Environment and Sustainable Development

Environment and Sustainable Development is part of Environment and Ecology. Below are notes on 15 sub-topics, followed by practice MCQs from State PSC and UPSC papers.

Basic Concepts of Environment and Ecology

• 'Eco mark' is given to Indian products that are environment friendly.
• Functions of environment: Supplying resources, sustaining life, providing aesthetic services.
• Exhaustible but renewable natural resources: Water in usable condition, Soil.
• Resources classified by origin: Biotic and Abiotic.
• Ecological Footprint is measured in Global Hectares.
• Bharati, the Indian research base in Antarctica, is located about 3000 km East of Maitri and facilitates year-round scientific research for the Indian Antarctic Programme.
• Centre of Science and Environment in New Delhi publishes 'Down to Earth' magazine.
• First Indian Research Station in the Arctic: Himadri.
• Environment planning organization: NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute).
• Eco-friendly agricultural practice: Organic farming.
• Mariculture (सागरीय कृlषि): Related to cultivation of marine plants and animals.
• Biotic resources: Obtained from biosphere and have life (e.g., human, flora, fauna, fisheries).
• Non-renewable resources: Form over a very long geological time (millions of years) and are not easily reproduced.
• Renewable resources: Can be reproduced by physical, chemical, or mechanical processes relatively quickly.
• World Soil Day 2019 theme: "Stop Soil Erosion, Save our Future".
• World Environment Day: June 5th.
• World Nature Conservation Day: July 28th.
• International Earth Day (Earth Day): April 22nd.
• Laser system used for environmental monitoring: Lidar.
• Factors included in chemical environment: Water and soil.
• Definition of environment ("sum total of all conditions agencies..."): From Britannica Encyclopedia.
• A complete fertilizer always contains Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K).
• Non-renewable natural resource example: Fossil Fuels.
• Non-conventional raw material for paper production: Sugarcane bagasse.
• Science characteristics: Guided by natural law, testable, falsifiable. (Its conclusions are NOT permanent).
• "Limits to Growth" concept: Propounded by Club of Rome (1972); predicted limits within 100 years if trends continued unchanged.
• Standard environment categories include Physical, Cultural, and Biological environment. (Operational Environment is not a general category).
• International Centre for Research on AgroForestry: Nairobi.
• Indian Institute of Forest Management: Bhopal.
• Central Agro-Forestry Research Institute: Jhansi.
• Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI): New Delhi.
• Population control is necessary to maintain environmental balance; rapid population increase destabilizes it.
• Organic farming does not use genetically modified seeds, synthetic pesticides or fertilizers; uses extensive crop rotation; employs ecologically protective practices.
• Conservation Agriculture practices: Adopting minimum tillage, using crop residues to cover soil surface, adopting spatial and temporal crop sequencing/crop rotations, avoiding monoculture.
• A country's natural capital includes forests, water, and minerals. (Roads are man-made capital).
• Application of gypsum is required more in the groundnut crop.
• Non eco-friendly tree: Eucalyptus (due to high water consumption).
• M. S. Swaminathan is recognized by UNEP as the 'Father of Economic Ecology'.
• Environmental impacts of agricultural practices: Synthetic fertilizers/pesticides may result in soil/water contamination; sustainable agriculture preserves soil health and biodiversity.
• International Ozone Day: September 16th.
• World Wildlife Day: March 3rd.
• Communication satellites typically use a Geosynchronous orbit.
• World Environment Day 2024 campaign in India: 'Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam' (tree plantation campaign).
• Organic farming involves: Use of vermicompost, natural pesticides like pyrethrin and rotenone, and copper sulfate. It does not use genetically modified organisms.

Biodiversity and Conservation (In-situ and Ex-situ)

• Champion of Earth Award 2022 recipients: Cecile Bibiane Ndjebet (Cameroon) and Purnima Devi Barman (India).
• Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) is primarily concerned with biodiversity of lakes and rivers.
• Loss of biodiversity is caused by dumping of toxic waste into soil.
• Deforestation is responsible for frequent floods in rivers.
• Chico Mendes (not Fransisco Mendez) was known as 'Amazon Gandhi' for his environmental and social activism in the Amazon rainforest, not for work in the energy field.
• Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation and Development Initiative (KSLCDI) is a collaboration among India, China, and Nepal.
• Important Environmental Days:
• April 18: World Heritage Day
• May 22: International Day for Biological Diversity
• July 29: International Tiger Day
• December 5: World Soil Day
• "Water Burial" won Best Film Award in Environment Conservation category at the 67th National Film Awards, 2021.
• Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) is an independent, non-governmental research organization. It conserves nature through action-based research, education, and public awareness, including organizing nature trails and camps.
• Biological control describes the use of organisms (e.g., predators, parasites) to control pests.
• Crop rotation allows farmers to improve soil fertility, diversify crops, and reduce pesticide costs by naturally breaking the cycle of weeds, insects, and diseases.
• "Ottal" (The Trap) won the Best Film on Environmental Conservation/Preservation at the 62nd National Film Awards.

Climate Change: Causes, Impacts, Mitigation, and Adaptation Strategies

• National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA): Launched in 2011-12, part of National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). Aims to enhance food security and make Indian agriculture resilient to climate change.
• Green India Mission: One of the eight missions under NAPCC. Aims to restore and enhance forest cover (targeting 10 million hectares) and respond to climate change through a combination of adaptation and mitigation measures.
• India's Long-Term Low Emissions Development Strategy (LT-LEDS): Envisions a just, smooth, sustainable transition from fossil fuels; increased use of biofuels; climateresilient urban development; and financing sustainable development through Green Bonds.
• Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect:
• Definition: Specific areas within a city experience higher temperatures/heat loads than surrounding rural or less developed areas.
• Nature: It is a local phenomenon.
• Causes: Dark, impervious surfaces (e.g., concrete, asphalt) absorb more solar radiation; reduced vegetation and moisture content in soil (less evapotranspiration); anthropogenic heat sources (vehicles, industries, AC units); urban canyon effect from highrise buildings trapping heat and reducing wind flow.
• Impact of High-rise Buildings: Exacerbate UHI by blocking winds and trapping heat.
• Reducing Factors: High wind velocity and high rainfall can help reduce UHI.
• Population Explosion: A primary driver leading to loss of forests, rapid urbanization, and increasing pollution.
• Earth Overshoot Day: Marks the date when humanity's demand for ecological resources and services in a given year exceeds what Earth can regenerate in that year. Directly indicates environmental degradation.
• Coal Usage: Judicious use is critical because burning coal causes air pollution, acid rain, and contributes significantly to global warming (via CO2 emissions).
• Carbon Credit: A tradable permit representing the right to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide (or equivalent greenhouse gases). It often signifies the difference between allowed and actually emitted carbon.
• Resilient Cities: Urban centers that can adapt, withstand, and recover from various shocks and stresses, including those posed by climate change, population growth, and globalization.
• Adaptation Gap Report: Released by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
• UNFCCC COP23 (23rd Conference of the Parties): Held in Bonn, Germany, in 2017 (presided over by Fiji).
• Important Environmental Days:
• World Environment Day: June 5
• Earth Day: April 22
• World No Tobacco Day: May 31
• International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer (Ozone Day): September 16

Deforestation, Desertification, and Land Degradation

• Major causes of resource depletion/degradation: pollution, infrastructural development, over-consumption/exploitation, destruction of ecosystems, soil erosion, and deforestation.
• Soil erosion increases with high rainfall.
• Afforestation is a method to prevent soil erosion.
• Impacts of dams/reservoirs include loss of flora/fauna, reservoir-induced seismicity, and water-borne diseases; desertification is not a direct impact.
• Desertification leads to a decline in biological productivity.
• Desertification often occurs in hot desert areas.
• Contour bunding is recommended for lands with a slope less than 6%.
• Approximately 158 million hectares (mha) of India's total geographical area is under various kinds of land degradation.
• USLE stands for Universal Soil Loss Equation.
• Gypsum is used for the reclamation of sodic (alkaline) soils.
• Agricultural drought is soil moisture stress caused by an imbalance between available soil moisture and crop evapotranspiration.
• Acidic soils fix more phosphates.
• Environment-friendly farming practices in semi-arid areas include planting tree belts, crop rotation, and using organic fertilizers. Large-scale irrigation systems can be detrimental.
• Deforestation is a direct cause of loss of biodiversity, topsoil erosion, and global climate change, but not directly of species invasion.
• Land degradation is caused by soil erosion and waterlogging. Deforestation is a major cause of soil erosion.
• Large-scale land degradation in India is due to inadequate soil conservation measures and overgrazing.
• Soil erosion causes a huge loss of valuable nutrients and fertility.
• Soil erosion is largely a man-made phenomenon, caused by deforestation, overgrazing, shifting cultivation, and improperly constructed terrace outlets.
• Soil conservation methods include afforestation and slowing down water movement. Increasing the size of soil particles and regular application of fertilizers (primarily for fertility) are not direct soil conservation methods.
• India aims to achieve Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) by the year 2030.
• The Mitti Bachao (Save the Soil) Movement started in Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh.
• Contour bunding is a soil conservation method used on sloping lands.
• In India, soil erosion is associated with deforestation and is intensified by a tropical climate.
• The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) aims to promote effective action through innovative national programmes and supportive international partnerships, and is committed to a bottomup approach encouraging local participation. It focuses on all affected regions, particularly Africa.
• The Aral Sea has shrunk immensely/dried up due to human activities (e.g., diversion of rivers for irrigation).
• Nagaland mountains are becoming increasingly barren primarily due to shifting cultivation (Jhum).
• Alley cropping is a cropping system where crops are grown in the inter-spaces between rows of planted trees.
• The use of gypsum in fields is a solution for the problem of soil alkalinity (sodic soils).
• IMD (India Meteorological Department) defines severe drought when the deficiency of rainfall exceeds 50% of normal rainfall.
• Anthropogenic factors of desertification include overgrazing, changes in land use, and urbanization. Lesser rainfall is a natural factor.
• As per ISRO’s ‘Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas of India-2021’, water erosion is the most significant process of desertification/land degradation after wind erosion in Rajasthan.
• Jhum, Bush fallow agriculture, and Slash and Burn agriculture are forms of shifting cultivation. Nomadic herding is not a form of shifting cultivation.

Ecosystem Structure and Function

• UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration: 2021-2030.
• Dams & Reservoirs - Impacts: loss of flora and fauna, reservoir-induced seismicity, water-borne diseases.
• Dams & Reservoirs - No direct impact: desertification (often prevents, though downstream areas can experience altered hydrology).

