Introduction to Space Science and Technology is part of Space Technology. Below are notes on 60 sub-topics, followed by practice MCQs from State PSC and UPSC papers.
Basic Concepts of Orbital Mechanics and Trajectories
- Geostationary Satellites (GEO): Orbit at a fixed/constant height above 1. the Earth. Altitude is approximately 35,786 km 2. (or ~35,800 km, ~36,000 km) above mean sea level. Move from West to East. 3. Period of revolution is 24 hours, 4. matching Earth's rotation period. A specific type of Geosynchronous 5. Orbit (GSO) with zero inclination.
- Low Earth Orbit (LEO) / Polar Orbits: Satellites typically move from pole to 1. pole (Polar Earth Orbit). Altitude range for Polar Earth Orbit: 2. 500 – 2000 km. Sun Synchronous Orbit (SSO) is a type 3. of LEO, commonly at 700 – 800 km altitude. Orbital period is approximately 90-120 4. minutes (e.g., ~99 minutes for some LEOs). Can view both daytime and nighttime 5. sides of Earth during one half of its orbit.
5. Space Debris, Space Law, and
.13
Outer Space Governance
6. Astronomy and Astrophysics
14
Basics
7. Future Prospects of Indian
.20
Space Program
- Geosynchronous Orbit (GSO): Altitude is approximately 35,800 km 1. above the Equator. Period of revolution is 24 hours. 2.
- Parking Orbit: A temporary orbit where a spacecraft 1. waits before a transfer burn. As per some contexts (e.g., MCQ 11), 2. it might refer to an altitude of 35,785 km.
- Orbital Mechanics Principles: Once in orbit, a satellite does not 1. require continuous energy for orbiting; it is maintained by inertia and gravity. As the height of a satellite above 2. Earth's surface increases, the time taken to complete its orbit increases.
Definition and Scope of Space Science and Technology
- Space Science & Technology broadly covers exploration, understanding, and utilization of space.
Dr. Vikram Sarabhai
Known as the father of the Indian Space Programme.
Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Contributions
- Founded Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in Ahmedabad.
- Served as Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission of India (AEC).
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC)
Located in Thiruvananthapuram.
ADITYA
- India's indigenously developed tokamak.
- A fusion reactor.
LOFAR (Low Frequency Array)
World's most powerful radio antenna (radio telescope).
"Roc"
Refers to the largest aircraft (e.g., Stratolaunch's Roc, designed for air-launch-to-orbit).
India's First Nuclear Reactor
Apsara.
Nuclear Power Plants (Locations)
- Kalpakkam: Tamil Nadu
- Narora: Uttar Pradesh (U.P.)
- Tarapur: Maharashtra
- Kakrapara: Gujarat
- Kudankulam Nuclear Power Station: Has maximum gross power (MWe) in India.
Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR)
- India's first prototype FBR is situated in Kalpakkam.
- Uses MOX (mixed oxide) of Plutonium and Uranium as fuel.
India's Third Research Station in Antarctica
Bharti (following Gangotri & Maitri).
India's First Indigenously Developed Remote Sensing Satellite
Launched through Baikonur (Soviet Union).
Satellites
- Aryabhata and Bhaskar are artificial satellites.
- Moon and Earth are natural celestial bodies, not artificial satellites.
Dhruva Space
Indian space-tech startup that successfully space-qualified its P30 Satellite platform.
Professor V. K. R. Rao
Not associated with Space technology.
Fundamental Principles of Rocketry and Space Propulsion
- GSLV-F08 launched GSAT-6A.
- JAXA successfully used steam to propel its EQUULEUS spacecraft.
- Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV):
- Developed to launch low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites into polar and sunsynchronous orbits.
- Has four stages, alternating between solid and liquid fuels.
- Known as the 'Workhorse of ISRO'.
- PSLV-C45 launched EMISAT with 28 other satellites.
- Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV):
- Developed to launch heavier INSATclass geosynchronous satellites into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).
- Typical stages: one solid rocket motor (first), one earth-storable liquid (second), and one cryogenic (third) upper stage.
- GSLV Mark III (LVM3):
- ISRO's largest satellite launch vehicle with the heaviest launch capability payload-wise.
- A three-stage heavy-lift launch vehicle.
- Configuration: Two solid strap-ons (S200), a core liquid booster (L110), and a cryogenic upper stage (C25).
- Capable of launching 4-ton class satellites to GTO and 10-ton class satellites to LEO.
- HS200: Human-rated version of the S-200 solid rocket booster for LVM3/ GSLV MkIII; static tested by ISRO.
- Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV): A small rocket launching vehicle for small satellites.
- Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV): ISRO has successfully launched it multiple times.
- Payload Capacity Order (low to high): Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-3) < Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) < Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-XL) < Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) < GSLV Mark III.
- Rocket Engine Fuels:
- Aluminium powder is used as a solid fuel for rocket engines.
- Compared to liquid fuel, solid fuel propelled rocket engines generally have lower thrust per amount of fuel burned (specific impulse).
- "LOx methane" is a space rocket engine fuel (Liquid Oxygen-Methane).
- Cryogenic engines use super-cooled liquid propellants (e.g., LOx and LH2) and find applications in rocket technology.
- ISRO successfully conducted the first Pre-Burner Ignition trial for a semicryogenic engine (SCE-200).
- Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) delivered C32-LH2 (Biggest Ever Cryogenic Propellant Tank) to ISRO.
- Rockets are designed to carry payloads, scientific instruments, and satellites.
- Skyroot Aerospace is the first private Indian company to successfully test-fire a solid propulsion rocket engine named Kalam-5.
- SpaceX designed and manufactured 'Falcon 9', a reusable rocket.
- NASA tested 'Greased Lightning-10 (GL-10)', an electric plane.
- Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs):
- Used for powering onboard systems of spacecraft.
- Utilize heat from radioactive decay (not miniature fission reactors).
- Can use Plutonium-238, a by-product of weapons development.
- "PraVaHa" software, developed by Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) of ISRO, is used for initial aerodynamic design of space vehicles to evaluate large numbers of configurations.
- ISRO uses sounding rocket RH 300 for atmospheric studies.
Future Trends and Prospects in Space Exploration and Utilization
- World Space Week 2022 theme: "Space and Sustainability".
Historical Milestones in Space Exploration
- First artificial satellite: Sputnik-I (USSR, 1957).
