hindus or Muslims, but disallowing Hindus or Muslims from serving on juries in trials of Christians. Raja Ram Mohan Roy found this discriminatory and wrote against it, arguing it violated principles of justice and equality.

  6. Which of the following statements are correct regarding Brahmo Samaj? 1. Brahmo Samaj as a reformist movement within Hinduism was founded in Kolkata in 1828 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. 2. Brahmo Samaj was founded to reform the Hindu society by eradicating prevailing socio-religious evils and removal of practices like the 'Sati' and caste system. 3. Debendranath Tagore and Keshab Chandra Sen formed two versions of Brahmo Samaj later.

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2019

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 1 and 3 only
    3. 2 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2, and 3
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 1, 2, and 3

    Brahmo Samaj was founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in Kolkata in 1828 as a reformist movement within Hinduism. Its primary objectives included eradicating social and religious evils like Sati, caste system, idolatry, and promoting monotheism and rationalism. After Roy's death, the leadership passed to Debendranath Tagore, and later Keshab Chandra Sen joined. Differences led to a split, with Tagore's group becoming Adi Brahmo Samaj and Sen's group forming Brahmo Samaj of India. Both were distinct versions that emerged from the original movement.

  7. Which of the following statements about the religious ideas of Raja Ram Mohan Roy are correct? He believed in monotheism, the concept of one God He considered the Vedas to be eternal and infallible He laid emphasis on human reason and rationality in all religious matters He opposed idol worship

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2019

    1. 1, 3 and 4 only
    2. 1, 2 and 3 only
    3. 2 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1, 3 and 4 only

    Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a pioneer of religious reform in India and the founder of Brahmo Samaj. His religious thought was a blend of rationalism, Upanishadic philosophy, and critique of traditional practices.

Early Dalit and Lower Caste Upliftment Initiatives

  1. Who among the following founded the Bhil Seva Mandal in 1922 ?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2021 · Protection Officer 2022

    1. Dayaram Gidumal
    2. Gurusaday Dutt
    3. Dhondo Keshav Karve
    4. Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar

    - Thakkar Bappa was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and was involved in various social service activities. - He was also the General Secretary of the Harijan Sevak Sangh.

  2. Who advocated ‘Neo-Buddhism’ ?

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2019

    1. Rādhākrishnan
    2. Tagore
    3. Ambedkar
    4. Vivekananda
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Ambedkar

    Dr. B.R. Ambedkar founded the Navayana ("New Vehicle") school of Buddhism, also known as Neo- Buddhism. He converted to Buddhism in 1956, seeing it as a way to escape the caste system and promote equality and social justice, reinterpreting Buddhist principles for modern times and marginalized communities.

  3. The self-respect movement was started by:

    Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2021

    1. C. H. Annadurai
    2. E. V. Ramaswami Naicker
    3. Lakshmi Narasu
    4. Iyothee Thass
    Show answer

    Answer: B. E. V. Ramaswami Naicker

    The Self-Respect Movement was a dynamic social movement that started in South India, primarily aimed at achieving a society where backward castes had equal human rights and encouraging them to have self-respect in the context of a caste-based society that considered them to be the lowest. It was founded by E. V. Ramaswami Naicker, popularly known as Periyar.

  4. Who founded the All India Depressed Classes Federation ?

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2011

    1. B.R. Ambedkar
    2. Narayan Guru
    3. Jyotiba Phule
    4. Lala Lajpat Rai
    Show answer

    Answer: A. B.R. Ambedkar

    Dr. B.R. Ambedkar founded the All India Depressed Classes Federation in 1930 to politically mobilize the untouchable community and advocate for their rights and representation.

  5. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was born at :

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2017

    1. Poona
    2. Bombay
    3. Mhow
    4. Satara
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Mhow

    - Mhow was a cantonment town in the Central Provinces (now Madhya Pradesh) during British rule. - His birth date was April 14, 1891.

  6. Match List I with List II :- List I List II a) Dr. Dhondo Keshav 1) Gandhi of Karve Malkangiri b) Laxman Nayak 2) Old Gandhi 3) Hindi Litterateur c) Matangini Hazra and Revolutionary d) Satchidananda Hir‐ 4) Pioneer of Woanand Vatsyayan men's Empowerment 'Agyeya' Choose the correct option from below :-

    Asked in: HAS Prelims 2021

    1. a-1, b-2, c-3, d-4
    2. a-4, b-1, c-2, d-3
    3. a-2, b-3, c-4, d-1
    4. a-3, b-4, c-1, d-2
    Show answer

    Answer: B. a-4, b-1, c-2, d-3

    - These individuals are notable figures in Indian history, particularly known for their contributions to social reform, freedom struggle, and literature. - Dr. Karve founded the first women's university in India (SNDT). - Matangini Hazra was a participant in the Quit India Movement and died during a procession. - Agyeya was a key figure in experimental poetry and prose in Hindi literature.