Environmental

Ethics

and

Human-

Environment Interaction

• Environmental Ethics & Concepts:
• Anthropogenic Environment: An environment modified by human activities.
• Ecoradicals: Believe human societies are dangerously close to Earth’s carrying capacity limits; advocate strict population control; stress less consumption-oriented and wasteproducing lifestyles.
• Greenwashing: Conveying a false impression that a company's products/activities are ecofriendly and environmentally sound.
• Quotes & Slogans:
• "Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's need, but not every man's greed": Quote by Mahatma Gandhi.
• "Ecology is permanent economy": Slogan of the Chipko Movement.
• Key Books:
• Silent Spring: Book by Rachel Carson, centered around environmental issues (e.g., impact of pesticides).
• The Land Ethic: Concept developed by Aldo Leopold, introduced in "A Sand County Almanac."
• Global Environmental Events & Organizations:
• Earth Hour: Global event organized by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).
• World Environment Day (June 5): Marks the anniversary of the Stockholm Conference on Human Environment (1972).
• First U.N. International Conference on Environment: Held at Stockholm in 1972.
• World Watch Institute: In its Jan. 1996 annual report, suggested levying an Environment Tax instead of Income Tax.
• Environmental Awards:
• Global-500 Award: Given for rare achievement in environment conservation.
• Goldman Environmental Prize (Goldman Awards): Given for the protection of the environment.
• Major Environmental Movements & Leaders (India):
• Narmada Bachao Andolan: Led by Medha Patkar; addresses both sociological and ecological issues, particularly related to the Sardar Sarovar Dam.
• Chipko Movement: An environmental movement, known for its slogan "Ecology is permanent economy." Prominent leader: Sunderlal Bahuguna.
• Appiko Movement: Associated with nature conservation, led by Pandurang Hegde (also associated with Appu and Mamtha).
• People for Animals: An organization associated with Maneka Gandhi.
• Resurrection of Kali Bein Rivulet: A conservation effort associated with Balbir Singh Seechewal.
• Chilka Bachao Andolan: Addresses both sociological and ecological issues.
• Key Personalities & Contributions (Environmental/Scientific):
• Medha Patkar: Leader of the Narmada Bachao Andolan.
• M. S. Swaminathan: Known for Rice Research and Biodiversity Conservation (pioneer of the Green Revolution in India).
• Anil Agarwal: Associated with the Centre for Environment Science (Centre for Science and Environment).
• Salim Ali: Renowned ornithologist and for Biodiversity Conservation ("Birdman of India").
• Balbir Singh Seechewal: Associated with the Resurrection of Kali Bein Rivulet.
• Maneka Gandhi: Associated with People for Animals.
• Pandurang Hegde: Leader of the Appiko Movement.
• Rachel Carson: Author of "Silent Spring."
• Mahatma Gandhi: Authored the quote on human needs versus greed.
• Sunderlal Bahuguna: A prominent leader of the Chipko Movement.
• Specific Environmental Initiatives/Facts:
• Bangalore Vertical Organic Garden: India's first, located on a pillar of the Hosur Road Electronics City Flyover, a project by NGO Jeevan.
• Aluminum as "Green Metal": Considered green because it provides a replacement for wood, thereby contributing to saving forests.
• Uttarakhand Specific (Regional Context):
• 'Kham' system: An administrative system implemented by the British in the Rawain area of Uttarakhand.
• 'Uttar Vrindavan Ashram' (Mithola, Almora): Its founder was Ronald Henry Nixon (later known as Swami Krishna Prem).
• 'Gadwali' newspaper: Started by Taradutt Gairola.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process of identifying, predicting, and evaluating likely impacts of a proposed project, defining mitigation actions, and ensuring positive contributions to the natural environment and well-being.
• Key purposes of EIA include: predicting effects of industrial/infrastructural projects, preventing approval without proper oversight/considering adverse consequences, and comparing project alternatives to identify the best combination of economic and environmental costs/benefits.
• The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requires all federal agencies to conduct a prior Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) before taking any major action.
• The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) published the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2020, which included proposals such as potentially exempting certain projects (e.g., Coal and non-Coal mineral prospecting, solar photovoltaic projects) from prior environmental clearance and changes to public consultation.
• Leopold Matrix is a method specifically associated with Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for identifying and evaluating potential impacts.
• ISO 14040 series deals with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).
• R2 (Responsible Recycling) Code of Practices promotes environmentally responsible practices in the electronics recycling industry.

Environmental Pollution: Types, Sources, Effects, and Control Measures

• National Green Tribunal (NGT): Statutory body established under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010. Provides environmental justice, helping reduce the burden of litigation in higher courts.
• Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB): Statutory organization established under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Promotes cleanliness of streams and wells, and aims to improve the quality of air in the country.
• National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI): Located at Nagpur.
• Preventive Conservation - Environment Control: For comprehensive control and monitoring, installation and use of air conditioning systems is a highly effective option, as it regulates temperature, humidity, and air quality. Other methods include proper ventilation, use of dehumidifiers, and maintaining proper air circulation.
• Silica Gel Quantity: For a room with a capacity of 20-25 cubic metres, approximately 3-4 kg of silica gel is recommended for humidity buffering and control.
• UNEP World Environment Day (WED) Theme: An annual event by the United Nations Environment Programme. The theme for WED-2025 is typically announced closer to the event date by UNEP; for reference, the 2023 theme was "Beat Plastic Pollution".

International Environmental Conventions and Protocols

• International Years/Days:
• International Year of the Ocean: 1998.
• World Environment Day (WED): June 5.
• First WED celebration (1973) theme: "Only One Earth".
• WED 2011: Theme 'Forests: Nature at Your Service'. India was the global host.
• WED 2020: Hosted by Colombia in partnership with Germany, theme "Time for Nature".
• WED 2021: Theme "Ecosystem Restoration".
• WED 2022: Theme "Only One Earth".
• WED 2023: Theme "Solutions to Plastic Pollution" (#BeatPlasticPollution).
• World Water Day: March 22.
• Earth Day: April 22.
• World Energy Conservation Day: December 14.
• Key Summits/Conferences:
• Stockholm Conference (UN Conference on the Human Environment): Held 1972. First global environmental conference. Proposed in 1968.
• First World Climate Conference: 1979.
• Earth Summit (UN Conference on Environment and Development - UNCED): Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-14 June 1992. Held on 20th anniversary of Stockholm Conference. Focused on the "impact of human socio-economic activities on the environment". Outcomes: Rio Declaration, Agenda 21, establishment of UNFCCC and CBD.
• Earth Summit + 5 (UN General Assembly Special Session - UNGASS): 1997, New York. Reviewed Agenda 21.
• World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD): Johannesburg, South Africa, 2002.
• UN Climate Change Conference (COP14 UNFCCC): Poznań, Poland, Dec 2008. Discussed Development and transfer of Technologies, financial mechanism, reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD), and Disaster Management.
• First UN IPCC Conference (refers to COP1 of UNFCCC in Berlin): 1995.
• 4th Session of the UN Environment Assembly (UNEA-4): Nairobi, Kenya.
• Major Conventions/Protocols & Amendments:
• Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer: 1985. A framework convention to protect the ozone layer.
• Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer: 1987. Adopted specific measures for the total elimination of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS).
• Kigali Agreement (Amendment to Montreal Protocol): 2016. Aimed at phasing down Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
• Kyoto Protocol: Adopted 1997, entered into force 2005. Aims at stabilization and reduction of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) / carbon emissions. Included carbon trading mechanism.
• Doha Amendment (to Kyoto Protocol): 2012. Extended the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. India ratified it in 2017.
• Paris Agreement: 2015. International agreement on climate change, aiming to limit global warming below 2°C, preferably to 1.5°C, through Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Aims at reducing carbon emissions.
• Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal: 1989.
• Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): 2001. Aims to protect human health and the environment from POPs.
• Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (to CBD): 2000. Regulates transboundary movements of Living Modified Organisms (LMOs).
• Ramsar Convention (on Wetlands of International Importance): 1971. For the conservation and wise use of wetlands.
• UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD): 1994. India is a signatory. Nodal Ministry in India: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
• New Helsinki Convention: 1992. Focuses on the protection of the marine environment of the Baltic Sea area.
• Polar Code: An international code of safety for ships operating in polar waters, adopted by the IMO.
• Institutions & Awards:
• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): Established 1972. Headquarters: Nairobi, Kenya.
• India's nodal agency for UNEP: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
• "Champions of Earth" award: Conferred by UNEP.
• "Global-500" Awards: Were given by UNEP for achievements in the protection of the environment (discontinued, replaced by Champions of Earth).
• Global Environment Facility (GEF): Pilot GEF established 1990, formally established 1991. Serves as a financial mechanism for: Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Stockholm Convention on POPs, UNCCD, Minamata Convention on Mercury. Initial partners: UNDP, UNEP, World Bank. India is both a donor and a recipient of GEF. Donors include both developed and developing countries.
• Greenpeace International: Established 1971. Headquarters: Amsterdam, Netherlands.
• World Meteorological Organization (WMO): Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland.
• ECOLEX: An environmental law database controlled by FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), and UNEP.
• Disaster Risk Reduction Frameworks (Chronological):
• Yokohama Strategy for a Safer World: 1994.
• Hyogo Framework for Action: 2005.
• Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction: 2015.