- First geostationary satellite: SYNCOM-3 (USA, 1964).
- First man to land on Moon: Neil Armstrong (Apollo 11, USA, 1969).
- Father of Indian Space Programme: Dr. Vikram Sarabhai.
- Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) established: August 15, 1969.
- Atomic Energy Commission of India Chairmen (chronological): Homi Bhabha, Vikram Sarabhai, H.N. Sethna, Raja Ramanna.
- First Indian satellite (completely designed & fabricated in India): Aryabhatta.
- Aryabhatta launch: April 19, 1975, from Soviet Cosmodrome (Soviet Union).
- Bhaskara-I launch: June 7, 1979, experimental Earth observation satellite.
- Bhaskara-II launch: 1981.
- SLV-3 (Satellite Launch Vehicle-3): Launched Rohini satellites.
- ASLV (Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle): Launched SROSS-C satellites.
- INSAT-1B launch: August 30, 1983.
- INSAT-1D launch: 1990.
- IRS-1A (India's first remote-sensing satellite) launch: 1988, from Baikonur.
- PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle): Launched Chandrayaan-1.
- GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle): Launched EDUSAT.
- GSAT-10 launch: 2012.
- First Indian born woman astronaut for NASA space voyage: Kalpana Chawla.
- Kalpana Chawla: Born in Karnal, flew on shuttle flight STS-87, performed space-walk to retrieve Spartan Satellite. Trained at Johnson Space Center.
- First Indian to go to outer space: Rakesh Sharma.
- "Missile Man of India": A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.
- "Father of Green Revolution": M.S. Swaminathan.
- NASA's Mars rover landed Aug 6, 2012: Curiosity.
- Other Mars rovers: Sojourner, Opportunity. Apollo was for Moon missions.
- Messenger spacecraft: Mapped and investigated Mercury.
- Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft: Explored the outer solar system.
- Cassini-Huygens spacecraft: Orbited Saturn (not Venus).
- India's highest number of satellites launched in one mission: 104 (PSLV-C37 mission).
- Chandrayaan-1 lift-off mass was lower than Chandrayaan-2.
- Chandrayaan-2 launch: July 22, 2019, from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (Sriharikota).
- Chandrayaan-2 launch vehicle: GSLV – MK III – M1.
- Chandrayaan-2 lander name: Vikram.
- Chandrayaan-3 touched down on the Moon's South Pole on August 23, 2023.
- NASA's current lunar human exploration program: Artemis (Ares was a proposed rocket system for the earlier Constellation program).
- India's first permanent station in Antarctica: Dakshin Gangotri.
- India's second permanent station in Antarctica: Maitri.
- India's third permanent station in Antarctica (established 2012): Bharati.
- First commercial space station: Axiom Station.
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
- Full Name: Indian Space Research Organisation.
- Established: 1969.
- Parent Body: Department of Space (DoS), headquartered in Bengaluru, Karnataka.
- Primary Role: India's agency for space science and technology development.
- Developed "Vyommitra," an Indian humanoid robot.
- Operates the 'NICES Programme'.
- Designated Gujarat Council on Science and Technology as the nodal centre for the 'Space Science and Technology Awareness Training (START)' program.
Headquarters (DoS/ISRO)
Bengaluru, Karnataka.
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC)
Trivandrum, Kerala (Launch vehicle development).
U R Rao Satellite Centre (URSC)
Bengaluru, Karnataka (Satellite design & development).
Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR
Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh (India's primary spaceport).
National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC)
Hyderabad, Telangana (Satellite data acquisition & processing).
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS)
Dehradun, Uttarakhand (Training in remote sensing & GIS).
Space Applications Centre (SAC)
Ahmedabad, Gujarat (Space-borne instruments, communication, navigation, remote sensing, meteorology).
Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST)
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.
North Eastern-Space Applications Centre (NESAC)
Shillong, Meghalaya.
NISAR
NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (joint Earth observation mission).
Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM/Mangalyaan)
Launched from Sriharikota.
PSLV-C54 Mission (Nov 26, 2022)
Launched EOS-06 (Oceansat-3) and 8 nano-satellites into two different SunSynchronous Polar Orbits (SSPOs) from SDSC SHAR.
LVM3 Mission (Oct 2022)
Launched 36 satellites (OneWeb India-1 mission).
Space Shuttle
A re-usable spacecraft designed for crew and cargo transport to space and return to Earth.
- Often described as an aeroplane-shaped reusable rocket, capable of atmospheric flight and runway landing.
The Space Environment: Characteristics and Challenges
- Space Environment Characteristics: Vacuum, extreme temperatures (hot/cold), microgravity, high radiation (cosmic rays, solar flares, trapped radiation belts), space debris.
- Key Challenges: Equipment degradation, power system issues, navigation/communication interference, human health risks, debris collision risk.
- Radiation Belts (Van Allen Belts): Regions of energetic charged particles (protons, electrons) trapped by Earth's magnetic field.
- Hazards of Radiation Belts:
- Deterioration of electronic circuits (single event upsets, total dose effects).
- Damage to solar cells of spacecraft (reduced power generation, degradation).
- Adverse effects on living organisms (e.g., astronauts), including DNA damage, increased cancer risk, and acute radiation sickness.
- Other Radiation Sources: Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) and Solar Particle Events (SPEs).
- Space Debris: Non-functional human-made objects in orbit, posing collision risk to active spacecraft.
Types and Applications of Satellites (Communication, Earth Observation, Navigation)
Observation,
Navigation)
Communication Satellites
Used for telecommunication, broadcasting, internet services. E.g., India's GSAT series.
GSAT-7 (Rukmini)
India's first dedicated military communication satellite.
Earth Observation/Remote Sensing Satellites
Monitor Earth's surface, environment, weather, resources, disaster management. E.g., India's IRS & Cartosat series.
TanSat
China's satellite to monitor global carbon emissions.
Navigation Satellites
Provide precise positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services. E.g., GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, NavIC.
Scientific Satellites
Conduct scientific research, astronomy, space exploration. E.g., India's Astrosat, Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM).
Astrosat
India's first dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory; categorized as a Scientific satellite.
Meteorological Satellites
Specialized for weather forecasting and climate monitoring. E.g., Kalpana-1.
Academic Institute Satellites
Developed by educational institutions. E.g., SathyabamaSat (SATYABAMASAT).
GPS (Global Positioning System)
Owned by the United States.