  7. Which is the mismatched pair ?

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2012

    1. Savitribai Phule - Subodh Ratnakar
    2. Pandita Ramabai - The High Caste Hindu Wo‐ man
    3. Vitthal Ramji Shinde - Remembrances and Ex‐ periences
    4. Shahu Maharaj - Hindu Code Bill
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Shahu Maharaj - Hindu Code Bill

    Savitribai Phule's collection of poems and songs is titled 'Subodh Ratnakar'. Pandita Ramabai's notable work critiquing the plight of women in orthodox Hindu society is 'The High Caste Hindu Woman'. Vitthal Ramji Shinde's autobiography detailing his life and experiences in social reform is 'Majhya Athavani va Anubhav' (My Remembrances and Experiences).

Eradication of Untouchability and Caste Discrimination Efforts

  1. Who said that, "Nothing can emancipate the outcaste except the destruction of the caste system" ?

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2018

    1. Mahatma Gandhi
    2. Jawaharlal Nehru
    3. B.R. Ambedkar
    4. K.B. Hedgewar
    Show answer

    Answer: C. B.R. Ambedkar

    Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was a fierce critic of the caste system and dedicated his life to fighting for the rights and upliftment of Dalits (formerly called 'untouchables'). He advocated for the complete annihilation of the caste system, believing it was the fundamental obstacle to the emancipation of the 'outcaste' communities.

  2. Who was the founder of All India Harijan Sangh in 1932?

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 68th

    1. Jagjivan Ram
    2. Mahatma Gandhi
    3. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
    4. More than one of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Mahatma Gandhi

    - All India Harijan Sangh was founded by Mahatma Gandhi. - It was established in 1932 following the Poona Pact. - Its objective was to combat untouchability.

  3. Which one of the following statements about the Act V of 1843 relating to Slavery in India is correct ?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2021

    1. It gave the masters the right to wilfully keep their slaves tied to their estates.
    2. It denied the masters the use of Courts to assert their claims on slaves.
    3. The Law Courts and masters worked jointly in resolving the cases of desertion.
    4. The slaves became the owners of the land.
    Show answer

    Answer: B. It denied the masters the use of Courts to assert their claims on slaves.

    - The Act did not make holding slaves a criminal offense immediately, but it stripped masters of their legal rights over slaves. - It also stated that injuries inflicted on slaves would be dealt with under the Penal Code, just like those inflicted on free persons.

  4. In 1926, ________ proposed a bill in the Bombay Legislative Assembly, by which the 'Gram Joshi' would have no right to claim his fees if he was not invited to perform rituals.

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2015

    1. Barrister Jaykar
    2. Rao Bahadur C.K. Bole
    3. Bhaskarrao Jadhav
    4. Damodar Sakharam Yande
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Rao Bahadur C.K. Bole

    Rao Bahadur C.K. Bole was a prominent social reformer and politician from the Bombay Presidency, associated with the non-Brahmin movement. He worked towards legislative reforms challenging traditional privileges and advocating for the rights of lower castes. The bill he proposed aimed at addressing the customary right of Gram Joshis, who often belonged to the Brahmin community, to demand fees for ritual services even if not requested, a practice seen as exploitative and oppressive by many.

  5. Which of the following statements about Mahatma Gandhi's anti-untouchability campaign is/are correct ? 1. The All India Harijan Sevak Sangh was founded for this purpose. 2. The campaign was to root out untouchability, since it did not enjoy the sanction of the Hindu shastras. Select the correct answer using the code given below :

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 2 2021

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Both 1 and 2

    Gandhi launched a significant movement against untouchability, terming the untouchables 'Harijans' (children of God).

  6. Name the social reformer who supported Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy for the abolition of Devadasi system

    Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2017

    1. E.V. Ramasamy Naicker
    2. T.M. Nair
    3. C.N. Anna Durai
    4. Natesa Mudaliar
    Show answer

    Answer: A. E.V. Ramasamy Naicker

    E.V. Ramasamy Naicker, popularly known as Periyar, was a prominent social reformer who actively supported Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy's efforts to abolish the Devadasi system in Tamil Nadu. Periyar's Self-Respect Movement was instrumental in advocating for social reforms and challenging traditional practices like the Devadasi system.

