The Mappila Rebellion of 1921 in the Malabar region was fundamentally an agrarian revolt. The Mappilas (Muslim tenants and landless labourers) were suffering under oppressive landlordism (predominantly exercised by Hindu jenmis) and the supportive policies of the British colonial government. High rents, lack of security of tenure, illegal cesses, and exploitation by landlords were the main drivers of the rebellion, which intensified with the backdrop of the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movements.