GLONASS
Owned by Russia.
Galileo
Owned by the European Union.
NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation) / IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System)
Owned by India; provides PNT services over India and its neighborhood (approx. 1500 km).
IRNSS-1B
A navigation satellite, part of NavIC; lifted off by PSLV-C24 from Sriharikota; has civil and defence applications.
Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) / Mangalyaan
India's first interplanetary mission to planet Mars with an orbiter craft.
- MOM was launched by PSLV-C25.
- MOM consists of five payloads: Methane Sensor for Mars (MSM), Mars Color Camera (MCC), Lyman Alpha Photometer (LAP), Thermal Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (TIS), Mars Exospheric Neutral Composition Analyser (MENCA).
Chandrayaan-2 Rover 'Pragyan'
A six-wheeled robotic vehicle for lunar exploration.
PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle)
India's reliable workhorse launch vehicle. Primarily used for launching Earth Observation/remote sensing satellites (e.g., IRS, Cartosat) into Polar Sun Synchronous Orbit (SSO) and Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
- PSLV-C15 launched 5 satellites in July 2010.
- PSLV-C37 successfully launched 104 satellites in a single flight in February 2017.
GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle)
Primarily designed to launch heavier communication satellites (e.g., GSAT series) into Geostationary Transfer Orbit (GTO) for eventual placement in Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO).
- Satellites launched into GEO by GSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
GSLV Mk III (LVM3)
A three-staged launch vehicle (solid boosters, liquid core, cryogenic upper stage) for heavier payloads.
'Curiosity' Rover
A robotic mission for exploration of Mars launched by NASA. It is powered by a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG), not solar energy.
- NEOSSat
(Near-Earth
Object
Surveillance Satellite) A Canadian space telescope dedicated to searching for asteroids that might threaten Earth. It was launched by PSLV in February 2013 but was not designed and developed by ISRO.
- Satellite
Orbit
&
Frequency
Fundamentals
Geostationary Satellite
Orbits at approximately 36,000 km height above the Earth's surface in the equatorial plane, matching Earth's rotation period.
C-band Transponder
Downlink frequency is typically around 4
2. International Space Programs and Collaborations
Practice MCQs: Introduction to Space Science and Technology
Basic Concepts of Orbital Mechanics and Trajectories
Geo stationary satellite revolves at
Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2018
- Any height
- At fixed height
- Height above pole
- Height which depends upon its mass
Show answer
Answer: B. At fixed height
A geostationary orbit is a circular orbit directly above the Earth's equator, approximately 35,786 kilometers (22,236 miles) above mean sea level. At this specific altitude, the satellite's orbital period matches the Earth's rotational period (one sidereal day), making it appear stationary relative to a point on the ground. This fixed height is crucial for maintaining the synchronous orbit.
Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding satellites? 1. Geostationary satellites move from West to East 2. Geostationary satellites' period of revolution is 24 hours
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2021
- Geostationary satellites move from West to East
- Geostationary satellites' period of revolution is 24 hours
- Both (A) and (B)
- Neither (A) nor (B)
Show answer
Answer: C. Both (A) and (B)
- Geostationary satellites orbit Earth in the same direction as Earth's rotation (West to East). - Their orbital period is equal to Earth's rotation period (approx. 24 hours). - Geostationary satellites are positioned in an equatorial orbit. - They appear stationary relative to an observer on Earth.
Which of the following statements are correct regarding orbits? 1. In Intermediate Circular Orbit, the satellites move around Earth from pole to pole 2. It takes approximately 99 minutes to complete an Orbit 3. During one half of the Orbit, the satellite views the daytime and night time side of the Earth.
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2021
- 1, 2 and 3
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1 and 2 only
Show answer
Answer: A. 1, 2 and 3
- Intermediate Circular Orbit is not a standard orbital classification. - Polar orbits cover regions from pole to pole. - Orbital period in LEO is typically around 90-120 minutes. - Non-geostationary satellites orbit over both day and night sides of Earth.
A geostationary satellite is positioned at a distance of how many kilometres above mean sea level ?
Asked in: HAS Prelims 2019
- 35,880
- 37,800
- 35,786
- 32,000
Show answer
Answer: C. 35,786
A geostationary orbit is located at an altitude of approximately 35,786 kilometers (22,236 miles) above the Earth's equator. At this altitude, a satellite orbiting in the same direction as the Earth's rotation with an orbital period equal to the Earth's rotational period appears stationary from the ground.
Which of the following describes the Geostationary Orbit (GEO) correctly ?
Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2018
- Altitude of 20,000 km above the sea level and the orbital period is 12 hours.
- Altitude of 36,000 km above the sea level and the orbital period is 24 hours.
- Altitude of 400 km above the sea level and the orbital period is 90 minutes.
- None of the above
Show answer
Answer: B. Altitude of 36,000 km above the sea level and the orbital period is 24 hours.
- A geostationary orbit (GEO) is a circular orbit located precisely above the Earth's equator. - A satellite in GEO moves in the same direction as the Earth's rotation and completes one orbit in the same time it takes the Earth to rotate once on its axis (approximately 23 hours, 56 minutes, 4 seconds, often rounded to 24 hours for practical purposes related to the apparent position from Earth). - Because of this matching orbital period and equatorial location, a satellite in GEO appears to remain fixed at a specific point in the sky relative to an observer on the Earth's surface. - The altitude required for a satellite to have an orbital period of approximately 24 hours is approximately 35,786 kilometers above the Earth's mean sea level (often rounded to 36,000 km).
Which one of the following statements about a satellite orbiting around the Earth is correct ?
Asked in: UPSC NDA 2 2017
- Satellite is kept in orbit by remote control from ground station.
- Satellite is kept in orbit by retro-rocket and solar energy keeps it moving around the Earth.
- Satellite requires energy from solar panels and solid fuels for orbiting.
- Satellite does not require any energy for orbit‐ ing.
Show answer
Answer: D. Satellite does not require any energy for orbit‐ ing.
- Satellites orbit due to the balance between inertia and Earth's gravity. - Orbital motion itself is a form of freefall. - No continuous energy input is needed solely to stay in orbit.
The time period of revolution of a geo- stationary satellite is
Asked in: UKPSC CS Prelims 2016
- 12 hrs.
- 24 hrs.
- 48 hrs.
- 6 hrs.
Show answer
Answer: B. 24 hrs.