  7. In the contexts of Indian history, which of the following statement/s is/are correct regarding Vaikom Satyagraha? 1. It was a Satyagraha against.... untouchability and caste discrimination. 2. Mahatma Gandhi participated in this Satyagraha. Select the correct answer using the codes given below. Codes:

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2021

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Both 1 and 2

    Statement 1 is correct: The Vaikom Satyagraha (1924-1925) was a non-violent agitation in Travancore (now Kerala) against untouchability and caste discrimination, specifically aimed at securing the right for people of lower castes to use public roads around the Vaikom temple. Statement 2 is correct: Mahatma Gandhi was actively involved in the Vaikom Satyagraha. He visited Vaikom in March 1925 and negotiated with the authorities and upper- caste leaders, which helped in reaching a compromise solution that partially opened the roads.

Genesis and Salient Features of 19th Century Socio-Religious Reform Movements

  1. Who established the Servants of India Society in 1905 AD?

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 67th Cancelled

    1. Surendranath Banerjee
    2. Bipin Chandra Pal
    3. Mahadev Govind Ranade
    4. Gopal Krishna Gokhale
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Gopal Krishna Gokhale

    Gopal Krishna Gokhale, a prominent moderate leader of the Indian National Congress and Mahatma Gandhi's political guru, dedicated the society to the service of the nation.

  2. Who founded the 'Seva Samiti' at Allahabad in 1914?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2020

    1. Hridayanath Kunzru
    2. G. K. Gokhale
    3. Shri Ram Bajpai
    4. T. B. Sapru
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Hridayanath Kunzru

    The 'Seva Samiti' at Allahabad was founded by Pandit Hridayanath Kunzru along with others in 1914.

  3. Who among the following belonged to Serampore Mission ? 1. William Carey 2. Joshua Marshman 3. William Ward 4. David Hare Select the correct answer using the code given below :

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2022

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 1 and 3 only
    3. 1, 2 and 3 only
    4. 2, 3 and 4 only
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 1, 2 and 3 only

    The Serampore Missionaries were William Carey, Joshua Marshman, and William Ward.

  4. Which member of the Servants of India Society founded the Seva Samiti at Allahabad in 1914?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2023

    1. Shri Ram Bajpai
    2. Hriday Nath Kunzru
    3. S. G. Vaze
    4. Srinivas Shastri
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Hriday Nath Kunzru

    Pandit Hriday Nath Kunzru, a prominent member of the Servants of India Society founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, established the Seva Samiti in Allahabad (now Prayagraj) in 1914. The Samiti aimed to organize social service activities, particularly providing assistance to pilgrims during religious festivals like the Kumbh Mela, and later expanded into areas like education and healthcare.

  5. Which organization was started at the Haridwar Kumbh Mela in 1915?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2018

    1. Sanatan Dharma Sabha
    2. Dev Samaj
    3. Brahmin Sabha
    4. Hindu Mahasabha
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Hindu Mahasabha

    The Hindu Mahasabha, also known as the Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha, was formally established at the Haridwar Kumbh Mela in 1915. Prominent figures involved in its formation included Madan Mohan Malaviya.

  6. Who among the following formed the Seva Samiti Boy Scouts Association in 1914?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2020

    1. Hriday Nath Kunzru
    2. S. G. Vaze
    3. Annie Besant
    4. Shri Ram Bajpai
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Hriday Nath Kunzru

    The formation of the Seva Samiti Boy Scouts Association was part of the wider nationalist movement aiming to instill discipline, service, and national pride among Indian youth.

  7. Join the persons in List – I with Organizations given in List – II : List – I List – II (a) Devendranath i) Manav Dharma Tagore Sabha ii) Tatavabodhini (b) Jyotiba Phule Sabha (c) Durgaram Mehta iii) Dev Samaj (d) Shivnarayan Agniiv) Satyashodhak hotri Sabha Codes :

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2017

    1. a-i, b-iii, c-iv, d-ii
    2. a-ii, b-iv, c-i, d-iii
    3. a-iii, b-ii, c-i, d-iv
    4. a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i
    Show answer

    Answer: B. a-ii, b-iv, c-i, d-iii

    - Devendranath Tagore was a leading figure of the Brahmo Samaj after Ram Mohan Roy and founded the Tattwabodhini Sabha in 1839 to promote rational and theistic ideas. - Jyotiba Phule founded the Satyashodhak Sabha in 1873 to work for the rights of lower castes. - Durgaram Mehta (or Durgaram Manchharam Dave) founded the Manav Dharma Sabha in Surat in 1844 for religious reforms. - Shivnarayan Agnihotri founded the Dev Samaj in Lahore in 1887, based on humanitarian principles and social service.