Major Environmental Laws, Policies, and Institutions in India

• National Green Tribunal (NGT):
• Established: 2010, under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010.
• Purpose: Effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection, conservation of forests, and relief/compensation for damages to persons and property.
• Nature: Quasi-Judicial body.
• Procedure: NOT bound by the procedure laid down under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908; guided by principles of natural justice.
• Sittings: Principal Bench in New Delhi; four Zonal Benches at Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata, and Chennai (total 5 places of sitting).
• Establishment period: 11th Five-Year Plan.
• India's Scientific Mission in Antarctica:
• First scientific base station: Dakshin Gangotri.
• Current use of Dakshin Gangotri: Supply base and transit camp.
• Maitri station: Manned throughout the year for scientific activities.
• Global Environment Facility (GEF) Grant Agreement (August 2017) for 'Ecosystems Service Improvement Project':
• Project Size: USD 25 million.
• Duration: 5 years.
• Financing: Entirely from its GEF Trust Fund.
• Implementing Ministry: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
• Ganga Rejuvenation Initiatives:
• National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA): Set up in 2009.
• Features: River basin as the unit of planning and management; spearheads river conservation efforts nationally; chaired by the Prime Minister.
• Namami Gange Programme: Integrated Ganga Conservation Mission; approved as "Flagship Programme" by Union Government; called 'Namami Gange' in Union Budget 2014.
• Announcement Date: July 7, 2016.
• Responsibility: Environment protection (Clean Ganga).
• Rivers Declared as Living Entities:
• Ganga and Yamuna rivers were declared as living entities by the Uttarakhand High Court.
• Parivesh:
• Single window integrated system for Environment, Forest, and Coastal Regulatory Zone (CRZ) clearance processes.
• Ecomark Scheme:
• Launched: 1991 (Scheme of labelling environmental friendly products).
• Allocating body: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).
• Symbol: Earthen pitcher.
• Purpose: Certification mark for products conforming to standards aimed at least environmental impact; increases consumer awareness.
• Key Environmental Acts, Rules & Policies (by year):
• Wildlife (Protection) Act: 1972.
• Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act: 1974.
• Water (Cess) Act: 1977.
• Forest (Conservation) Act: 1980.
• Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act: 1981.
• Environment (Protection) Act (EPA): 1986.
• Empowers GoI to: Lay down standards for emission/discharge of pollutants; state requirements for public participation in environmental protection processes.
• Section 10 of EPA: Gives powers of entry and inspection.
• National Forest Policy: 1988.
• Public Liability Insurance Act: 1991.
• National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development: 1992.
• Biomedical Waste Management Rules: 1998.
• Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules: 2000.
• Biological Diversity Act: 2002.
• National Environment Policy: 2006.
• Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules: 2008 (First Amendment Rules: 2016).
• E-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules: 2011.
• National Green Tribunal Act: 2010.
• National Water Policy: First 1987, followed by 2002, 2012.
• National Green Corps (NGC):
• Programme by MoEFCC to promote environmental awareness and educate school children through Eco-clubs.
• National Committee on Environmental Planning and Coordination (NCEPC):
• Set up: 1972, in the wake of the Stockholm Conference.
• i-Hariyali app:
• Launched by: Punjab government.
• Purpose: To increase green cover (tree plantation).
• Greenest State of India: Mizoram (based on high forest cover percentage).
• Constitutional Provisions for Environmental Protection:
• Article 48A (Directive Principles of State Policy): Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife.
• Article 51A(g) (Fundamental Duty): To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.
• O-SMART Scheme:
• Extended till 2026.
• Purpose: Ocean Development Activities (Ocean Services, Modelling, Application, Resources, and Technology).
• Animal Welfare Board of India:
• Established under: Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960.
• National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA):
• Statutory body, constituted under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (as amended in 2006).
• Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC):
• Constituted under: Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
• Ministry: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
• Rajiv Gandhi Environment Award:
• Given for: Outstanding contribution to clean technology and development.
• National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI):
• Location: Nagpur.
• Green Building Congress-2005:
• Held at: Hyderabad.
• National Museum of Natural History (New Delhi):
• Imparts non-formal education in environment and conservation.
• Environmental Information System (ENVIS):
• Acts as a decentralized information network for environmental information.
• Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel:
• Constituted for: Eco-sensitive areas (specifically, conservation of Western Ghats).
• Directorate of Environment:
• Organized in India in: 1976.
• Legislation Not Dealing with Environment Protection:
• The Port Laws Amendment Act, 1997.
• National Housing Scheme, 2015.

Natural Disasters and Disaster Management Strategies

• Out of 35 States/Union Territories in India, 25 are disaster prone.
• National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) publishes a biannual journal titled "Disaster & Development".
• The impact of disasters can be significantly reduced through better planning, preparedness awareness, and mitigation measures.
• As per the Manual for Drought Management (2016), a "chronically drought prone" area receives mean annual rainfall less than 750 mm.
• Reconstruction is a post-disaster measure.
• Natural disasters cause maximum damage in developing countries.
• The Bhopal Gas Tragedy was a man-made disaster.
• India is not a disaster-free country.
• Mangroves reduce the impact of cyclones.
• A landslide caused by civil construction work in a hilly area is a man-made disaster.
• The National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) was established under the Disaster Management Act, 2005.
• Biological disasters do not lead to flooding. Melting of snow/ice, lack of vegetation, and broken dams can lead to flooding.
• A major tsunami occurred in the coastal areas of India in 2004.
• Riot Management is not covered under the National Disaster Management Guidelines; Flood, Earthquake, and Tsunami Management are covered.
• Features of Flood Management Mitigation include: construction of dams and Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) works, and measures for integration of soil, water and forest management. Avoiding improper diversion of flood waters is also a relevant consideration.
• The Incident Response System (IRS) is practiced to manage disasters.
• Mitigation means measures aimed at reducing the risk, impact, or effects of a disaster or threatening disaster situation.
• The Sendai Framework is related to Disaster Risk Reduction.
• Nuclear war and accelerated soil erosion are human-induced disasters.
• The Disaster Management Act was passed by the Parliament of India in 2005.
• The disaster in the Kedarnath Valley was caused by a cloudburst followed by largescale landslides.
• Steps to reduce the intensity of natural disasters, such as those experienced in Uttarakhand, include: banning CFC-gases, large-scale plantation, and installation of early warning systems.

Renewable Energy Sources and Sustainable Energy Solutions

Thermal power stations use fossil fuels (oil, 1. coal, natural gas) to heat water, generate steam, spin turbines, and produce electricity. PM JI-VAN (Jaiv Indhan- Vatavaran Anukool 2. fasal awashesh Nivaran) Yojana objectives include: providing remunerative income to farmers for agriculture residues, creating rural/urban employment, and addressing environmental pollution from burning biomass/ residues. The State Energy Efficiency Index (BEE) 3. 2020 categorizes states into Front Runner, Achiever, Contender, and Aspirant. Karnataka and Rajasthan were Front Runner states. Gujarat was in the Contender category, and the majority of states were in the Achiever category. Organic farming characteristics: avoids 4. chemical fertilizers, employs frequent decomposing and fallowing for soil health, uses natural methods for pest control (e.g., herbs), and aims for ecological balance rather than maximum per-hectare productivity. LNG stands for Liquefied Natural Gas. 5. The Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) 6. scheme in India is related to energy efficiency. Volocopter (Germany) was successfully 7. tested as the world's first green, environmentfriendly, and emission-free helicopter. India's Green Initiatives include the National 8. Green Highways Mission, Research & Development for Clean Coal Technologies, and the National Green Corridor Programme. Advantages of fertigation in agriculture 9. include controlling the alkalinity of irrigation water, increased availability of nutrients to plants, and reduction in the leaching of chemical nutrients. Advantages of zero tillage in agriculture 10. include allowing wheat sowing without burning previous crop residue, enabling direct planting of paddy seeds (without a nursery), and promoting carbon sequestration in the soil. Eco-friendly agriculture practices include 11. crop diversification, legume intensification, tensiometer use (for efficient water management), and vertical farming. Steel slag can be used for the construction of 12. road bases, improvement of agricultural soil, and production of cement. For environmental sustainability and reduced 13. carbon footprint in rural road construction, preferred materials/technologies include copper slag, cold mix asphalt technology, and geotextiles. Hot mix asphalt technology and Portland cement are generally less preferred due to higher energy consumption and carbon footprint. Biochar in farming can be used as part of the 14. growing medium in vertical farming, promotes the growth of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, and enhances the growing medium's water retention. Permaculture farming discourages monocul15. tural practices, unlike conventional chemical farming where monoculture is predominant. Conventional chemical farming can lead to increased soil salinity, a phenomenon not typically observed in permaculture. Mulching is a very important practice in permaculture, but not necessarily in conventional chemical farming. Permaculture principles can be adapted for challenging climates, including semi-arid regions. Coal, Petroleum, and Natural Gas are 16. examples of Fossil Fuels. Sikkim is the first Indian state to have 17. complete organic farming. Hydro-electricity is considered the best 18. source for generating electricity in India from the viewpoint of sustainable development. Minerals are exhaustible resources. Solar 19. energy is an inexhaustible resource. Biogas is composed of Methane and Carbon Dioxide. Deforestation can impact rainfall patterns. Organic farming is an example of an environ20. mentally friendly technology used in agriculture. The main advantage of organic farming over 21. conventional farming is reduced chemical input and improved soil health. A Green Building is designed to harness 22. natural elements optimally for eco-friendly, low energy, and low water consumption, while providing a fresh and healthy environment for its occupants. Green Buildings offer economic, environ23. mental, health & community, and social benefits.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Green Economy Initiatives

• "Sustainable Development" definition: "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising on the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
• This definition was given by the Brundtland Report (1987), titled "Our Common Future", by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), which was created by the United Nations in 1983.
• The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) explains the relationship between economic growth (per capita GDP) and environmental degradation. Its shape is inverted "U" shaped.
• World Soil Day 2017 theme: "Caring for the Planet starts from the Ground".
• Green Credit Initiative (India): A response to climate change, promoting plantations on wasteland and river catchment areas. It is not for replacing kerosene with solar power.
• World Environment Day 2017 theme: "Connecting People to Nature".
• World Environment Day 2016 theme: "Go wild for life".
• India's "Blue Growth": A long-term strategy supporting sustainable growth in the marine and maritime sectors.
• National Mission on Sustainable Habitat (NMSH) thematic areas include Energy and Green Building, Mobility and Air Quality, and Waste Management. It does not primarily focus on Rural Planning, Green cover and Biodiversity.
• One Planet Summit 2021 theme: "Let's Act Together for Nature".
• Sustainability implies future generations having necessary resources, shared global responsibility, and direct impact of human actions on the natural environment. It involves balancing resource use and conservation.
• The concept of Green Finance was first mentioned in the UN document at the UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20).
• Soil Health Management under the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) promotes nutrient management through both judicious use of chemical fertilizers and organic manures.
• Agenda 21: An action plan of the United Nations related to sustainable development. It emerged from the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit (UNCED) in 1992. The number "21" refers to the 21st Century.
• One objective of the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) is to maintain minimum ecological flows in the Ganga for both water quality and environmentally sustainable development.
• Earth Summit 1992 (UNCED) was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
• World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) 2002 (Rio+10) was held in Johannesburg, South Africa.
• Earth Summit 2012 (Rio+20), the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Its outcome document was "The Future We Want," and it committed to developing SDGs.
• Sikkim is India's first 100% organic state and was globally recognized for this, receiving FAO's Future Policy Award, 2018.
• Strong Sustainability Rule: Requires separate preservation of critical assets, assuming them to be complements.
• Weak Sustainability Rule: Seeks to maintain the aggregate monetary value of assets, assuming a high degree of substitutability.
• Chronological Order of Events: "The Limit to Growth" Report (1972) 1. Brundtland Report, "Our Common 2. Future" (1987) Enforcement of Montreal Protocol 3. (1989) Rio Earth Summit (1992) 4. Millennium Summit (MDGs) (2000) 5. Rio+20 Summit (2012) 6. COP-27 Summit (Loss & Damage 7. fund) (2022)
• Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment):
• Announced during UNFCCC COP-27 in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt.
• India set up a pavilion at COP-27 on the theme of Mission LiFE.
• National Museum of Natural History and UNDP launched "In Our LiFEtime" campaign for youth (18-28 years).
• Covers three phases and seven themes.
• The term "Green Economy" was coined by D. Pearce, A. Markandya, and E. Barbier.
• Environmental sustainability often conflicts with economic growth, indicating a trade-off between development and environmental sustainability.
• The Brundtland Commission was created in 1983 by the United Nations.
• Koraput district (Odisha) was declared a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, a program initiated in 2002.
• SDG 15 ("Life on Land") specifically focuses on protecting, restoring, and promoting sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems.
• The phrase "Sustainable Development" is clearly indicative of the fact that natural assets are finite.
• Organic farming is an ecofriendly agricultural practice, protecting the environment by using ecologically based pest controls and biological fertilizers.
• "Promoting soil health" and "making rainwater harvesting compulsory" relate to the Evergreen Revolution.
• The symbol "ECOMARC" or "Eco Mark" is given to Indian products that are environment friendly.
• The United Nations Secretary General presents an Annual Sustainable Development Goal Report.
• The Global Sustainable Development Report (GSDR) is produced quadrennially (every four years) to inform SDG review deliberations at the UN General Assembly.
• Himachal Pradesh was ranked the top state in environmental performance by the Planning Commission of India in 2012. The World Bank also approved a loan for Himachal Pradesh to promote green initiatives and sustainable development.
• The Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE) emerged at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) 2012, Rio de Janeiro.
• Global River Cities Alliance (GRCA):
• An alliance of global river cities led by the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) under the Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India.
• It covers more than 275 global river cities in 11 countries.
• Green bonds are financial instruments that generate proceeds for investment in environmentally sustainable projects.
• Sustainable development is a case of intergenerational sensibility in respect of use of natural resources.
• The three pillars of sustainability are Environmental, Economic, and Social sustainability. Political sustainability is not one of the core three.
• A key goal of sustainable development is ensuring social equity, economic growth, and environmental protection.
• The equal sharing of Earth's resources is specifically known as Environmental Equity.
• China has the maximum energy consumption in Asia.
• The approach of sustainable development is the outcome of the Rio Summit.