- Geostationary satellites orbit at a specific altitude above the Earth's equator. - Their orbital period matches the Earth's rotation period. - This period is approximately 24 hours.
Geostationary satellite completes its one revolution around the earth in
Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2013
- 90 minutes
- 24 hours
- 30 days
- 365 days
Show answer
Answer: B. 24 hours
A geostationary satellite orbits the Earth at a specific altitude (approximately 35,786 kilometers above the equator) and follows the Earth's rotation. For a satellite to appear stationary from a point on the Earth's surface, its orbital period must be exactly equal to the Earth's sidereal rotation period, which is about 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds. For practical purposes and standard options, this is typically rounded to 24 hours. This synchronization allows the satellite to remain over the same geographic location on the equator.
A geostationary satellite has a period of
Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2010
- 6 hours
- 12 hours
- 18 hours
- 24 hours
Show answer
Answer: D. 24 hours
A geostationary satellite is placed in a geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth's equator. Its defining characteristic is that it orbits the Earth at the same rate as the Earth rotates on its axis.
Geostationary satellite
Asked in: BJS 2023
- orbits at any height
- orbits at constant height
- does not orbit, remains stationary
- Height depends on mass of satellite
Show answer
Answer: B. orbits at constant height
Geostationary satellites have a specific orbital characteristic related to their position relative to the Earth.
Match list – I with list – II and choose the correct answer using the code given below – List – I (Orbit) (A) Polar Earth Orbit (B) Parking Orbit (C) Sun Synchronous Orbit (D) Geo Synchronous Orbit List – II (Distance above the Equator) (1) 700 – 800 km (2) 35,800 km (3) 500 – 2000 km (4) 35,785 km Code – (a) (A)-3, (B)-4, (C)-1, (D)-2 (b) (A)-2, (B)-3, (C)-4, (D)-1 (c) (A)-4, (B)-1, (C)-3, (D)-2 (d) (A)-3, (B)-4, (C)-2, (D)-1
Asked in: Civil Judge 2022
- (A)-3, (B)-4, (C)-1, (D)-2
- (A)-2, (B)-3, (C)-4, (D)-1
- (A)-4, (B)-1, (C)-3, (D)-2
- (A)-3, (B)-4, (C)-2, (D)-1
Show answer
Answer: A. (A)-3, (B)-4, (C)-1, (D)-2
This question tests knowledge of different types of Earth orbits and their typical altitudes. The most well-defined are Geo Synchronous Orbit and Sun Synchronous Orbit. The distinction between "Polar Earth Orbit" and "Sun Synchronous Orbit" in terms of altitude ranges and the assignment of a high altitude to "Parking Orbit" are points of confusion.
Definition and Scope of Space Science and Technology
With respect to India's nuclear programme, consider the following statements : (i) ADITYA is the name of India's indigenously developed tokamak. (ii) ADITYA is a breeder reactor. (iii) ADITYA is a fusion reactor. (iv) ADITYA is a fission reactor. Select the correct statement(s) using the codes given below.
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2022
- Only (i)
- Only (i) and (ii)
- Only (i) and (iii)
- Only (i) and (iv)
Show answer
Answer: C. Only (i) and (iii)
ADITYA is indeed the name of India's first indigenously developed tokamak, located at the Institute for Plasma Research (IPR) in Gandhinagar. A tokamak is a machine designed to harness the energy of nuclear fusion. Thus, ADITYA is a device used for fusion research.
Which one of the following statements is correct regarding LOFAR (Low Frequency Array) ?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2022
- It is the world's most powerful radio antenna.
- It is a space technology launched by NASA to discover exoplanets.
- It is an arrangement of satellites in space for the purpose of creating Satellite Navigation Sys‐ tem.
- It is a wireless communication technology for 5G services.
Show answer
Answer: A. It is the world's most powerful radio antenna.
It is not a single antenna but an array of antennas that work together using advanced data processing to synthesize a large effective aperture, giving it high sensitivity and resolution.
The word "Roc" is often seen in news is related to which of the following?
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2023
- Satellite to study stratosphere
- Largest aircraft
- Helium balloon to study stratosphere
- Drone to study upper atmosphere
Show answer
Answer: B. Largest aircraft
The Stratolaunch Roc is a twin-fuselage aircraft designed primarily to serve as a carrier aircraft for launching air-breathing hypersonic vehicles or rockets from high altitudes.
Find out the Indian scientist Dr. Vikram Sarabhai's contributions from the options listed below: 1. Founded the Physical Research Laboratory in Ahmedabad. 2. Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission of India. 3. Won Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine. 4. Won Nobel Prize in physics. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2023
- 1 and 2
- 1 and 3
- 1, 2 and 4
- 1 and 4
Show answer
Answer: A. 1 and 2
Vikram Sarabhai is widely regarded as the father of India's space program and was a key figure in establishing several scientific institutions in India.
Where is Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre?
Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 4 2019
- Bengaluru
- Sriharikota
- Baleswar
- Thiruvananthapuram
Show answer
Answer: D. Thiruvananthapuram
VSSC is a major space research centre of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
Which of the following is India's first Nuclear Reactor ? - Jarlina - Bhaskar - Kalpana - Apsara
Asked in: Asst. Engineer Comb. Comp. Exam (Pre) 2024
- (1) Jarlina
- (2) Bhaskar
- (3) Kalpana
- (4) Apsara
Show answer
Answer: D. (4) Apsara
Apsara is recognized as India's first nuclear reactor, marking a significant milestone in the country's atomic energy program.
Which Nuclear Power Plant has maximum gross power (MWe) in India ?
Asked in: Assistant Conservator of Forest 2025
- Tarapur Atomic Power Plant – 4
- Rajasthan Atomic Power Plant – 6
- Kudankulam Nuclear Power Station – 2
- Kaiga Generating Station – 4
Show answer
Answer: C. Kudankulam Nuclear Power Station – 2
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Station Unit 2 has the maximum gross power capacity (MWe) among the listed nuclear power plants in India.
India’s third research station in Antarctica is
Asked in: Assistant Engineer (AE) Exam 2012
- Gangotri
- Maitry
- Shaurya
- Bharti
Show answer
Answer: D. Bharti
Bharti is the third Indian research station in Antarctica, commissioned after Gangotri (first) and Maitry (second).