Prarthana Samaj, Young Bengal Movement, and Theosophical Society

  1. Identify the correct combination from the options given below for Prarthana Samaj, Young India, Lokhitvadi, Satyashodhak Samaj, Rehnurnai Mazdayasan Sabha:

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 64th

    1. Gopal Hari Deshmukh, Atmaram Pandurang, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Jyotiba Phule, Naoroji Furdonji
    2. Atmaram Pandurang, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Gopal Hari Deshmukh, Jyotiba Phule, Naoroji Furdonji
    3. Atmaram Pandurang, Jyotiba Phule, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Gopal Hari Deshmukh, Naoroji Furdonji
    4. Naoroji Furdonji, Atmaram Pandurang, Mo‐ handas Karamchand Gandhi, Gopal Hari Deshmukh, Jyotiba Phule
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Atmaram Pandurang, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Gopal Hari Deshmukh, Jyotiba Phule, Naoroji Furdonji

    - Prarthana Samaj was a social reform society founded in Bombay in 1867, with Atmaram Pandurang being one of its key founders. - Young India was a weekly paper published by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi from 1919 to 1931. - Gopal Hari Deshmukh was a social reformer and writer known by the pseudonym 'Lokhitvadi'. - Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth-Seekers' Society) was founded by Jyotiba Phule in 1873 in Maharashtra. - Rehnurnai Mazdayasan Sabha (Reformers' Union of the Mazdayasnan) was a Parsi reform organization founded in 1851, with members like Naoroji Furdonji, Dadabhai Naoroji, and S.S. Bengalee.

  2. Who among the following was popularly known as ‘Lokahitwadi’ ?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2021

    1. Gopal Hari Deshmukh
    2. Mahadev Govind Ranade
    3. Gopal Krishna Gokhale
    4. Jyotiba Phule
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Gopal Hari Deshmukh

    - 'Lokahitwadi' translates to 'well-wisher of the people'. - He was a prominent figure in the 19th- century social reform movement in India.

  3. Who established Prarthana Samaj?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2024

    1. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
    2. Derozio
    3. David Hare
    4. Atmaram Pandurang with the help of Keshav Chandra Sen
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Atmaram Pandurang with the help of Keshav Chandra Sen

    Prarthana Samaj was founded in Bombay (Mumbai) in 1867. The primary founder was Dr. Atmaram Pandurang. He was significantly inspired by the ideas of Brahmo Samaj, particularly after a visit by Keshab Chandra Sen to Bombay in 1864.

  4. Who is called the “Lokhitwadi”?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2024

    1. Dayanand Saraswati
    2. Gopal Hari Deshmukh
    3. Mahadev Govind Ranade
    4. Mul Sankara
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Gopal Hari Deshmukh

    Gopal Hari Deshmukh was a prominent social reformer, thinker, and writer from Maharashtra in the 19th century. He wrote articles under the pseudonym 'Lokhitwadi' (meaning 'well-wisher of the people') in Prabhakar, a weekly magazine edited by Bhau Mahajan.

  5. Where is the Headquarter of the Theosophical Society situated ?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2017

    1. Adyar
    2. Pondicherry
    3. Banglore
    4. Pune
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Adyar

    The Theosophical Society was founded in New York City by Helena Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott in 1875. Its international headquarters were later moved to Adyar, near Madras (now Chennai), India, in 1882.

  6. Which of the following statements are correct with reference to the Theosophical Society? 1. It was founded in 1875 by Madam H. P. Blavatsky and a former English army officer, Colonel H. S. Olcott. 2. Its aim was to achieve a universal brotherhood of man. 3. It focussed at promoting the study of ancient religion and philosophy. 4. It emphasized on occultism.

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2018

    1. Only 2, 3 and 4
    2. Only 1, 3 and 4
    3. Only 1, 2 and 4
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 1, 2, 3 and 4

    - The Theosophical Society was indeed founded in New York City in 1875 by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky (Madam H. P. Blavatsky) and Colonel Henry Steel Olcott, along with William Quan Judge. - One of its primary aims was to form a nucleus of the universal brotherhood of humanity without distinction of race, creed, sex, caste, or color. - It also aimed to encourage the study of comparative religion, philosophy, and science. - Theosophy incorporates aspects of mysticism, occultism, and spirituality, seeking to explore the hidden laws of nature and the spiritual powers latent in humanity.

  7. ...................., a socio-religious organization, was co-founded by Mehtaji Durgaram Manchharam of Surat.