Waste Management: Types, Techniques, and Policies

• IIT Kharagpur researchers developed ecofriendly food packaging material from banana peels.
• Circular Economy focuses on promoting the reuse, recycling, and repair of materials to reduce waste, aiming to eliminate waste and pollution, circulate products and materials, and regenerate nature. It contrasts with the linear "take-make-dispose" model.
• One of the five R's to save the environment is Refuse (others include Reduce, Reuse, Repurpose, Recycle).
• One of the best solutions to manage non-biodegradable waste is Recycling.

Wetlands, Mangroves, and Coral Reefs: Importance and Conservation

• World Wetlands Day: Observed annually on 2nd February. It commemorates the adoption of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in 1971.
• Ramsar Convention: An international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands, adopted in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971.
• Wetlands International: An independent global non-profit organization dedicated to safeguarding and restoring wetlands; it is not an intergovernmental organization.
• Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010: Framed by the Government of India, these rules aimed to regulate and conserve wetlands and encompassed their drainage areas or catchment regions. (Note: These rules were later replaced by the 2017 rules, which excluded catchment areas).
• Wetland City Accreditation (WCA): Under the Ramsar Convention, India has nominated three cities for WCA: Indore, Bhopal, and Udaipur.
• Loktak Lake, Manipur: In November 2016, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change constituted a four-member team for its conservation and management.
• World Wetlands Day 2017: Theme was "Wetlands for our Future: Sustainable Livelihoods," and it was celebrated at Chilika Lake, Odisha.
• Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Project: Implemented as a pilot investment in Gujarat, Odisha, and West Bengal.
• Coastal Regulation Zones (CRZ) Notification:
• CRZ-1: Permits selective exploration and extraction of natural gas.
• CRZ-2: Unauthorized structures are not allowed. Construction is permitted only on the landward side of existing authorized structures.
• CRZ-4: Fishing is permitted in this zone, which includes the water area up to territorial limits and tidal-influenced water bodies.
• Blue Flag Certification:
• An internationally recognized ecolabel awarded by the Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE), Denmark.
• Awarded to beaches, marinas, and sustainable boating tourism operators based on 33 stringent criteria across four categories: Environmental Education and Information, Water Quality, Environmental Management, and Safety and Services.

2. Ecology

Practice MCQs: Environment and Sustainable Development

Basic Concepts of Environment and Ecology

1. 'Eco mark' is given to the Indian products that are

   Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2006 · UPPCS Prelims 1998

   1. pure and unadulterated
   2. rich in proteins
   3. environment friendly
   4. economically viable
   Show answer

   Answer: C. environment friendly

   The Eco Mark scheme was instituted by the Government of India in 1991 to encourage consumers to purchase products that are environmentally friendly and to reduce the adverse environmental impact of products. The mark is administered by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).

2. Which of the following is/are the function(s) of environment? 1. Supplying resources 2. Sustaining life 3. Providing aesthetic services Select the correct answer using the code given below :

   Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2022

   1. 1 only
   2. 2 and 3 only
   3. 1, 2 and 3
   4. 1 and 3 only
   Show answer

   Answer: C. 1, 2 and 3

   The environment is the source of all natural resources (minerals, water, air, forests, etc.) required for production and consumption. It sustains life by providing the necessary conditions for ecosystems and organisms to thrive (e.g., breathable air, habitable climate, nutrient cycles). It also offers non-material benefits like scenic beauty, recreational opportunities, and cultural/spiritual values (aesthetic services).

3. Which one of the following is an exhaustible but renewable natural resource ?

   Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2022

   1. Solar energy
   2. Water in usable condition
   3. Soil
   4. Landscape in its natural condition
   Show answer

   Answer: B. Water in usable condition

   - Natural resources are broadly classified as renewable or non-renewable (exhaustible). - Renewable resources replenish naturally over time (e.g., solar energy, wind, water, soil, forests). - Non- renewable resources are finite and do not replenish at a rate comparable to consumption (e.g., fossil fuels, minerals). - Soil is technically renewable through natural processes like weathering and decomposition, but this process is extremely slow (centuries to millennia to form a few inches of topsoil).

4. How can resources be classified on the basis of their origin?

   Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2023

   1. Biotic and abiotic
   2. Renewable and non-renewable
   3. Individual and community
   4. Potential and reserve
   Show answer

   Answer: A. Biotic and abiotic

   Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere and have life, such as forests, wildlife, fisheries, livestock, etc. Abiotic resources are non-living things, such as rocks, minerals, water, air, soil, metals, etc.

5. Ecological footprints is measured in the unit _____.

   Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2019

   1. Global Hectares
   2. Nanometer
   3. Hoppus cubic foot
   4. Cubic ton
   Show answer

   Answer: A. Global Hectares

   - Ecological Footprint measures resource consumption and waste assimilation demand against nature's ability to supply resources and absorb waste (biocapacity). - The unit standardizes productive land area based on its productivity.

6. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding Bharati, The research Centre of India? 1. About 3000 km East of Maitri, the new Indian research base ‘Bharati’ is located. 2. This is located approximately at 3500 meters above sea level. 3. The station was commissioned to facilitate year-round scientific research activity by the Indian Arctic Programme.

   Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2022

   1. 1, 2 and 3
   2. 2 and 3 only
   3. 1 and 3 only
   4. 1 only
   Show answer

   Answer: C. 1 and 3 only

   - Statement 1 is correct. India has two operational research stations in Antarctica: Maitri and Bharati. Bharati is located on the Larsemann Hills on the eastern coast of Antarctica, approximately 3000 km east of Maitri, which is located in the Schirmacher Oasis. - Statement 2 is incorrect. Bharati is located on the coast at the Larsemann Hills. Its altitude is very low, essentially at sea level, suitable for port operations and logistical support. Research stations on the Antarctic plateau, like the US Amundsen- Scott South Pole Station, are at high altitudes (around 2800-3500 meters), but Bharati is not. - Statement 3 is correct. Bharati is India's third research station in Antarctica (after Dakshin Gangotri and Maitri) and is designed as a permanent, all-weather facility to facilitate year-round scientific research activities under the Indian Antarctic Programme. It was commissioned in 2012.

Biodiversity and Conservation (In-situ and Ex-situ)

7. Who among the following environmentalists/ organizations has/have been awarded the 'Champion of Earth Award', top UN award for environment for 2022? (i) Aaranyak (ii) Cecile Bibiane Ndjebet (iii) Antonio Aucca (iv) Purnima Devi Barman Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

   Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2022

   1. Both (i) and (ii)
   2. Both (i) and (iii)
   3. Both (ii) and (iv)
   4. Only (iv)
   Show answer

   Answer: C. Both (ii) and (iv)

   Cecile Bibiane Ndjebet (Cameroon) and Purnima Devi Barman (India) were among the recipients of the 2022 Champion of Earth Award. Ndjebet was recognized for Inspiration and Action, and Barman for Entrepreneurial Vision.

8. Which ministry in our country is primarily concerned with biodiversity of lakes and rivers?

   Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2023

   1. Animal husbandry, dairying and fisheries
   2. Earth sciences
   3. Environment, forests and climate change
   4. Science and technology
   Show answer

   Answer: C. Environment, forests and climate change

   The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) is the nodal agency in the administrative structure of the Central Government for the planning, promotion, co-ordination and overseeing the implementation of India's environmental and forestry policies and programmes. This includes the conservation of biodiversity, management of natural resources like forests, wildlife, lakes, and rivers, and addressing climate change.

9. Observe the following statements :

   Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2023

   1. There is loss of bio-diversity due to dumping of toxic waste into soil.
   2. Deforestation is responsible for frequent floods in river.
   3. Fransisco Mendez was known as 'Amazon Gandhi' due to his work in energy field. A. Only statement C is correct B. Only statement A is correct C. Only statement A and B are correct
   4. Statement A, B and C are correct
   Show answer

   Answer: C. Fransisco Mendez was known as 'Amazon Gandhi' due to his work in energy field. A. Only statement C is correct B. Only statement A is correct C. Only statement A and B are correct

   Chico Mendes (Fransisco Mendes Filho) was a Brazilian rubber tapper, trade union leader, and environmentalist. He became a vocal advocate for the preservation of the Amazon rainforest and the rights of the rubber tappers who lived there, campaigning against deforestation and advocating for extractive reserves. He was known as 'Amazon Gandhi' for his non-violent resistance tactics in his environmental activism. His work was in environmental and human rights activism related to conservation, not specifically the 'energy field'.