India's first indigenously developed Remote Sensing Satellite was launched through -
Asked in: Civil Judge 2022
- Cape Kennedy
- Baikonur
- French Guiana
- Sriharikota
Show answer
Answer: D. Sriharikota
Sriharikota is a crucial spaceport for India, enabling the country to launch its satellites independently into orbit.
Match the following nuclear plants with their location and give correct answer from the code given below – (A) Kalapakka (1) Gujarat (B) Narora (2) Maharashtra (C) Tarapur (3) U.P. (D) Kakrapara (4) Tamil Nadu Code - (a) (A)-1, (B)-2, (C)-3, (D)-4 (b) (A)-2, (B)-3, (C)-1, (D)-4 (c) (A)-4, (B)-3, (C)-2, (D)-1 (d) (A)-3, (B)-2, (C)-4, (D)-1
Asked in: Civil Judge 2022
- (A)-1, (B)-2, (C)-3, (D)-4
- (A)-2, (B)-3, (C)-1, (D)-4
- (A)-4, (B)-3, (C)-2, (D)-1
- (A)-3, (B)-2, (C)-4, (D)-1
Show answer
Answer: C. (A)-4, (B)-3, (C)-2, (D)-1
Nuclear power plants in India are located in specific states. Knowing the location of these major plants is important for geography and general knowledge questions.
Professor V. K. R. Rao is associated with which of the following fields?
Asked in: FISHERY OFFICER EXTENSION OFFICER (FO EO) 2020
- Space technology
- Bullet train project
- Satellite designing
- None of the above
Show answer
Answer: D. None of the above
Professor V. K. R. Rao was an economist, not associated with space technology, bullet trains, or satellite designing.
Fundamental Principles of Rocketry and Space Propulsion
ISRO has successfully launched GSAT-6A satellite from which rocket vehicle?
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 63rd
- GSLV-F07
- GSLV-F09
- GSLV-F05
- GSLV-F08
Show answer
Answer: D. GSLV-F08
GSAT-6A was a communication satellite intended to complement GSAT-6, providing mobile communication services.
Which of the following space agencies announced that it had successfully used steam to propel its EQUULEUS spacecraft?
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 68th
- NASA
- SUPARCO
- JAXA
- More than one of the above
Show answer
Answer: C. JAXA
EQUULEUS (Equatorial Lunar Earth point 6U Spacecraft) is a 6U CubeSat that was launched as a secondary payload on NASA's Artemis I mission in November 2022. It used a water-based propulsion system called AQUARIUS (AQUA ResUrses Investigation System) which generates thrust by expelling steam.
Consider the following statements regarding Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV). GSLV was developed to launch low-Earth Orbit satellites into polar and sun synchronous orbits. PSLV was developed to launch the heavier INSAT class of geosynchronous satellites into orbit. Which of the above statement/s is/are correct?
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2024
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer
Answer: D. Neither 1 nor 2
- Statement 1 is incorrect: GSLV is for GTO/GEO/ MEO launches, while PSLV is primarily for LEO/ SSO launches. - Statement 2 is incorrect: PSLV was developed for LEO satellites like IRS, while GSLV was developed to launch the heavier GTO/GEO satellites like INSAT/GSAT that PSLV couldn't carry.
Which of the following rocket launchers of ISRO has the heaviest launch capability payload weight wise ?
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2017
- PSLV
- GSLV
- ASLV
- GSLV Mark III
Show answer
Answer: D. GSLV Mark III
GSLV Mark III (now officially named LVM3 - Launch Vehicle Mark 3) is ISRO's heaviest rocket, designed to carry the largest payloads to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) and the largest satellites into low Earth orbit (LEO).
Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched? 1. PSLV- this has four stages that alternate between solid and liquid fuels 2. GSLV- this has three stages, all the three stages use only solid fuels 3. Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) - ISRO successfully launched it for three times.
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2021
- 1, 2 and 3
- 1 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 2 only
Show answer
Answer: B. 1 only
- PSLV uses alternating solid and liquid fuel stages. - GSLV stages use a combination of solid, liquid, and cryogenic fuels. - India's Reusable Launch Vehicle program is currently in the technology demonstration phase, not operational flights.
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited delivered C32-LH2 to ISRO recently, this is _______ .
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2021
- Biggest Ever Cryogenic Propellant Tank
- Biggest Ever Launch pad for GSLVs
- Nano Radar System which tracks the orbit of Satellites
- None of the above
Show answer
Answer: A. Biggest Ever Cryogenic Propellant Tank
The C32-LH2 is a liquid hydrogen (LH2) tank designed for the cryogenic upper stage of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III), India's heaviest launch vehicle.
_______ is the first private Indian company which successfully testfired a solid propulsion rocket engine named _______ .
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2021
- Skyroot Aerospace, Kalam-5
- Skyspace Aero systems, Vijay-1
- SSRY, Vikaram-5
- None of the above
Show answer
Answer: A. Skyroot Aerospace, Kalam-5
Skyroot Aerospace, a Hyderabad-based space startup, achieved this milestone in December 2020. Kalam-5 is a smaller, subscale model of the solid motor engine they plan to use in their Vikram launch vehicles.
The "LOx methane" is recently in news is related to which of the following?
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2023
- Space rocket engine fuel
- High speed diesel variant
- Bio-diesel
- None of the above
Show answer
Answer: A. Space rocket engine fuel
Liquid oxygen/liquid methane is becoming increasingly popular as a rocket propellant combination due to its performance, relatively low cost, ease of handling, and potential for in-situ resource utilization (particularly methane) for future missions, like those to Mars.
Cryogenic engines find applications in :
Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2013
- Submarine propulsion
- Frost-free refrigerators
- Rocket technology
- Researches in super-conductivity
Show answer
Answer: C. Rocket technology
Cryogenic engines are high-efficiency rocket engines that use extremely cold propellants like liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, making them ideal for space launch vehicles.
Ǔनिम्नि तापकारी इंजनि ͩकसमें प्रुक्त होते हैं ?
Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2013
- पनडु ब्बी प्रणोदन
- तुषाररlहित प्रशीlतत्र
- रॉके ट तकनीक
- अlतचालकता शोध में
Show answer
Answer: C. रॉके ट तकनीक
lनम्न तापकारी इंजन (Cryogenic engines) रॉके ट प्रौद्योlगिकी में उपयोगि lकए जाते हिैं। ये इंजन प्रणोदक (ईंधन और ऑक्सीकारक) का उपयोगि करते हिैं lजन्हिें बहिुत कम तापमान पर तरल अवस्था में संग्रlहित lकया जाता हिै। उदाहिरण के lलए, तरल हिाइड्रोजन और तरल ऑक्सीजन।
Rockets are designed to carry :
Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2016 · OPSC CS Prelims 2019
- Payloads
- Scientific instruments
- Satellites
- All of the above
Show answer
Answer: D. All of the above
The payload is the cargo that a rocket transports. Scientific instruments and satellites are specific types of payloads.
Future Trends and Prospects in Space Exploration and Utilization
What was the theme of the World Space Week, 2022?
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 68th
- Women in Space
- Satellites Improve Life
- Space and Sustainability
- More than one of the above
Show answer
Answer: C. Space and Sustainability
World Space Week is celebrated annually from October 4 to 10, as declared by the United Nations General Assembly. The theme for 2022 focused on achieving sustainability in space activities and utilizing space for sustainability on Earth.
Historical Milestones in Space Exploration
India's first remote-sensing satellite (IRS-1A) was launched from
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2014 · APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2015
- Sriharikota
- Baikonur
- Cape Kennedy
- French Guiana
Show answer
Answer: B. Baikonur
India's early satellite launches, including Aryabhata and early IRS series satellites, were conducted using launch vehicles from other nations.
Which was the first Indian satellite that was launched from Soviet Cosmodrome in 1975?
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2014
- Aryabhatta
- Bhaskara-I
- Bhaskara-II
- INSAT-1A
Show answer
Answer: A. Aryabhatta
The satellite was built by ISRO, and the launch was facilitated by the Soviet Union under a collaboration agreement.
Which one of the following is the first commercial space station?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2024
- Axiom Station
- International Space Station
- Galileo
- Voyager 1
Show answer
Answer: A. Axiom Station
Axiom Station is being developed by Axiom Space with the explicit goal of being the world's first commercial space station. It is planned to initially attach modules to the International Space Station (ISS) before becoming a free-flying independent commercial platform. The International Space Station is a government-led international collaboration, not a commercial entity. Galileo is a navigation satellite system, and Voyager 1 is a space probe. Therefore, Axiom Station is the only option representing a commercial space station.
The lift-off mass of Chandrayaan-1 was ________ the lift-off mass of Chandrayaan-2.
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2019
- Higher than
- Lower than
- Equal to
- No lift of mass was there in Chandrayaan-1
Show answer
Answer: B. Lower than
Chandrayaan-1, launched in 2008, had a lift-off mass of approximately 1380 kg. Chandrayaan-2, launched in 2019, was a more complex mission involving an orbiter, lander, and rover, resulting in a significantly higher lift-off mass of approximately 3850 kg.
Highest number of satellites launched under one mission by Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2019
- 101
- 102
- 103
- 104
Show answer
Answer: D. 104
ISRO set a world record by successfully launching 104 satellites in a single mission using the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C37) from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, on February 15, 2017.
Arrange in chronological order the chairmen of Atomic Energy Commission of India ? (a) Homi Bhabha (b) Raja Ramanna (c) H.N. Sethna (d) Vikram Sarabhai
Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2014
- (a), (d), (c), (b)
- (a), (c), (b), (d)
- (b), (a), (d), (c)
- (b), (c), (a), (d)
Show answer
Answer: A. (a), (d), (c), (b)
Homi Bhabha is considered the father of India's nuclear program and was the first AEC Chairman, followed by Vikram Sarabhai, H.N. Sethna, and then Raja Ramanna.
The first Indian Satellite, Aryabhatt, was launched in the year:
Asked in: UPSC NDA 2 2015
- 1972
- 1975
- 1976
- 1979
Show answer
Answer: B. 1975
Aryabhata was named after the ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer. It was launched by the Soviet Union from Kapustin Yar using a Kosmos-3M launch vehicle.
Which one of the following is the name given to the lander of Chandrayaan-2 ?
Asked in: UPSC NDA 2 2019
- Vigyan
- Anusandhan
- Pragyan
- Vikram
Show answer
Answer: D. Vikram
The lander component of India's Chandrayaan-2 mission was named 'Vikram' in honour of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, widely regarded as the father of India's space programme. The rover carried inside the lander was named 'Pragyan' (meaning 'wisdom' in Sanskrit).
Match the following pairs : Launch Vehicle Satellite (i) Satellite Launch Vehicle-3
Asked in: RPSC RAS Prelims 2016
- Chandray‐ (SLV-3) aan-1 (ii) Augmented Satellite Launch
- Rohini Vehicle (ASLV) (iii) Polar Satellite Launch
- SROSS-C Vehicle (PSLV) (iv) Geosynchronous Satellite
- EDUSAT Launch Vehicle (GSLV) Which of the following codes are correctly matched ? Codes : A. (i) B (ii) C (iii) A (iv) D B. (i) A (ii) B (iii) C (iv) D C. (i) C (ii) A (iii) B (iv) D D. (i) B (ii) C (iii) D (iv) A
Show answer
Answer: A. Chandray‐ (SLV-3) aan-1 (ii) Augmented Satellite Launch
- SLV-3 (Satellite Launch Vehicle-3) was India's first experimental satellite launch vehicle, which successfully launched the Rohini satellite (RS-1) in 1980, making India the sixth nation to achieve independent space launch capability. - ASLV (Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle) was developed after SLV-3 and was used to launch SROSS (Stretched Rohini Satellite Series) satellites into Low Earth Orbit. - PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) is ISRO's workhorse launch vehicle, known for launching satellites into polar and sun- synchronous orbits, as well as Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). It famously launched Chandrayaan-1, India's first lunar mission. - GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) is primarily used for launching heavier satellites, especially communication satellites, into GTO. EDUSAT (GSAT-3) was a dedicated satellite for educational services launched by GSLV.
Consider the following pairs :
Asked in: TSPSC Group 1 Prelims 2023
- Father of Green Revolution : M.S. Viswanathan
- Missile Man of India : A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
- First Indian to go to outer space : Sunita Williams
- First Indian remote sensing satellite : APPLE Identify the wrongly matched pairs : A. A, B and D B. A, C and D C. A, B and C D. B, C and D
Show answer
Answer: B. Missile Man of India : A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
- A. Father of Green Revolution in India is M.S. Swaminathan, not M.S. Viswanathan (a renowned music composer). This pair is wrongly matched. - B. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam is widely known as the "Missile Man of India" for his significant contributions to the development of India's ballistic missile and nuclear weapons programs. This pair is correctly matched. - C. The first Indian citizen to go to outer space was Rakesh Sharma in 1984. Sunita Williams is an American astronaut of Indian descent. This pair is wrongly matched. - D. APPLE (Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment) was an experimental communication satellite launched by ISRO in 1981. The first Indian remote sensing satellite was IRS-1A, launched in 1988. This pair is wrongly matched.