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2018

    1. Manav Dharma Sabha
    2. Parmahansa Mandali
    3. Satya Mahima Dharma
    4. None of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Manav Dharma Sabha

    - The Manav Dharma Sabha was founded in 1844 in Surat, Gujarat. - Its founders included Durgaram Manchharam, Dadoba Pandurang Tarkhadkar, and others. - The organization worked against casteism, advocated for widow remarriage, and promoted education.

Ramakrishna Mission and Swami Vivekananda

  1. Who among the following participated in the Parliament of Religions held at Chicago in 1893?

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 66th

    1. Dayananda Saraswati
    2. Swami Vivekananda
    3. Mahatma Gandhi
    4. Raja Rammohan Roy
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Swami Vivekananda

    Swami Vivekananda's participation and speech at the 1893 Parliament of Religions were pivotal in introducing Indian philosophy and Vedantic thought to the West and raising India's status on the global platform.

  2. Who has advocated ‘Practical Vedānta’ ?

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2019

    1. Dayānand
    2. Raja RamMohan Roy
    3. Gandhi
    4. Vivekananda
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Vivekananda

    'Practical Vedanta' is Swami Vivekananda's interpretation of Vedanta philosophy, emphasizing its application in daily life and social service, not just for spiritual liberation but also for the betterment of society and humanity.

  3. यह किौन किहता है ͩकि यǑद धमर्ट सामाǔजकि सुधारों किा समथर्टन नहीं किरता है, तो उसे बदल देना चाǑहए, Èयोंͩकि विह मानवि द्विारा रͬचत है ?

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2018

    1. गोपाल हåरि देशमुख
    2. स्विामी lविविेकानन्द
    3. बी.Kी. lतलक
    4. दादाभाई नौरिोKी
    Show answer

    Answer: A. गोपाल हåरि देशमुख

    Gopal Hari Deshmukh, known as 'Lokahitwadi', was a prominent social reformer in Maharashtra during the 19th century. He strongly advocated for social and religious reform based on rational principles and criticized religious scriptures and traditions if they obstructed progress or humane values. The quote reflects his view that religion is a human construct and should serve humanity, and therefore, if it impedes social reform, it should be changed.

  4. Which among the following places were set up as Vedanta Centres when Swami Vivekananda visited U.S.A. in 1899 ? 1. Chicago 2. New York 3. San Francisco 4. Los Angeles Codes :

    Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2017

    1. 1 and 2
    2. 2 and 3
    3. 2 and 4
    4. 3 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 3 and 4

    Swami Vivekananda visited the USA twice. His first visit (1893-1896) included his famous speech at the World's Parliament of Religions in Chicago (1893) and the founding of the Vedanta Society of New York (1894). His second visit was from 1899 to 1900. During this second visit, he spent significant time on the West Coast and was instrumental in starting activities that led to the establishment of Vedanta Centres in San Francisco and Southern California (Los Angeles area). While the formal incorporation dates for some centres might be 1900, the activities leading to their establishment were initiated by Vivekananda during his 1899-1900 visit. Therefore, San Francisco and Los Angeles are the places among the options where Vedanta Centres were set up or initiated during his 1899 visit period.

  5. The Ram Krishna Mission was founded by Swami Vivekanand in the year

    Asked in: RPSC RAS Prelims 2013

    1. 1892
    2. 1898
    3. 1897
    4. 1886
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 1897

    The Ramakrishna Mission was formally founded by Swami Vivekananda on May 1, 1897, at Belur Math near Calcutta.

  6. Vivekanand attended the 'Parliament of World's Religions' held at Chicago in

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2015

    1. 1872
    2. 1890
    3. 1893
    4. 1901
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 1893

    Swami Vivekananda delivered his historic speeches at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in September 1893.

  7. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched ?

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2011

    1. Raja Ram Mohan Roy - Brahma Samaj
    2. Swami Dayanand Saraswati - Arya Samaj
    3. Swami Vivekanand - Ramkrishan Mission
    4. Mahadev Govind Ranade - Theosopnical Soci‐ ety
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Mahadev Govind Ranade - Theosopnical Soci‐ ety

    Let's examine each pair: A) Raja Ram Mohan Roy - Brahma Samaj: Correct. Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded the Brahmo Sabha in 1828, which later became the Brahmo Samaj, a significant socio-religious reform movement. B) Swami Dayanand Saraswati - Arya Samaj: Correct. Swami Dayanand Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj in 1875, promoting a return to Vedic principles and advocating social reforms. C) Swami Vivekanand - Ramkrishan Mission: Correct. Swami Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897 to carry out philanthropic and spiritual activities based on the teachings of his guru, Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. D) Mahadev Govind Ranade - Theosophical Society: Incorrect. Mahadev Govind Ranade was a prominent social reformer, jurist, and one of the founding members of the Indian National Congress and the Prarthana Samaj. He was not associated with the founding or leadership of the Theosophical Society. The Theosophical Society was founded by Madame H. P. Blavatsky and Colonel H. S. Olcott and later became prominent in India under the leadership of Annie Besant.

