- Assertion (A) is true; Ashoka conquered and annexed Kalinga. - Reason (R) is true; Kalinga's strategic location provided control over important trade routes. - Reason (R) provides a significant motivation for the Mauryan Empire, under Ashoka, to conquer Kalinga. Control over these vital economic and strategic routes was a primary reason for integrating Kalinga into the empire. Therefore, R is the correct explanation of A.