10. The "Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation and Development Initiative" (KSLCDI) is a collaboration among which three nations ?

    Asked in: UKPSC CS Prelims 2016

    1. India, Afghanistan, China
    2. India, Nepal, Afghanistan
    3. India, Nepal, Pakistan
    4. India, China, Nepal
    Show answer

    Answer: D. India, China, Nepal

    The Kailash Sacred Landscape is a transboundary region encompassing parts of the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, the far-western region of Nepal, and the states of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh in India. The KSLCDI is an initiative facilitated by the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) to promote conservation and sustainable development in this culturally and ecologically significant area shared by the three countries.

11. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the code given below the lists. List-I List-II (Day) (Event)

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2022

    1. April 18 1. International Tiger Day
    2. May 22 2. World Heritage Day
    3. July 29 3. World Soil Day
    4. December 4. International Day of Biod‐ 5 iversity Code: A. A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 B. A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4 C. A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3 D. A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
    Show answer

    Answer: C. July 29 3. World Soil Day

    Remembering key international days and their themes is important for current affairs and general knowledge.

12. Which one of the following films has won the Best Film Award in Environment Conservation category at the 67th National Film Awards, 2021?

    Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2021

    1. Jonaki Porua
    2. Wild Karnataka
    3. Water Burial
    4. Ronuwa—Who Never Surrender
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Water Burial

    The 67th National Film Awards were announced in March 2021, honouring films from 2019. 'Water Burial' is based on a popular Assamese novel 'Sabdahere Sabdah' by Yeshe Dorjee Thongchi and highlights the issue of ecological degradation and traditional rituals.

Climate Change: Causes, Impacts, Mitigation, and Adaptation Strategies

13. To enhance food security and to make Indian Agriculture more resilient to climate change, which programme was started in 2011-12 ?

    Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2018

    1. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana
    2. National Food Security Mission
    3. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
    4. Rashtriya Krishi Bima Yojana
    Show answer

    Answer: C. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture

    The National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) was initiated in 2011-12 to enhance food security and climate resilience in Indian agriculture.

14. Which of the following best describes/describe the aim of 'Green India Mission' of the Government of India? (i) Incorporating environmental benefits and costs into the Union and State's budgets thereby implementing the 'green accounting' (ii) Launching the second Green Revolution to enhance agricultural output so as to ensure food security to one and all in the future (iii) Restoring and enhancing forest cover responding to climate change by a combination of adaptation and mitigation measures Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2023

    1. (i) only
    2. (ii) and (iii) only
    3. (iii) only
    4. (i), (ii) and (iii)
    Show answer

    Answer: C. (iii) only

    - Green India Mission is part of NAPCC. - The main focus is on afforestation, reforestation, and improving the quality of forest and tree cover. - It aims to enhance carbon sequestration and adaptation to climate change. - The mission targets increasing forest/tree cover and improving density of existing forests.

15. Long-Term Low Emissions Development Strategy envisions: a transition from fossil fuels in a just, smooth, sustainable manner. increased use of bio-fuels. climate resilient urban development. financing of sustainable development through Green Bonds. Select the answer using the code given below :

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2024

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 1, 2 and 3
    3. 2 and 4 only
    4. 1, 3 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 1, 2 and 3

    India submitted its LT-LEDS to the UNFCCC in November 2022. The strategy is guided by principles including climate justice, sustainable lifestyles (LiFE), equity, and common but differentiated responsibilities. Key components envisioned in the strategy include: 1. Transition from fossil fuels A just, smooth, and sustainable transition is explicitly mentioned as a guiding principle and strategic approach. 3. Climate resilient urban development Promoting low-carbon development in urban areas is identified as a strategic pillar. This involves shifting to energy-efficient buildings, sustainable transport, and waste management. 4. Financing sustainable development Mobilizing climate finance is a crucial enabler. The strategy highlights the importance of domestic and international finance, including mechanisms like Green Bonds, to support the transition.

16. Consider the following statements regarding Urban heat island. 1. An urban heat island is experienced when certain areas within a city experience higher heat load than surrounding areas on the same day. 2. It is a local and temporary phenomenon. 3. Construction of high-rise buildings rather than two storey building help in reducing the Urban heat island. Which of the above statement/s is/are correct?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2024

    1. 1 only
    2. 1, 2
    3. 1, 3
    4. 1, 2, 3
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1 only

    Urban heat islands are localized, temporary phenomena where cities are warmer than rural areas; high-rise buildings worsen the effect.

17. Loss of forests, urbanization and increasing pollution are all due to :

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2011

    1. Greenhouse effect
    2. Global warming
    3. Ozone depletion
    4. Population explosion
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Population explosion

    Population explosion refers to the rapid and large increase in the size of the human population. A larger population requires more resources (food, water, energy), more land for housing and agriculture, and generates more waste. This increased demand and activity lead to the clearing of forests (for agriculture, logging, and urbanization), expansion of urban areas (urbanization), and increased generation of pollutants from industrial activities, transportation, and waste. While greenhouse effect, global warming, and ozone depletion are serious environmental problems, they are largely consequences of human activities driven by population growth and consumption patterns, not the primary causes of forest loss, urbanization, and pollution increases themselves.

18. Earth Overshoot Day is related to

    Asked in: JPSC CS Prelims 2024

    1. environmental degradation
    2. overheating of troposphere
    3. melting of glacier due to intense sun rays
    4. geomagnetism
    Show answer

    Answer: A. environmental degradation

    Earth Overshoot Day is the date when humanity's demand for ecological resources and services in a given year exceeds what Earth can regenerate in that year. It is calculated by the Global Footprint Network. By using more resources than the planet can replenish, humanity is depleting natural capital, leading to environmental degradation, resource depletion, and accumulation of waste (like CO2 in the atmosphere).

Deforestation, Desertification, and Land Degradation

19. Which of the following are the major causes of resource depletion/degradation? 1. Pollution and contamination of resource 2. Infrastructural development 3. Over-consumption and exploitation 4. Destruction of ecosystems 5. Soil erosion 6. Deforestation Select the correct answer using the codes given below :

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2023

    1. 1, 3, 4 and 6
    2. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
    3. 1, 2, 5 and 6
    4. 1, 2, 4 and 6
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

    Resource depletion and degradation are multifaceted problems driven by various human activities and environmental processes, often interconnected.

20. Soil erosion is more when :

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2011

    1. Rainfall is high
    2. No rainfall
    3. Low rainfall
    4. None of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Rainfall is high

    High rainfall intensity and volume increase the erosive power of water, leading to greater soil erosion.

21. Soil erosion can be prevented by :

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2013

    1. Deforestation
    2. Afforestation
    3. Overgrazing
    4. Vegetation removal
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Afforestation

    - Soil erosion is the removal and transport of topsoil by natural agents like wind and water. - Afforestation involves planting trees and establishing forests. Tree roots bind the soil, and the canopy and leaf litter protect the soil surface from the direct impact of rain, reducing runoff and erosion. - Deforestation, overgrazing, and vegetation removal all involve the removal of protective plant cover, which exposes the soil and increases its susceptibility to erosion.

22. The impacts caused by construction of dams and reservoirs include all, except :

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2018

    1. loss of flora and fauna
    2. reservoir induced seismicity
    3. water borne diseases
    4. desertification
    Show answer

    Answer: D. desertification

    Construction of dams and reservoirs significantly impacts the local ecosystem, potentially causing loss of flora and fauna due to submergence or altered river flow. Large reservoirs can induce seismic activity (reservoir induced seismicity). Stagnant water bodies can increase the prevalence of waterborne diseases. Desertification, which is the process by which fertile land becomes desert, is typically caused by factors like drought, deforestation, or inappropriate land use. While dams can alter downstream hydrology, potentially leading to drier conditions or issues like salinization in some cases, they are primarily constructed for water management and irrigation, which often counteracts drought, a key driver of desertification. Therefore, desertification is not a direct or typical widespread impact of dam construction compared to the other options.

23. Desertification leads to decline in ________.

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2020

    1. Industrial productivity
    2. Agricultural productivity
    3. Biological productivity
    4. Human productivity
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Biological productivity

    Desertification directly impacts the capacity of the land to produce biomass (plants, animals, and microorganisms), which is the core definition of biological productivity. While agricultural productivity (a subset of biological productivity) is also severely affected, and industrial/human productivity are indirectly impacted, the fundamental ecological decline is in biological productivity.

24. Desertification often occurs in ______.

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2020

    1. Polar areas
    2. Hot desert areas
    3. Cold weather season
    4. Arunachal Pradesh
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Hot desert areas

    Desertification requires dry conditions as a prerequisite. Polar areas are cold and icy, not drylands in this context. It's a long-term process, not seasonal. Arunachal Pradesh is a humid state. Therefore, areas linked to hot desert climates (drylands) are where desertification takes place.

Ecosystem Structure and Function

25. The decade of 2021 – 2030 is declared by the United Nations as the decade on:

    Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2021

    1. Biodiversity
    2. Family Farming
    3. Ecosystem Restoration
    4. Water for Sustainable Development
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Ecosystem Restoration

    The United Nations has declared 2021–2030 as the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. This initiative aims to prevent, halt, and reverse the degradation of ecosystems worldwide.

26. बांधों और जलिाशयों के Ǔनमार्माण के फलिस्वरूप Ǔनम्न सभिी पर प्रभिाव पड़ता है, ͧसवाय :

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2018

    1. विनस्पlतयों और जीविों का हनन
    2. जलाशिय भूकं पनीयता
    3. जलजlनत बीमाåरयाँ
    4. मरुस्थलीकरण
    Show answer

    Answer: D. मरुस्थलीकरण

    As explained in ID 10982, the construction of dams and reservoirs can lead to loss of flora and fauna (through habitat destruction and alteration), reservoir induced seismicity (earthquakes triggered by the weight of water), and increased waterborne diseases (due to creation of stagnant water bodies). Desertification is the degradation of land in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas. While dams can change downstream hydrology and potentially impact land use, they are primarily water management tools often used to combat drought and support irrigation, which can prevent rather than cause desertification in the areas they serve, although they may cause other environmental issues. Desertification is not a typical direct outcome of dam construction in the same way the other options are.

Environmental Ethics and Human-Environment Interaction

27. Earth Hour is a global event organised by :

    Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2010

    1. Bureau of Energy Efficiency
    2. United Nations
    3. European Union
    4. World Wide Fund for Nature/World Wildlife Fund
    Show answer

    Answer: D. World Wide Fund for Nature/World Wildlife Fund

    Earth Hour is a worldwide movement for the planet, organized by WWF. It is celebrated annually by turning off non-essential electric lights for one hour, from 8:30 PM to 9:30 PM on a Saturday evening, as a symbol of commitment to the planet.