Role in Cultural Renaissance and Indian Nationalism

  1. Consider the following statements about the emergence of national conscious-ness in India between the 18th and 19th centuries : 1. The spread of printing press and education, and inflow of modern ideas helped Indian regeneration. 2. The reform movements helped develop a sense of national unity among the people. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Asked in: UPSC CISF AC EXE 2024

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Both 1 and 2

    The emergence of national consciousness in India during the 18th and 19th centuries was a complex process influenced by various factors, including socio-religious reforms, the spread of modern education and ideas, and improvements in communication.

  2. Which religious reform movements of the following influenced nationalism in India?

    Asked in: WBPSC CS Prelims 2016

    1. Brahmo Samaj
    2. Arya Samaj
    3. Ramakrishna Mission
    4. All of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: D. All of the above

    These movements aimed at reforming Indian society and religion, eradicating social evils, promoting education, and instilling a sense of pride in Indian heritage. By revitalizing Indian culture and addressing social issues, they contributed to a sense of collective identity and prepared the ground for the rise of nationalism.

  3. Who propagated 'Hind-Hindi-Hindu'?

    Asked in: WBPSC CS Prelims 2018

    1. Lala Lajpat Rai
    2. Madan Mohan Malaviya
    3. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee
    4. Bal Gangadhar Tilak
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Madan Mohan Malaviya

    Madan Mohan Malaviya was a prominent freedom fighter, educationist, and politician. He was a strong advocate for Hindu interests and the promotion of Hindi as a national language. While the exact phrasing "Hind-Hindi-Hindu" might be a simplification or later attribution, the sentiment is strongly associated with his efforts to unify Indians based on these shared aspects.

  4. Who among the following transformed the traditional Ganapati festival of Maharashtra into a national festival and gave it a political character ?

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2007

    1. Ramdas
    2. Shivaji
    3. MahadevGovindRanade
    4. BalGangadharTilak
    Show answer

    Answer: D. BalGangadharTilak

    Bal Gangadhar Tilak (Lokmanya Tilak) played a crucial role in popularizing the Ganesh Chaturthi festival in Maharashtra as a social and political event during the late 19th century. He transformed it from a private celebration into a public festival to bridge the gap between Brahmins and non-Brahmins, mobilize masses, and foster nationalist sentiment against British rule.

Sikh Reform: Singh Sabha and Akali Movements; Parsi Reform Movements

  1. Which of the following statements about the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC) are correct? 1. It began as the political wing of the Singh Sabhas in the late 19th century. 2. It was formed in 1920 as part of the upcoming Akali movement. 3. It was founded to reclaim control of the Sikh shrines from the government manipulated loyalist committees. 4. It formed the Akali Dal to coordinate groups (Jathas) to reclaim control of the shrines. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2017

    1. 1, 3 and 4
    2. 2, 3 and 4
    3. 2 and 4 only
    4. 2 and 3 only
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 2, 3 and 4

    - SGPC was formed in 1920 as part of the Gurdwara Reform/Akali movement. - Its main objective was to gain control of Sikh Gurdwaras from Mahants. - The Akali Dal was formed to lead the agitations for this cause.

  2. 19th century's main Parsi Socialite is:

    Asked in: RPSC RAS Prelims 2010

    1. Jamshed Ji
    2. Rustam Bahramji
    3. Nawaji Tata
    4. Bahramji M Mallbari
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Bahramji M Mallbari

    Bahramji Malabari (1853-1912) was a prominent Parsi social reformer, journalist, and poet in the 19th century. He is well-known for his advocacy against child marriage and for widow remarriage. His efforts led to the enactment of the Age of Consent Act, 1891, which raised the age of consent for marriage for girls.

  3. The Kuka Movement was started in the mid nineteenth century in

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 3 2021

    1. Western Punjab
    2. Maharastra
    3. Bengal
    4. Madhya Pradesh
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Western Punjab

    The movement originated in the village of Hazro in Western Punjab (now in Pakistan).

  4. 'Singh Sabha' was founded in the year

    Asked in: Protection Officer 2018

    1. 1873 A.D.
    2. 1860 A.D.
    3. 1850 A.D.
    4. 1880 A.D.
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1873 A.D.