Match the following satellites with the year of their launching : Satellite Year of Launching
Asked in: TSPSC Group 1 Prelims 2024
- Bhaskara-II I. 1988
- GSAT-10 II. 1981
- IRS-1A III. 1990
- INSAT-1D IV. 2011 V. 2012 Choose the correct answer : A. A-IV; B-V; C-II; D-I B. A-II; B-V; C-I; D-III C. A-II; B-III; C-I; D-IV D. A-V; B-II; C-IV; D-I
Show answer
Answer: B. GSAT-10 II. 1981
- Bhaskara-II was an earth observation satellite launched by ISRO in 1981. - GSAT-10 is a communication satellite launched by ISRO in 2012. - IRS-1A was the first operational Indian Remote Sensing Satellite, launched in 1988. - INSAT-1D was a multipurpose communication and meteorological satellite, part of the INSAT series, launched in 1990.
Major Global Space Agencies and International Collaboration
Which organization developed Indian robot named "Vyommitra" ?
Asked in: MPPSC CS Prelims 2020
- C-DAC, Pune
- ISRO
- TIFR
- DRDO
Show answer
Answer: B. ISRO
Vyommitra is a half-humanoid robot developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It is designed to participate in the Gaganyaan mission, India's first crewed space mission. Vyommitra is intended to simulate human functions in the spacecraft and interact with the life support system, helping ISRO understand the effects of space travel on the human body before sending astronauts.
What is the full name of ISRO ?
Asked in: MPPSC CS Prelims 2021
- International Space Research Organisation
- Indian Society Research Organisation
- Iranian Space Research Organisation
- Indian Space Research Organisation
Show answer
Answer: D. Indian Space Research Organisation
ISRO is one of the leading space agencies in the world, known for its cost-effective space missions, including the Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) and Chandrayaan lunar missions.
Consider the following pairs:
Asked in: RPSC RAS Prelims 2018
- Vikram Sarabhai Space Trivandrum (Ker‐ Centre (VSSC) ala)
- UR Rao Satellite Centre Bengaluru (URSC) (Karnataka)
- National Remote Sens‐ Dehradun (Ut‐ ing Centre (NRSC) tarakhand)
- Indian Institute of Re‐ Hyderabad (Telan‐ mote Sensing (IIRS) gana) Which of the above pairs are correctly matched ? A. A & B only B. A, B & C only C. B, C & D only D. A, B, C & D
Show answer
Answer: A. Vikram Sarabhai Space Trivandrum (Ker‐ Centre (VSSC) ala)
- Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) is located in Trivandrum (Kerala). This pair is correctly matched. - UR Rao Satellite Centre (URSC), formerly ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC), is located in Bengaluru (Karnataka). This pair is correctly matched. - National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) is located in Hyderabad (Telangana). The pair stating it is in Dehradun is incorrect. - Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) is located in Dehradun (Uttarakhand). The pair stating it is in Hyderabad is incorrect.
'NICES Programme' is operated by which one of the following organizations ?
Asked in: UPSC Combined Section Officer 2024
- ISRO
- DRDO
- IEA
- SEBI
Show answer
Answer: A. ISRO
ISRO utilizes its earth observation capabilities and data processing infrastructure for climate and environmental monitoring through initiatives like NICES.
Which one of the following organizations has been designated as the nodal centre for the ‘Space Science and Technology Awareness Training (START)’ program by the ISRO ?
Asked in: UPSC Combined Section Officer 2024
- Gujarat Council on Science and Technology
- M.P. Council of Science and Technology
- Council of Science and Technology, Lucknow
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi
Show answer
Answer: A. Gujarat Council on Science and Technology
GUJCOST acts as a state-level nodal centre for implementing ISRO's START program in Gujarat, coordinating activities for students and researchers in the state.
The location of the space organisation units have been marked in the given map as 1, 2, 3 and 4. Match these units with the list given and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists: A. ISRO B. IIRS C. NRSA D. SAC Codes:
Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2001
- Calicut
- Broach
- Cambay
- Surat
Show answer
Answer: A. Calicut
Major space organizations and research centers in India are strategically located across the country for specific functions.
What does NISAR stand for?
Asked in: opsc 2025 2025
- NASA-ISRO Space and Aeronautics Research
- NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar
- National Indian Space and Aeronautics Re‐ search
- NASA International Satellite for Advanced Research
Show answer
Answer: B. NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar
NISAR is a joint Earth-observation satellite mission developed by NASA (USA) and ISRO (India). It is designed to use Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) technology to observe and map the Earth's surface.
Q101: Head quarters of department of space is located at -
Asked in: Asstt. Jailor 2013
- Ahmedabad
- Bengaluru
- New Delhi
- Thiruvananthapuram
Show answer
Answer: B. Bengaluru
The Department of Space (DoS) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) have their headquarters in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Q102: Mars orbiter space craft was launched by India, from -
Asked in: Asstt. Jailor 2013
- Sriharikota
- Thumba
- Kalpakkam
- Tarapur
Show answer
Answer: A. Sriharikota
Launch site of the Mars Orbiter Mission.
Q103: Indian space research organization was established in -
Asked in: Asstt. Jailor 2013
- 1948
- 1969
- 1978
- 1999
Show answer
Answer: B. 1969
Establishment year of ISRO.
Itemcode : GK1104 Q104: Indian institute of space science and technology is located at -
Asked in: Asstt. Jailor 2013
- Hyderabad
- Indore
- Tarapur
- Thiruvananthapuram
Show answer
Answer: D. Thiruvananthapuram
Location of the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology.
Overview of Spacecraft Systems and Subsystems
An aeroplane shaped re-usable space rocket is called : A) SpaceSat B) Artificial Satellite C) Space shuttle D) Skylab
Asked in: ASSISTANT AUDIT OFFICER 2017 18 2017
- SpaceSat
- Artificial Satellite
- Space shuttle
- Skylab
Show answer
Answer: C. Space shuttle
A space shuttle is an aeroplane-shaped, reusable space rocket.