28. Match the following persons and their activities in the field of environmental conservation and development: List-I List-II a. Medha 1. Centre for Environment Patkar Science and b. M. S. Swam‐ 2. Narmada Bachao Andolan inathan c. Anil Agarwal 3. Ornithology and Biodiversity Conservation 4. Rice Research and Biodd. Salim Ali iversity Conservation

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2020

    1. a-2, b-4, c-1, d-3
    2. a-2, b-1, c-3, d-4
    3. a-2, b-4, c-3, d-4
    4. a-3, b-1, c-4, d-2
    Show answer

    Answer: A. a-2, b-4, c-1, d-3

    The question tests knowledge of key Indian personalities and organizations involved in environmental movements and research.

29. Match List-I and List-II and choose the correct answer from the codes given below : List-I (Events) List-II (Names) (I) Appiko Movement (i) Maneka Gandhi (II) Narmada Bachao An‐ (ii) Appu and dolan Mamtha (iii) Balbir Singh (III) People for Animals Seechewal (IV) Resurrection of Kali (iv) Medha Patkar Bein Rivulet

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2018

    1. (I)-(i), (II)-(ii), (III)-(iii), (IV)-(iv)
    2. (I)-(i), (II)-(ii), (III)-(iv), (IV)-(iii)
    3. (I)-(iv), (II)-(iii), (III)-(ii), (IV)-(i)
    4. (I)-(ii), (II)-(iv), (III)-(i), (IV)-(iii)
    Show answer

    Answer: D. (I)-(ii), (II)-(iv), (III)-(i), (IV)-(iii)

    Let's match the events/organizations with the associated names: (I) Appiko Movement: This environmental movement was led by Pandurang Hegde. While Appu and Mamtha (ii) might not be the primary leaders, option D pairs (I) with (ii). Let's check other pairings. (II) Narmada Bachao Andolan: This movement protesting against the Sardar Sarovar Dam is famously associated with Medha Patkar (iv). So, (II)-(iv). (III) People for Animals: This animal rights organization was founded by Maneka Gandhi (i). So, (III)-(i). (IV) Resurrection of Kali Bein Rivulet: This ecological restoration project in Punjab was led by Baba Balbir Singh Seechewal (iii). So, (IV)-(iii). Based on the confirmed matches (II)-(iv), (III)-(i), and (IV)-(iii), option D is the only one that fits all three. Therefore, (I) is matched with (ii) Appu and Mamtha, despite Pandurang Hegde being the primary leader of Appiko Movement. This pairing might refer to symbolic figures or a specific aspect not commonly known, or it could be a less precise pairing within the options provided. However, the other three matches are strong and uniquely fit option D.

30. Match List-I and List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below: List-I (Movement/Organ‐ List-II (Name) isation) (I) Appiko Movement (i) Maneka Gandhi (II) Narmada Bachao An‐ (ii) Appu V Mamta dolan (iii) Balbir Singh (III) People for Animals Seechewal (IV) Resurrection of Kali (iv) Medha Patkar Bein rivulet

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2018

    1. (I)-(i), (II)-(ii), (III)-(iii), (IV)-(iv)
    2. (I)-(i), (II)-(iv), (III)-(iii), (IV)-(ii)
    3. (I)-(iv), (II)-(iii), (III)-(ii), (IV)-(i)
    4. (I)-(ii), (II)-(iv), (III)-(i), (IV)-(iii)
    Show answer

    Answer: D. (I)-(ii), (II)-(iv), (III)-(i), (IV)-(iii)

    - The Appiko Movement is a forest conservation movement in Karnataka, often associated with Pandurang Hegde, but the options link it to Appu V Mamta. - The Narmada Bachao Andolan is a movement against large dam projects on the Narmada River, prominently led by Medha Patkar. - People for Animals is an animal rights organization founded and chaired by Maneka Gandhi. - The Resurrection of Kali Bein rivulet is an ecological restoration effort in Punjab led by Sant Balbir Singh Seechewal. Option D correctly matches these personalities/entities with their respective movements/ organizations: (I) Appiko Movement - (ii) Appu V Mamta, (II) Narmada Bachao Andolan - (iv) Medha Patkar, (III) People for Animals - (i) Maneka Gandhi, (IV) Resurrection of Kali Bein rivulet - (iii) Balbir Singh Seechewal.

31. Consider the following statements :

    Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2015

    1. Emulating China and Italy's vertical forests, Bangalore got its first vertical organic garden on one of the pillars of the Hosur Road Electronics City Flyover.
    2. It is the first such garden in India.
    3. NGO Jeevan is behind the project. Which of the above statements is/are correct ? Select the code for the correct answer from the options given below : A. A only B. A and B only C. B and C only
    4. A, B and C
    Show answer

    Answer: B. It is the first such garden in India.

    The vertical garden on the Electronic City flyover in Bangalore was a pioneering project in India. It aimed to improve aesthetics and air quality in the urban environment.

32. Which one among the following books is centered around 'environment' ?

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 1 2015

    1. The Late, Great Planet Earth
    2. Silent Spring
    3. Here I Stand
    4. And Then One Day
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Silent Spring

    'Silent Spring' is a highly influential book centered on environmental concerns, specifically the effects of pesticides.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

33. The National Environmental Policy Act required, all federal agencies to conduct prior ______ before taking any major action.

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2024

    1. Means-testing
    2. Cost-benefit analysis
    3. Environmental impact statement
    4. Tax assessment
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Environmental impact statement

    NEPA is a foundational environmental law in the United States, enacted in 1970. Its core requirement is the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for proposed federal actions that could have significant environmental effects. The EIS process involves analyzing potential environmental impacts, considering alternatives, and soliciting public input.

34. EIA—Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is defined as

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2024

    1. A process of identifying, predicting and evalu‐ ating the likely impacts of a proposed project or development to define mitigation actions to reduce negative impacts and to provide positive contributions to the natural environment and well-being
    2. A report written by government representatives on the planned development impacts of environ‐ ment, socio-economic issues and culture
    3. Project life-cycle assessment
    4. Evaluation of return on investment
    Show answer

    Answer: A. A process of identifying, predicting and evalu‐ ating the likely impacts of a proposed project or development to define mitigation actions to reduce negative impacts and to provide positive contributions to the natural environment and well-being

    - EIA is a tool for assessing the likely effects of a proposed project on the environment. - It is a preventive mechanism to integrate environmental considerations into the decision-making process. - The process includes identification, prediction, evaluation, and mitigation of impacts.

35. ISO 14040 series deals with :

    Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2016

    1. Life Cycle Assessment
    2. Environmental labels and declarations
    3. Environmental management systems
    4. Environmental performance evaluation
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Life Cycle Assessment

    Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a methodology for evaluating the environmental impacts of a product or service throughout its entire life cycle, from raw material extraction to disposal or recycling.

36. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change recently published the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2020. Which of the following statements are correct about EIA ?

    Asked in: PPSC CS Prelims 2021

    1. Only 1 and 2
    2. Only 2, 3 and 4
    3. Only 1, 2 and 3
    4. Only 1, 2 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Only 1, 2 and 3

    It predicts the effect of a proposed industrial/infrastructural project on the environment. It prevents the proposed activity/project from being approved without proper oversight or taking adverse consequences into account. It compares various alternatives for a project and seeks to identify the one which represents the best combination of economic and environmental costs and benefits. As per the new notification, Coal and non- Coal mineral prospecting and solar photovoltaic projects do not need prior environmental clearance. Select the correct answer using the code given below : - Statement 1 is correct: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is fundamentally a tool used to predict the environmental consequences (positive and negative) of a proposed project or development before it is allowed to proceed. - Statement 2 is correct: EIA serves as a mechanism to ensure that proposed projects are scrutinized for their potential adverse effects and that these effects are considered before approval, preventing unregulated development. - Statement 3 is correct: A key part of the EIA process involves considering and comparing different alternatives for a project (e.g., different locations, technologies, scales) to identify the most environmentally sound and economically viable option. - Statement 4 is incorrect: The draft EIA Notification, 2020, while proposing significant changes and exemptions, did not completely exempt 'Coal and non-Coal mineral prospecting' or 'solar photovoltaic projects' (above certain thresholds) from prior environmental clearance. Mineral prospecting and solar PV projects (above a certain capacity) were often classified under Category B2, requiring prior environmental clearance and appraisal by an expert committee, though they might be exempted from public consultation. Stating they "do not need prior environmental clearance" is inaccurate based on the draft provisions.

37. 'R2 Code of Practices' constitutes a tool available for promoting the adoption of

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2021

    1. environmentally responsible practices in electronics recycling industry
    2. ecological management of 'Wetlands of Inter‐ national Importance' under the Ramsar Conven‐ tion
    3. sustainable practices in the cultivation of agricultural crops in degraded lands
    4. 'Environmental Impact Assessment' in the ex‐ ploitation of natural resources
    Show answer

    Answer: A. environmentally responsible practices in electronics recycling industry

    - R2 stands for Responsible Recycling. - It provides a framework for electronics recyclers to ensure worker health and safety, environmental protection, security, and proper management of materials throughout the recycling process, especially concerning hazardous materials.

38. 'Leopold Matrix' is associated with

    Asked in: engg exam

    1. Weather Forecasting
    2. Disaster Management
    3. Environmental Impact Assessment Method
    4. Environmental Law
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Environmental Impact Assessment Method

    The Leopold Matrix is a tool for evaluating and presenting the predicted environmental impacts of a project. It was developed by Luna B. Leopold and his colleagues at the U.S. Geological Survey in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Environmental Pollution: Types, Sources, Effects, and Control Measures

39. How is the National Green Tribunal (NGT) different from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)? The NGT has been established by an Act 1. whereas the CPCB has been created by an executive order of the Government. The NGT provides environmental justice 2. and helps reduce the burden of litigation in the higher courts whereas the CPCB promotes cleanliness of streams and wells, and aims to improve the quality of air in the country. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2018

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 2 only

    - NGT is a statutory body established by the NGT Act, 2010. - CPCB is a statutory body established under the Water Act, 1974 and Air Act, 1981. - NGT has judicial functions related to environmental disputes. - CPCB has regulatory and executive functions related to pollution control.

40. National Environment Engineering Institute is located at—

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2008

    1. Cuttack
    2. Jamshedpur
    3. Nagpur
    4. Ranchi
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Nagpur

    - NEERI is a research institute under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). - Its primary focus is on environmental science and engineering.

