- Soil erosion is the removal and transport of topsoil by natural agents like wind and water. - Afforestation involves planting trees and establishing forests. Tree roots bind the soil, and the canopy and leaf litter protect the soil surface from the direct impact of rain, reducing runoff and erosion. - Deforestation, overgrazing, and vegetation removal all involve the removal of protective plant cover, which exposes the soil and increases its susceptibility to erosion.