Forest and Wildlife: notes and MCQs for State PSC prelims

Forest and Wildlife is part of Environment and Ecology. Below are notes on 14 sub-topics, followed by practice MCQs from State PSC and UPSC papers.

Biodiversity: Types, importance, and threats to wildlife

Gharial Crocodile: India's most critically endangered reptile species.
Gharial Crocodile Habitat: Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary, among others.
Gharial Crocodile Population: Critically low (approx. 250 individuals globally as per IUCN).
Gangetic Dolphin (Susu/Blind Dolphin): India's National Aquatic Animal.
Gangetic Dolphin Habitat: Found in the rivers of Ganga and Brahmaputra.
Gangetic Dolphin Significance: Presence indicates the healthiness of the river ecosystem.
WWF (World Wildlife Fund) Animal Symbol: Giant Panda.
Great Indian Bustard (GIB): One of the heaviest flying birds.
GIB Habitats: Found in States like Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka (Siruguppa in Bellary district being a key home), and occasionally sighted in Tamil Nadu.
GIB Conservation: Included in the Species Recovery Programme of MOEFCC.
Olive Ridley Turtles: Known for 'Arribada', their peculiar behaviour of synchronized mass nesting.
Olive Ridley Turtles Nesting Site: Gahirmatha Beach/Marine Sanctuary in Odisha is one of their few major nesting grounds globally.
Wild Water Buffalo Habitat: Majorly found in North-Eastern and Central India. vortex, providing surfaces for heterogeneous chemical reactions.

Sunlight: Triggers catalytic ozone destruction by activated chlorine and bromine compounds during Antarctic spring.

It represents a loss of stratospheric ozone, not tropospheric ozone.
Wild Water Buffalo Population: The Indian landscape is home to more than 85% of the global wild water buffalo population.
Corals: Endangered marine species protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
Coral Families in News: Rhizangiidae, Caryophylliidae, and Dendrophylliidae were recently permitted translocation by the Maharashtra government for a coastal road project.
Hangul-deer (Kashmir Stag): Found primarily in Jammu and Kashmir (e.g., Dachigam National Park).
Cheetah Reintroduction: 12 Cheetahs arrived from South Africa to India in February 2023.
Cheetah Reintroduction Rationale: Restoring the Cheetah population is a priority for India.
Black Tigers (Melanistic Tigers): Found only in Similipal Tiger Reserve in Odisha, India.
Lion-tailed Macaque Habitat: Found in its natural habitat in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka (endemic to Western Ghats).
Great Indian Hornbill Habitat: Most likely found in the Western Ghats and northeastern India.
Asiatic Lion: Naturally found only in India (Gir National Park, Gujarat).
Double-humped Camel (Bactrian Camel): Found in India (e.g., Nubra Valley, Ladakh) but also in other Central Asian countries (not India only).
One-horned Rhinoceros (Indian Rhino): Naturally found in India and Nepal (not India only).
Asian Elephant Population in India: India has the largest population of Asian Elephants (~20,000 to 25,000).
Asian Elephant Habitat: Spreading across evergreen, dry thorn, swamps, and grasslands, with prime habitats in moist deciduous forests, ranging from Northwest India (UP) to Western Ghats (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu), Central India (Bihar, Odisha), and East India (North Bengal, Assam).

Deforestation, forest degradation, and desertification

Deforestation: Clearing of forest land for non-forest use.
Main causes of forest loss: Agricultural development (major driver), road development, river valley projects, industrial development, urbanization.
Adverse effects of Deforestation:

Decrease in rainfall.
Increase in soil erosion.
Contribution to Greenhouse effect (release of stored carbon).
Adversely affects Hydrology (water cycle, local climate patterns).
Loss of biodiversity.

Tropical rainforests: Experience the highest deforestation globally; are rich in biodiversity.
Soil erosion prevention: Can be effectively stopped by Afforestation (वन रोपण / tree plantation).
Chipko Movement:

Basically against deforestation and for plant preservation.
Launched in Raini village, Chamoli district, Uttarakhand.
Key leaders included Gaura Devi (initial leadership), Sunder Lal Bahuguna, and Chandi Prasad Bhatt.
Began as a reaction against Simon Sports Goods Factory for commercial felling of trees.

Appiko Movement: Objective is to protect forests (Southern India's version of Chipko).
Green Highway Policy: Objective is extensive tree plantation along national highways.
Miyawaki method: Technique for creating dense, native mini-forests in urban areas within a short timeframe.
Jhuming (shifting cultivation): Practised mostly in North-Eastern India, particularly Nagaland, leading to forest degradation.
Forest fires: Forests in Uttarakhand, Kullu Valley (Himachal Pradesh), and Dzukou Valley (Nagaland and Manipur) were in news due to significant forest fires.

