- In India, electricity tariffs for retail consumers served by state distribution companies are determined by the respective State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs). - The Karnataka Electricity Regulatory Commission (KERC) is the statutory body established under the Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998 (later superseded by the Electricity Act, 2003) responsible for regulating the electricity sector in Karnataka, including determining tariffs for generation, transmission, and distribution companies within the state. - The State Government sets overall policy directions but does not directly determine the tariffs. - The Central Electricity Authority is primarily involved in technical regulations, planning, and advising the central government. - Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) is a state-owned utility responsible for transmission and some distribution functions, not a regulatory authority for tariff determination.