41. To control and monitor environment in the preventive conservation, which of the following is a best option?

    Asked in: Department Recruitment 2024 (Chemist) 2024

    1. (1) Proper ventilation of area
    2. (2) Installation and use of air conditioning sys‐ tem
    3. (3) Use of de-humidifiers elements
    4. (4) Proper air circulation maintenance
    Show answer

    Answer: B. (2) Installation and use of air conditioning sys‐ tem

    This question assesses the understanding of best practices in preventive conservation for environmental control within an archive or museum. It requires prioritizing the most effective method for maintaining a stable environment.

42. What is the recommended quantity of silica gel to be used for a room, with a capacity of 20-25 cubic metres? - (5) Question not attempted

    Asked in: Department Recruitment 2024 (Research Scholar) 2024

    1. 3-4 kg
    2. 1-2 kg
    3. 2-3 kg
    4. 4-5 kg
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 3-4 kg

    The amount of silica gel required depends on the volume of the space and the desired level of humidity control. Proper humidity control is essential for the long-term preservation of documents and artifacts in archives and museums.

43. What is the theme of UNEP World Environment Day-2025? - (5) Question not attempted

    Asked in: Sr. Teacher (Sec. Edu.) Comp. Exam 2024 group c 2024

    1. Grow More Trees
    2. Sustainable Earth
    3. Beat Plastic Pollution
    4. Save Mother Earth
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Beat Plastic Pollution

    The theme of World Environment Day has often focused on critical environmental issues. "Beat Plastic Pollution" has been a significant and recurring theme championed by UNEP.

International Environmental Conventions and Protocols

44. The International year of the Ocean is-

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 1998

    1. 1996
    2. 1997
    3. 1998
    4. 1999
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 1998

    The year 1998 was officially designated by the United Nations as the International Year of the Ocean.

45. Where was the 4th Session of the UN Environment Assembly (UNEA-4) held recently?

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 65th

    1. Paris—France
    2. Ulaanbaatar—Mongolia
    3. Beijing—China
    4. Nairobi—Kenya
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Nairobi—Kenya

    The 4th Session of the UN Environment Assembly (UNEA-4) was held from 11 to 15 March 2019. The regular sessions of the UN Environment Assembly are held at the headquarters of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), which is located in Nairobi, Kenya.

46. Which one of the following is the nodal agency in India for the United Nations Environment Programme?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2020

    1. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
    2. The Ministry of Science and Technology
    3. The Ministry of Earth Sciences
    4. The Ministry of Home Affairs
    Show answer

    Answer: A. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

    - MoEFCC is responsible for planning, promoting, coordinating, and overseeing the implementation of environmental and forestry policies and programmes in India. - UNEP is the leading global environmental authority that sets the global environmental agenda.

47. Which of the following statements is/are correct ? 1. India is a signatory to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). 2. Ministry of Home Affairs is the nodal Ministry in the Government of India for the UNCCD. Select the correct answer using the code given below :

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2019

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1 only

    India is indeed a signatory to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), having ratified it in 1996. However, the nodal Ministry in the Government of India for the UNCCD is the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), not the Ministry of Home Affairs.

48. The “Champions of Earth” award was conferred by which of the following organisation?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2024

    1. World Economic Forum
    2. United Nations Environment Programme
    3. Global Environment Facility
    4. World Bank
    Show answer

    Answer: B. United Nations Environment Programme

    The Champions of the Earth award is the UN's highest environmental honour, recognizing outstanding leaders from government, civil society, and the private sector whose actions have a transformative impact on the environment.

49. In the context of environmental agreements, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. Doha Amendment is the amendment to Montreal Protocol. 2. Kigali Agreement is an amendment to Kyoto Protocol to limit the carbon emissions. 3. India recently ratified the Doha Amendment.

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2019

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 3 only

    The Doha Amendment extended the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol and added a second commitment period (2013-2020). The Kigali Agreement amended the Montreal Protocol to include a schedule for phasing down HFCs.

Major Environmental Laws, Policies, and Institutions in India

50. Which of the following statements is/are correct about the National Green Tribunal ? I. It was set up under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010. II. NGT is bound by the procedure laid down under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. III. NGT has six places of sitting throughout the country. Choose the correct answer using the codes given below:

    Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2023

    1. I only
    2. II and III only
    3. I and II only
    4. I, II and III
    Show answer

    Answer: A. I only

    The NGT was set up for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources. It is a specialized judicial body with expertise in environmental matters.

51. Which of the following statements about India's scientific and research mission in Antarctica is / are correct ? 1. The first scientific base station in Antarctica was Dakshin Gangotri 2. Dakshin Gangotri is now being used as supply base and transit camp 3. The Maitri station is manned throughout the year for scientific activities Select the correct answer using the code given below :

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2016

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 2 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 1, 2 and 3

    India's first permanent research station in Antarctica, Dakshin Gangotri, was established in 1983. Due to being buried under ice and requiring significant effort for maintenance, it was decommissioned as a primary research base in 1989 but continues to serve as a logistics and supply base. Maitri, the second research station, was established in 1989 and is located about 90 km away. It is fully operational and is manned throughout the year for various scientific activities. Bharati, the third station, was commissioned in 2012.

52. Which one of the following statements about the National Green Tribunal is not correct?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2019

    1. It was set up in the year 2010.
    2. It is involved in effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental pro‐ tection and conservation of forests.
    3. It may consider giving relief and compensa‐ tion for damages to persons and property.
    4. It is bound by the procedures laid down under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.
    Show answer

    Answer: D. It is bound by the procedures laid down under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.

    The National Green Tribunal (NGT) was established under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010. Its principal bench is in Delhi, with other benches across the country. The NGT is mandated to provide effective and expeditious environmental justice. While it has powers akin to a civil court, it is explicitly stated in the NGT Act, 2010 (Section 19) that the Tribunal shall not be bound by the procedure laid down by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, but shall be guided by the principles of natural justice. It can regulate its own procedure. Therefore, statement D is incorrect.

53. Which one of the following statements about the Global Environment Facility Grant Agreement, signed by India in August 2017 with the World Bank for 'Ecosystems Service Improvement Project', is not correct?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2017

    1. The size of the project is about USD 25 mil‐ lion.
    2. The duration of the project is 15 years.
    3. The project will entirely be financed out of its GEF Trust Fund.
    4. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change will implement the project.
    Show answer

    Answer: B. The duration of the project is 15 years.

    The 'Ecosystems Service Improvement Project' had a project duration of 5 years, not 15 years.

54. In the year 2009 India set-up the following to clean the Gangas.

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2013

    1. National Ganga Commission
    2. Clean Ganga Authority
    3. National Ganga River Basin Authority
    4. National Mission for Clean Ganga River
    Show answer

    Answer: C. National Ganga River Basin Authority

    NGRBA was established under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, as a planning, financing, monitoring, and coordinating authority for the Ganga River. It was chaired by the Prime Minister.

55. Which of the following statement is incorrect about National Green Tribunal ?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 1 2017

    1. The tribunal shall be bound by the procedure laid down under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
    2. In addition to Delhi, Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata and Chennai shall be the other four places of the sitting of the tribunal
    3. NGT is Quasi - Judicial body
    4. NGT was established through National Green Tribunal Act, 2010
    Show answer

    Answer: A. The tribunal shall be bound by the procedure laid down under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908

    Statement A is incorrect because the National Green Tribunal (NGT) is explicitly not bound by the procedure laid down under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. Instead, it is guided by the principles of natural justice.

Natural Disasters and Disaster Management Strategies

56. Of the total 35 States/Union Territories in India, how many are disaster prone ?

    Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2011

    1. 22
    2. 23
    3. 24
    4. 25
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 24

    A substantial number of Indian States and Union Territories are susceptible to various natural disasters, including earthquakes, floods, cyclones, droughts, and landslides. Official assessments identify around 23-24 such entities as disaster- prone.

57. National Institute of Disaster Management publishes a biannual journal titled

    Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2011

    1. Disaster & Development
    2. Disaster India
    3. Disaster Mitigation
    4. Indian Disaster
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Disaster & Development

    This question tests knowledge about the publications of key institutions in the field of disaster management.

58. By what measures can we significantly reduce the impact of disasters on our people ?

    Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2011

    1. Better planning
    2. Preparedness awareness
    3. Mitigation measures
    4. All the above
    Show answer

    Answer: D. All the above

    Effective disaster risk reduction relies on integrating planning, preparedness, and mitigation strategies.

59. As per the Manual for Drought Management, 2016 published by the Union Ministry of Agriculture, an area which is classified as "chronically drought prone" receives mean annual rainfall which is less than

    Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2016

    1. 450 mm
    2. 500 mm
    3. 750 mm
    4. 900 mm
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 750 mm

    - The Manual categorizes areas based on mean annual rainfall for drought classification. - Less than 750 mm: Drought prone. - Less than 500 mm: Chronically drought prone.

60. Which of the following is post disaster measure ?

    Asked in: JPSC CS Prelims 2021

    1. Early warning
    2. Zoning
    3. Reconstruction
    4. Planning and Policies
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Reconstruction

    - Early warning systems are part of the Preparedness phase. - Zoning (land-use planning) is a measure taken during the Mitigation phase to reduce vulnerability. - Planning and Policies are foundational aspects that cut across all phases but are primarily set during Mitigation/Preparedness.

61. Which of the following statements are true ? 1. Natural disasters cause maximum damage in developing countries. 2. Bhopal gas tragedy was man-made. 3. India is a disaster free country. 4. Mangroves reduce the impact of cyclones. Select the correct answer from the codes given below: Codes:

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2018

    1. 1, 2 and 3
    2. 2, 3 and 4
    3. 1, 2 and 4
    4. 1, 3 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 1, 2 and 4

Renewable Energy Sources and Sustainable Energy Solutions

62. What is the percentage of increase in growth of the bean plant with the application of bio-fertilizer compared to the plant with no fertilizer application ?

    Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2016

    1. 25%
    2. 50%
    3. 60%
    4. 75%
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 60%

    - Percentage increase is calculated as (Difference / Original Value) 100%. - Requires identifying the correct values for 'Growth with Bio-fertilizer' and 'Growth with No fertilizer' from the data source.

63. Consider the following statements and identify the correct answer using the code given below : 1. In a thermal power station, fuels such as oil, coal or natural gas are used to generate electricity. 2. Fuels are burned to heat water and turn it into steam, which goes through a turbine, which spins and turns, generating electricity.

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2023

    1. Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is not correct
    2. Statement 2 is correct but statement 1 is not correct
    3. Both the statements are correct and statement 2 explains statement 1
    4. Both the statements are correct but statement 2 does not explain statement 1
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Both the statements are correct and statement 2 explains statement 1

    The fundamental principle of thermal power generation involves converting heat energy from burning fuel into mechanical energy (spinning turbine) and then into electrical energy (generator).