Forest conservation policies, acts, and rules (e.g., Forest Conservation Act, Indian Forest Act)

Indian Forest Act, 1927:

Forest Classification (degree of protection): Reserved Forest > Protected Forest > Village Forest.
Reserved Forests: Highest protection; activities (grazing, hunting, felling) restricted unless specifically permitted. Managed by govt. primarily for timber/forest produce.

Indian Forest (Amendment) Act, 2017: Excluded bamboo (grown in non-forest areas) from the definition of 'tree', exempting it from felling/transit permits under the 1927 Act.
Forest Policies:

India's first Forest Policy: 1894.
Revised Forest Policy: 1952.
National Forest Policy, 1988: Currently in operation. Focuses on environmental stability, biodiversity conservation, meeting local community needs, afforestation, reforestation, and wood substitutes.

Constitutional Provisions for Forest & Wildlife:

42nd Amendment Act, 1976: Transferred 'Forests' and 'Protection of Wild Animals and Birds' from State List to Concurrent List.
Article 48A (DPSP): State shall protect and improve the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife.
Article 51A(g) (Fundamental Duty): Duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests and wildlife.

Major Acts Related to Forest Conservation:

Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
Forest (Conservation) Act (FCA), 1980: Mandates Central Govt. approval for diversion of forest land for nonforest purposes.
Environment Protection Act, 1986.
Biodiversity Protection Act, 2002.

Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023 (Modifications):

Grants exemptions from FCA, 1980 for certain activities/lands: strategic linear projects (national importance/ security) within 100 km of international borders/LoC; security-related infrastructure (up to 10 ha); small public utility structures (up to 0.10 ha); facilities like eco-tourism, zoos, safaris (related to conservation/forest management); exploration/extraction of oil/ natural gas (if no felling); land recorded as forest but diverted for nonforest use before 1980; plantations raised on non-forest land.

Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016 (CAMPA):

Establishes Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) at National and State levels.
CAMPA funds are prioritized for compensatory afforestation, eco-restoration, wildlife management, and forest protection.
People's participation is encouraged in compensatory afforestation programs but not mandatory by the Act.

National Missions & Policies:

National Mission for a "Green India" (GIM): Undertaken by Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF&CC) under NAPCC. Aims to increase forest cover by 5 million hectares.
Green Highways (Plantation and Maintenance) Policy, 2015: Reserves 1% of total civil cost of National Highway Development Projects for tree plantation.
Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats and Tangible Income (MISHTI): Announced in Union Budget 2023-24. Aims to restore mangrove forests.

Other Related Information:

National Afforestation and Eco-Development Board (NAEB): Set up by GoI in 1992.
e-Green Watch Portal: Created to manage CAMPA funds and monitor plantation progress on Compensatory Afforestation (CA) lands. Jointly monitored by MoEF&CC and Forest Survey of India (FSI).
British Government established the Forest Department in 1864 with expertise from Germany.
Wildlife Conservation Strategy: Adopted in 2002.
National Biodiversity Act: 2002.
National Biodiversity Action Plan: 2008.
National Zoo Policy: 1998.
Supreme Court of India has allowed States for silviculture green felling of three species on an experimental basis.

Forest functions and ecosystem services

Forests provide crucial ecosystem services:

Oxygen production (via photosynthesis).
Carbon sequestration (absorption of atmospheric CO2, mitigating climate change).
Soil fertility maintenance (nutrient cycling, erosion prevention).
Water cycle regulation (transpiration, rainfall, groundwater recharge).
Biodiversity conservation (habitat for flora and fauna).
Local and global climate regulation (temperature moderation).
Air and water purification.
Provision of resources (timber, nontimber forest products, medicinal plants).

Equatorial Forests are known as the "Lungs of the Planet Earth" (e.g., Amazon Rainforest).
The minimum forest cover necessary to maintain ecological balance is 33% of the total land area (as per National Forest Policy for India).
International Day of Forests is celebrated on March 21.

Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006

Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006 (officially: Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006).
Purpose: Recognizes and vests forest rights and occupation in forest land to forestdwelling Scheduled Tribes (FDSTs) and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFDs).
"Critical Wildlife Habitat" (CWH): Definition is incorporated in FRA, 2006, referring to areas of national parks and sanctuaries essential for wildlife conservation, where relocation may occur only after certain conditions are met and free informed consent of Gram Sabha is obtained.
"Minor Forest Produce" (MFP): FRA, 2006, reclassified bamboo as an MFP. It grants individual and community rights over MFPs, including ownership, access to collect, use, and dispose of them.
Ownership of MFP: FRA, 2006, allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers.
Habitat Rights: Provided under FRA, 2006, specifically for Primitive Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) and pre-agricultural communities.
Baigas: First PVTG in India to be granted Habitat Rights under FRA, 2006 (in Chhattisgarh).
Recognition Authority: Gram Sabha is the statutory body to initiate and make recommendations for the recognition of forest rights, including Habitat Rights. State Government officially recognizes and vests these rights based on Gram Sabha's recommendations. Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change does not officially declare Habitat Rights.
Tamarind: Widely collected as a minor forest produce in India.
Biofuel potential: Seeds of moringa and tamarind can be used in the production of biofuels.

