Horizontal agreements occur between competitors or entities at the same stage of the market. Vertical agreements occur between entities at different stages of the supply chain. The Competition Act, 2002, aims to prevent agreements that cause or are likely to cause an appreciable adverse effect on competition in India.
Example of Horizontal Agreement is under Competition Act, 2002 - (i) Agreement between a producer and a distributor. (ii) The agreements between producers or between wholesalers or between retailers, operating at the same level in the economic process. (iii) The agreements between manufacturers of components, manufacturers of products, producers and wholesalers or between producers, wholesalers, and retailers. (iv) The agreements between non-competition undertakings operating at different levels of manufacturing and distribution process.
Asked in Paper I 4 · Topic: The Parliamentary Act (Powers and Functions of Parliament (Legislative, Executive, Financial, Constituent))
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