64. Which of the following are the objectives of the PM JI-VAN (Jaiv Indhan- Vatavaran Anukool fasal awashesh Nivaran) Yojana? 1. Provide remunerative income to farmers for their otherwise waste agriculture residues. 2. To create rural and urban employment opportunities. 3. Address concerns of environmental pollution caused by burning of biomass/ agriculture residues.

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2022

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 1, 2 and 3

    The PM JI-VAN Yojana focuses on promoting the production of 2G ethanol from agricultural residues. This process provides economic value to farmers' waste, creates jobs in the collection, logistics, and operation of bio-refineries, and reduces the need for burning agricultural residues, thus mitigating air pollution.

65. Which of the following statements are correct regarding State Energy Efficiency Index 2020 released by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency? 1. States are placed in four categories i.e Front Runner, Achiever, Contender and Aspirant . 2. Gujarat state is placed under Contender Category 3. Majority of the states are placed under Achiever category 4. Only Karnataka and Rajasthan are the two states placed under Front Runner Category

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2022

    1. 1, 2, 3 and 4
    2. 1, 2 and 3 only
    3. 1, 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2 and 4 only
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 1, 2 and 4 only

    The State Energy Efficiency Index (SEEI) categorizes states based on their energy efficiency efforts and outcomes. The index released in 2021 for the year 2020 classified states into four categories: Front Runner, Achiever, Contender, and Aspirant (Statement 1 is correct).

66. Which of the following are the characteristics of organic farming ? 1. Use of chemical fertilizers to improve soil fertility. 2. Frequent decomposing and fal- lowing. 3. Use of herbs to control pests. 4. Higher productivity per hectare. Select the correct answer using the code given below :

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 1 2015

    1. 3 and 4 only
    2. 1, 2 and 4
    3. 1, 3 and 4
    4. 1 and 2 only
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 3 and 4 only

    Statement 1 is incorrect as organic farming explicitly prohibits the use of chemical fertilizers. Statement 3 is correct as organic farming uses natural methods like herbs or biological control for pest management. Statement 2, "Frequent decomposing and fallowing", refers to practices like composting (decomposition of organic matter for fertilizer) and fallowing or crop rotation for soil health, which are characteristic of organic farming. Statement 4, "Higher productivity per hectare", is generally not a characteristic of organic farming compared to high-input conventional farming; yields are often lower, though soil health and sustainability are improved. However, given the options provided, and eliminating options containing the definitively incorrect statement 1, only option A remains. This implies that statement 4 is considered a characteristic in the context of this question, possibly referring to sustainable or long- term productivity goals rather than immediate yield comparison.

67. LNG stands for :

    Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2017

    1. Liquid Nitrogen Gas
    2. Liquefied Nitrogen Gas
    3. Liquid Neon Gas
    4. Liquefied Natural Gas
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Liquefied Natural Gas

    LNG is the acronym for Liquefied Natural Gas. Natural gas is liquefied for ease and efficiency of storage and transport.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Green Economy Initiatives

68. "Sustainable Development is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising on the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." Who has given this definition ?

    Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2018

    1. Brundtland Report (1987) by World Commis‐ sion
    2. Research paper by David Pearce, Giles Atkin‐ son in 1993 [Center for Social and Economic Research on Global Environment]
    3. "Beyond Growth : The Economics of Sustain‐ able Development", book written by Herman Daly in 1996
    4. Research paper by John Hartwick in 1977
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Brundtland Report (1987) by World Commis‐ sion

    The Brundtland Report (1987) is the seminal work that popularized and formally defined the concept of sustainable development.

69. Which is the curve that explains the relationship in between economic growth and environmental degradation?

    Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2018

    1. Laffer Curve
    2. Lorenz Curve
    3. Kuznets Curve
    4. Phillips Curve
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Kuznets Curve

    The Kuznets Curve (specifically the Environmental Kuznets Curve) posits an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation.

70. Which one of the following is the theme of the World Soil Day, 2017?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2018

    1. Soils and pulses, a symbol for life
    2. Caring for the Planet starts from the Ground
    3. Soils, a solid ground for life
    4. Soils, foundation for family farming
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Caring for the Planet starts from the Ground

    World Soil Day is celebrated annually on December 5th. The theme for World Soil Day in 2017 was "Caring for the Planet starts from the Ground", emphasizing the importance of healthy soils for overall environmental well-being.

71. Which of the following statements about 'Green Credit Initiative' is/are correct? 1. It is a response to the challenge of climate change. 2. It promotes plantations on wasteland and and river catchment areas. 3. It is a scheme of the Government of India to replace the kerosene oil with solar power used by the rural poor. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2024

    1. 1, 2 and 3
    2. 1 and 2 only
    3. 2 only
    4. 1 and 3 only
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 1 and 2 only

    Statement 1 is correct. The Green Credit Initiative is presented as a market-based mechanism designed to incentivize environmentally friendly actions, contributing to the broader goal of addressing climate change and promoting sustainability. Statement 2 is correct. One of the initial focuses of the Green Credit Programme is tree plantation, including activities aimed at increasing green cover on wasteland and in river catchment areas. Statement 3 is incorrect. The Green Credit Initiative is focused on creating a market for credits generated from various environmental activities. It is not a scheme specifically for replacing kerosene oil with solar power for the rural poor; that relates to energy access and renewable energy promotion schemes, which are different.

72. Which one of the following was the theme of the World Environment Day, 2017?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2017

    1. Green Economy: Does it include you?
    2. Connecting People to Nature
    3. Think, Eat, Save.
    4. Many Species, One Planet, One Future
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Connecting People to Nature

    The theme for World Environment Day 2017 was "Connecting People to Nature", emphasizing appreciating nature's beauty and its importance.

73. Which one among the following reports defines Sustainable Development as development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs ?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2022

    1. Brundtland Report
    2. United Nations Human Development Report
    3. Agenda-21 of the Rio Earth Summit
    4. OECD Policy Brief (2006)
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Brundtland Report

    The definition of sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" was famously articulated in "Our Common Future," the 1987 report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), chaired by Gro Harlem Brundtland. This report is widely referred to as the Brundtland Report.

Waste Management: Types, Techniques, and Policies

74. IIT Kharagpur researchers developed eco- friendly food packaging material with which one of the following ? (1) Banana Peels (2) Banana Stem (3) Cucumber Peels (4) Cow Dung

    Asked in: TSPSC Group 1 Prelims 2022

    1. (1) only
    2. (2) only
    3. (3) only
    4. (4) only
    Show answer

    Answer: C. (3) only

    The material is biodegradable and compostable, offering a sustainable alternative to plastic packaging.

75. Which of the following is true about the “Circular Economy” ? (1) It focuses on reducing the use of fossil fuels (2) It promotes the reuse, recycling and repair of materials to reduce waste (3) It encourages linear economic growth (4) It focuses exclusively on reducing carbon emissions

    Asked in: APPSC Group II Mains paper 2 2025

    1. (1) and (2) only
    2. (2) only
    3. (1), (2) and (4) only
    4. (1), (2), (3) and (4)
    Show answer

    Answer: A. (1) and (2) only

    The Circular Economy is an alternative to the traditional linear economy (take-make-dispose). Its core principle (2) is to keep resources in use for as long as possible, extracting maximum value from them whilst in use, and then recovering and regenerating products and materials at the end of each service life through processes like reuse, repair, and recycling to minimize waste. Reducing the need for virgin materials indirectly contributes to reducing the use of fossil fuels (1), which are used both as materials and in energy- intensive production processes.

76. Which of the following is one of the five R's mentioned to save the environment? (1) Refine (2) Refuse (3) Repay (4) Recharge

    Asked in: School Lecturer (Sanskrit Edu.) 2022 4 2022

    1. Refine
    2. Refuse
    3. Repay
    4. Recharge
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Refuse

    The concept of the "R's" aims to minimize waste generation and promote sustainable consumption.

77. One of the best solutions to get rid of non- biodegradable waste is

    Asked in: Additional Private Secretary Exam 2017

    1. Burning
    2. Dumping
    3. Burying
    4. Recycling
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Recycling

    Recycling converts waste materials into new materials and objects. It is an effective method for managing non-biodegradable waste.

Wetlands, Mangroves, and Coral Reefs: Importance and Conservation

78. How many Indian beaches have been recommended for the Blue Flag Certification recently?

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 66th

    1. Six
    2. Seven
    3. Eight
    4. Nine
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Eight

    The Blue Flag certification is an international eco-label awarded to beaches, marinas, and sustainable boating tourism operators.

79. The 'Lisbon Declaration', which made headlines, is associated with the conservation of which entity?

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 69th

    1. Air
    2. Mountains
    3. Oceans
    4. Freshwater glaciers
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Oceans

    The declaration was the outcome document of the 2022 United Nations Ocean Conference held in Lisbon, Portugal.

80. In which one of the following groups of States in India is the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Project being implemented as a pilot investment?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2018

    1. Gujarat, Kerala and Goa
    2. Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
    3. Gujarat, Odisha and West Bengal
    4. Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Gujarat, Odisha and West Bengal

    - The ICZM project in India aims for sustainable management of coastal areas. - The pilot phase focused on capacity building and demonstrating ICZM approaches in specific states.

81. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists : List-I List-II (Day) (Date)

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2023

    1. World Wetlands Day 1. 29 July
    2. International Tiger Day 2. 22 April 3. 2 Febru‐
    3. World Water Day ary
    4. International Mother Earth 4. 22 March Day Code : A. A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 B. A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2 C. A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 D. A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
    Show answer

    Answer: B. International Tiger Day 2. 22 April 3. 2 Febru‐

    - A. World Wetlands Day is observed annually on February 2nd. - B. International Tiger Day is observed annually on July 29th. - C. World Water Day is observed annually on March 22nd. - D. International Mother Earth Day is observed annually on April 22nd.

82. The 'Ramsar Convention' relates to which one of the following areas ?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2022

    1. Wetland preservation
    2. Promote afforestation
    3. Action plan on climate change
    4. Combat desertification
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Wetland preservation

    The Ramsar Convention, officially known as the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, is an international treaty signed in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971. Its primary focus is the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands and their resources.

83. Thundi Beach and Kadmat Beach, which recently entered the coveted list of Blue Beaches, an eco-label given to the cleanest beaches in the world, are located in

    Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2023

    1. Puducherry
    2. Lakshadweep
    3. Kerala
    4. Andaman and Nicobar Islands
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Lakshadweep

    - Blue Flag is an international eco-label awarded to beaches, marinas, and sustainable boating tourism operators based on strict environmental, educational, safety, and accessibility criteria. - Thundi and Kadmat beaches in the Union Territory of Lakshadweep received the Blue Flag certification in October 2022.