- Nicolo Conti, an Italian merchant, visited the Vijayanagara Empire during the reign of Devaraya I around 1420-1421. - Abdur Razzak, a Persian ambassador, visited the empire during the reign of Devaraya II around 1443. - Duarte Barbosa, a Portuguese writer and traveller, visited during the reign of Krishna Devaraya around 1516. - Fernao Nuniz, a Portuguese horse trader and chronicler, visited during the reign of Achyuta Deva Raya (Krishna Devaraya's successor) around 1535-1537.