    The Singh Sabha Movement aimed to reform Sikhism, promote Sikh education, counteract Christian and Hindu proselytization, and foster a sense of distinct Sikh identity.

  5. Which of the following is not correctly matched? Organization | Year of foundation ------- | -------- (A) Rahnumai Mazdyasnan Sabha | 1851 (B) Scientific Society | 1860 (C) Ramakrishna Mission | 1897 (D) Veda Samaj | 1864

    Asked in: BJS 2023

    1. Rahnumai Mazdyasnan Sabha - 1851
    2. Scientific Society - 1860
    3. Ramakrishna Mission - 1897
    4. Veda Samaj - 1864
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Scientific Society - 1860

    The Scientific Society was founded in 1864, not 1860.

  6. Which of the following is not correctly matched? Organization Year of foundation

    Asked in: BJS 2023

    1. Rahnumai Mazdyasnan Sabha 1851
    2. Scientific Society 1860
    3. Ramakrishna Mission 1897
    4. Veda Samaj 1864
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Scientific Society 1860

    The Scientific Society was founded in 1864, not 1860.

  7. Consider the following passage : "Born in 1853 he was a Parsi from Western India. He was the editor of Indian Spectator” and “Voice of India”. He was a social reformer and was the chief crusader for the Age of Consent Act 1891." Who is being described in the above paragraph ?

    Asked in: RO ARO pre 2016

    1. (a) Dadabhai Naoroji
    2. (b) B.M. Malabari
    3. (c) B.P. Wadia
    4. (d) Furdon Ji
    Show answer

    Answer: B. (b) B.M. Malabari

    RO ARO pre -2016 B.M. Malabari was a prominent Parsi social reformer from Western India. He was the editor of 'Indian Spectator' and 'Voice of India'. He was a staunch advocate for social reforms and played a significant role in the passage of the Age of Consent Act, 1891, which raised the age of consent for women.

Wahabi and Faraizi Movements; Deoband and Ahmadiyya Schools

  1. Who began the Faraizi Movement?

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 64th

    1. Haji Shariatullah
    2. Syed Ahmed
    3. Salimullah
    4. M. A. Jinnah
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Haji Shariatullah

    - Haji Shariatullah had spent several years in Mecca and was influenced by the Wahabi movement. - The Faraizis also protested against the illegal exactions imposed by landlords (mostly Hindu) and indigo planters (mostly European). - After Haji Shariatullah's death, the movement was led by his son, Dudu Miyan, who gave it a more agrarian and anti- landlord orientation.

  2. In which one of the following places was the Ahmadiyya Movement started by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2020

    1. Patna
    2. Aligarh
    3. Bhopal
    4. Gurdaspur
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Gurdaspur

    Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835-1908) founded the Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam in 1889 in Qadian, a village that later grew into a town. He claimed to be the promised Messiah and Mahdi.

  3. Which of the following ideas was preached by the Kherwar or Sapha Har movement of the 1870s?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2021

    1. Acceptance of the Hindu pantheonic order
    2. Monotheism and internal social reform
    3. Philosophy of Yoga and Mimansa
    4. Polytheism
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Monotheism and internal social reform

    The movement aimed at restoring what its leaders considered to be the original, pure form of Santhal religion, free from external influences and practices like idol worship or consumption of alcohol. It emphasized devotion to a single God.

  4. The 19th Century Faraizi Movement in eastern Bengal developed under the leadership of:

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 2 2015

    1. Titu Rai
    2. Haji Shariatullah
    3. Shah Sayyid Ahmad
    4. Dudu Miyan
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Haji Shariatullah

    Haji Shariatullah was the founder of the Faraizi Movement in Eastern Bengal, initiating its development as a religious and social reform movement.

  5. Who was Titumir ? The leader of

    Asked in: WBPSC CS Prelims 2015

    1. Wahabi Movement
    2. Faraji Movement
    3. Sepoy Mutiny
    4. Indigo Revolt
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Wahabi Movement

    Titumir (original name Syed Mir Nisar Ali) was a leader of a peasant uprising in Bengal in the early 19th century (specifically the Barasat Uprising of 1831), which is often classified under the umbrella of the Indian Wahabi Movement due to shared reformist and anti-establishment elements.

  6. Who started Faraizi movement in Bengal?

    Asked in: WBPSC CS Prelims 2023

    1. Titumir
    2. Kunwar Singh
    3. Digambar Biswas
    4. Haji Shariyatullah
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Haji Shariyatullah

    The Faraizi movement was founded by Haji Shariyatullah in the Faridpur region of Bengal in 1818.