A re-usable space rocket is called
Asked in: Assistant Engineer (Civil) 2018 19 2018
- Apollo
- Satellite
- Space shuttle
- Skylab
Show answer
Answer: C. Space shuttle
Reusability is the key characteristic that distinguishes a space shuttle from other types of spacecraft. This allows for reduced costs and more frequent access to space.
The Space Environment: Characteristics and Challenges
The hazards of radiation belts include
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2023
- deterioration of electronic circuits
- damage of solar cells of spacecraft
- adverse effect on living organisms
- All of the above
Show answer
Answer: D. All of the above
High-energy radiation from space, particularly from phenomena like radiation belts, is detrimental to electronic equipment, solar power systems, and biological tissues.
Types and Applications of Satellites (Communication, Earth Observation, Navigation)
Identify the pair that is not correctly matched Satellite Navigation System Owned by GPS United States GLONASS United Kingdom Galileo European Union NavIC India
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2018
- (1)
- (2)
- (3)
- (4)
Show answer
Answer: B. (2)
Matching major global satellite navigation systems with their owning countries/organizations.
Which is India's first dedicated defence satellite ?
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2017
- GSAT-7
- GSAT-9
- MSAT-1
- CARTOSAT
Show answer
Answer: A. GSAT-7
Launched in August 2013, GSAT-7 is a communication satellite primarily used by the Indian Navy for secure communication and maritime surveillance.
China has launched a satellite to monitor global carbon emissions, the name of the satellite is
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2017
- Tan Sat
- Con Sat
- CC Sat
- None of the above
Show answer
Answer: A. Tan Sat
TanSat (Tanshiq-1), launched by China in December 2016, is dedicated to monitoring carbon dioxide concentrations in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the global effort to understand climate change.
In terms of categories of satellites defined on the basis of their applications, Astrosat satellite can be categorised as ______.
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2021
- Communications
- Scientific
- Remote sensing
- Meteorological
Show answer
Answer: B. Scientific
Astrosat is India's first dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory. Its primary mission is to conduct astronomical studies across various electromagnetic spectrum ranges (visible, ultraviolet, X-rays). This aligns it with the category of scientific satellites designed for research purposes in space.
Which of the following statements are correct regarding Mars Orbiter Mission Spacecraft? 1. Mars Orbiter Mission is India's first interplanetary mission to planet Mars with an orbiter craft 2. This Mission consists of total five payloads 3. Methane sensor of Mars, Mars colour camera and Lyman Alpha Photometer are the parts of these five payloads 4. GSLV-MK-III is used as launch vehicle of this mission
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2022
- 1, 2, 3 and 4
- 1, 2 and 3 only
- 2, 3 and 4 only
- 1, 2 and 4 only
Show answer
Answer: B. 1, 2 and 3 only
- Statement 1 is correct. The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also known as Mangalyaan, launched in 2013, was India's first interplanetary mission and its maiden venture to Mars. - Statement 2 is correct. MOM carried five scientific payloads designed to study the Martian surface features, morphology, mineralogy, and atmosphere. - Statement 3 is correct. The five payloads on MOM were: Mars Color Camera (MCC), Thermal Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (TIS), Methane Sensor for Mars (MSM), Mars Exospheric Neutral Composition Analyser (MENCA), and Lyman Alpha Photometer (LAP). MCC, MSM, and LAP are indeed among these five. - Statement 4 is incorrect. The Mars Orbiter Mission spacecraft was launched using the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), specifically the PSLV-XL C25 variant, from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre. The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) Mk III is a different, heavier launch vehicle used for other missions.
Mars Orbitor Mission is called :
Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2014
- Pushpyan
- Spaceyan
- Mangalyan
- Missionyan
Show answer
Answer: C. Mangalyan
Mangalyaan is the informal and popular name for the Indian Space Research Organisation's (ISRO) Mars Orbiter Mission.
Which of the following is Academic Institute Satellite ?
Asked in: MPPSC CS Prelims 2019
- CARTOSAT – 2B
- KALPANA – 1
- INSAT – 2E
- SATYABAMASAT
Show answer
Answer: D. SATYABAMASAT
SATYABAMASAT is a nano-satellite developed by the academic institution Satyabama University. It was launched by ISRO in June 2016 as part of the PSLV-C34 mission. Its primary objective was to collect data on greenhouse gases.
Which of the following is not correct about IRNSS-1B satellite?
Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2014
- it is a navigation satellite
- lifted off and placed in orbit by PSLV-C23
- has civil and defence applications
- lifted off from Sriharikota
Show answer
Answer: B. lifted off and placed in orbit by PSLV-C23
- IRNSS-1B is one of the satellites in the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), now known as NavIC. - NavIC is an independent regional navigation satellite system developed by India. - It has potential applications for both civilian and defence purposes.
Consider the following statements about the 'Curiosity' rover: 1. It is a robotic mission for exploration of the Mars launched by NASA. 2. It is powered by solar energy. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2012
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer
Answer: A. 1 only
RTGs are often used for long-duration space missions, especially those exploring the outer solar system or surface missions on bodies like Mars where solar power is unreliable or insufficient.
Consider the following statements about NEOSSat launched by PSLV in February 2013 : 1. It is the only space telescope dedicated to searching for asteroids that might have a threat to the earth. 2. It was designed and developed by ISRO. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2013
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer
Answer: A. 1 only
- NEOSSat (Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite) was indeed the first space telescope dedicated to searching for and tracking asteroids and space debris that could pose a threat to Earth. It was launched in February 2013. - NEOSSat was a Canadian satellite mission, developed and operated by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC). ISRO's PSLV rocket was used to launch the satellite as a co-passenger, but ISRO did not design or develop NEOSSat.
With reference to India's satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements : 1. PSLV's launch the satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites. 2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth. 3. GSLV Mk III is a four-staged launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?
Asked in: UPSC IAS 2018
- 1 only
- 2 and 3
- 1 and 2
- 3 only
Show answer
Answer: A. 1 only
PSLV and GSLV are India's primary satellite launch vehicles developed by ISRO. They are designed for different types of orbits and payload capacities. PSLV for LEO/SSO (lighter payloads, remote sensing), GSLV for GTO/GSO (heavier payloads, communication).