  7. The Deoband Movement in U.P. (United Province) started in the year

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2016

    1. 1900 A.D.
    2. 1888 A.D.
    3. 1885 A.D.
    4. 1866 A.D.
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 1866 A.D.

    - The movement was founded by Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi. - It aimed at preserving Islamic religious sciences and promoting spiritual and moral regeneration among Indian Muslims, particularly in the context of British colonial rule and the aftermath of the 1857 revolt. - It focused on traditional Islamic education and resisted Western influence.

Women's Issues: Abolition of Sati, Widow Remarriage, Child Marriage, Women's Education

  1. Arrange the following social reforms by the British government in chronological order : (i) Regulations against infanticide (ii) Regulations declaring Sati illegal (iii) Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act (iv) Abolition of slavery Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2022

    1. (ii), (i), (iii), (iv)
    2. (i), (ii), (iv), (iii)
    3. (ii), (i), (iv), (iii)
    4. (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
    Show answer

    Answer: B. (i), (ii), (iv), (iii)

    Let's identify the approximate dates of these social reforms by the British government in India: (i) Regulations against infanticide: Regulations prohibiting female infanticide were introduced starting in the late 18th century (e.g., Bengal Regulation XXI of 1795, Regulation VI of 1802). (ii) Regulations declaring Sati illegal: Regulation XVII of 1829 made Sati illegal in the Bengal Presidency, extended to other presidencies later. (iii) Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act: Passed in 1856 (Act XV of 1856). (iv) Abolition of slavery: The Indian Slavery Act, 1843 (Act V of 1843) effectively abolished slavery in India. Arranging these chronologically: Infanticide regulations (c. 1800) predate Sati abolition (1829), which predates slavery abolition (1843), which predates the Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act (1856). Order: (i), (ii), (iv), (iii).

  2. Who was the founder of Mahakali Pathshala in Calcutta?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2019

    1. Her Holiness Mataji Maharani Tapaswini
    2. Sister Nivedita
    3. Madame Blavatsky
    4. Sarojini Naidu
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Her Holiness Mataji Maharani Tapaswini

    Mataji Maharani Tapaswini was a nationalist figure and disciple of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi. After the 1857 revolt, she became a sanyasini and dedicated herself to religious and social work, particularly the education of girls.

  3. Consider the following statements about the condition of widows in the 18th century India: 1. Raja Sawai Jai Singh of Amber promoted widow remarriage. 2. Maratha General Parshuram Bhau promoted widow remarriage. 3. Raja Ram Mohan Roy opposed Sati. Which of the statements given above are correct?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2024

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 1 and 3 only
    3. 2 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 1 and 3 only

    Social reform efforts in India spanned centuries and involved various individuals and groups addressing issues like Sati and widow remarriage. Ram Mohan Roy was a pivotal figure in the movement against Sati.

  4. The practice of Sati was outlawed in 1829 by which one of the following promulgated Regulations?

    Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2022

    1. Regulation XVI
    2. Regulation XVII
    3. Regulation XVIII
    4. Regulation XIX
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Regulation XVII

    Lord William Bentinck, the Governor-General of Bengal, took steps to abolish the practice of Sati (widow burning) in British India. He enacted Regulation XVII in December 1829, which declared Sati illegal and punishable by criminal courts.

  5. Behramji M Malabari carried on social reform campaign against which one of the following evils?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2019

    1. Kulinism
    2. Polygamy
    3. Female Infanticide
    4. Infant and Child marriage
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Infant and Child marriage

    Behramji Malabari was a prominent Parsi journalist, poet, and social reformer. He is best known for his relentless campaign against child marriage and the pitiable condition of child widows in India during the late 19th century. His efforts, particularly his book Notes on Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood, drew national attention and contributed significantly to the passing of the Age of Consent Act in 1891, which raised the age of consent for marriage.

  6. The Age of Consent Act was passed in the year

    Asked in: JPSC CS Prelims 2014

    1. 1856
    2. 1891
    3. 1881
    4. 1905
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 1891

    The Act raised the age of consent for sexual intercourse for girls from 10 to 12 years.

  7. Rukhamabai vs Bhikaji legal dispute of 1884 was fought in the Court on which ground? Getting education for women. Claiming conjugal right. Males right over family inheritance. Age of consent.

    Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2024

    1. A and B
    2. B and C
    3. B and D
    4. A and D
    Show answer

    Answer: C. B and D

    The Rukhamabai case highlighted the conflict between traditional practices like child marriage and evolving social norms, forcing a public debate on women's rights and the age of consent within the framework of colonial law.