Forest Survey of India (FSI) reports and forest cover assessment

Forest Survey of India (FSI): Established in 1. 1981, headquartered in Dehradun. FSI publishes the biennial 'India State of 2. Forest Report' (ISFR). National Forest Policy, 1988, aims for a 3. minimum of 33% of India's geographical area to be under forest and tree cover for ecological balance. ISFR 2015: Total Forest and Tree Cover was 4. 24.16% of India's geographical area. ISFR 2017: 5.

Total Forest Cover: 21.54% of India's geographical area.
Total Forest and Tree Cover: 24.39% of India's geographical area (often rounded to 24.40% for reports around 2018). ISFR 2021: 6.
Total Forest and Tree Cover: 24.62% of India's geographical area (80.9 million ha).
Total Forest Cover: 21.71% of India's geographical area (713,789 sq km).
Top 3 states in terms of forest cover area: Madhya Pradesh > Arunachal Pradesh > Chhattisgarh.
States/UTs with highest forest cover percentage of geographical area: Lakshadweep (90.33%) > Mizoram (84.53%) > Andaman & Nicobar Islands (81.75%) > Arunachal Pradesh (79.33%).
Among states only, Mizoram has the highest percentage of forest cover.
Maximum increase in forest cover (compared to ISFR 2019): Andhra Pradesh (647 sq km), followed by Telangana (632 sq km) and Odisha (537 sq km). Kerala and Tamil Nadu also showed significant increases.
Decrease in forest cover (compared to ISFR 2019): Noted significantly in the Moderately Dense Forest (MDF) category, and overall in several Northeastern states (e.g., Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland, Mizoram, Meghalaya).
17 states/UTs have more than 33% of their geographical area under forest cover. Forest Canopy Density Classes: 7.
Very Dense Forest (VDF): Canopy density > 70%.
Moderately Dense Forest (MDF): Canopy density 40-70%.
Open Forest (OF): Canopy density 10-40%.
Scrub: Canopy density < 10%. Remote sensing technique is used for forest 8. survey and management, wasteland identification, and ground/surface water harvesting. Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS): A measure9. ment technique acquiring millimeter-level detail, allowing rapid, automatic, and periodical estimates of forest inventory attributes, and measuring three-dimensional (3D) space. It is not a satellite-based technique. Trees Outside Forests in India (TOFI) Pro10. gramme: A five-year joint initiative by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. Participating states include Assam, Bihar, Haryana, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Odisha. Global Report: The State of the World’s 11. Forest Report 2020 (published by the United Nations) stated Brazil has the largest area under forest cover globally. Forest cover percentage order (descending) 12. for specific states (ISFR 2021 data):

Karnataka (20.11%) > Andhra Pradesh (16.5%).

Mizoram (84.53%) > Arunachal Pra‐

Sikkim (47.16%).

Forest types and distribution in India

Silviculture: The art and science of cultivating forest crops/trees.
Forest Types & Distribution:

Tropical Evergreen Forests:

High rainfall (>200 cm), short dry season.
Dense, multi-layered, diverse species.
Species are scattered, making commercial exploitation of a single species difficult.
Example: Rosewood, Mahogany, Ebony.
Distribution: Western Ghats, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, North-Eastern India.

Tropical Semi-Evergreen Forests:

Mix of evergreen and deciduous species.
Example: Silk Cotton (Bombax ceiba) is mainly found here and in moist deciduous.

Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests:

Rainfall 100-200 cm. Most widespread.
Trees shed leaves for 6-8 weeks in dry summer.
Fewer species compared to evergreens, but commercially important species often found in close proximity/pure stands (easier exploitation).
Example: Sal (Shorea robusta), Teak, Sandalwood (Santalum album), Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo).
Sandalwood is primarily found here.

Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests:

Rainfall 70-100 cm.
Trees shed leaves completely during dry season.
Example: Teak, Sal, Khair (Acacia catechu), Axlewood.
Red Sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus) is found in dry deciduous forests of Eastern Ghats (South India), not tropical rainforests.

Tropical Thorn Forests:

Rainfall <70 cm, arid/semi-arid regions.
Thorny, succulent plants.
Example: Prosopis, Acacia, Capparis, Date palm.

Montane Forests (e.g., Himalayas):

Temperate Forests (1500-3000m): Characteristic plants include Oak-Rhododendron (e.g., Uttarakhand).

Mangrove Forests (Littoral/Tidal Forests):

Specialized ecosystems in tropical/subtropical intertidal zones.
Halophytes, stabilize shoreline, act as bulwark against sea encroachment.
Example: Sundarbans (West Bengal) is famous for thick mangrove vegetation.
Distribution: Deltaic regions (Ganga-Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery), Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Gujarat coast.
Andaman & Nicobar Islands have a combination of mangrove, evergreen, and deciduous forests.
MISHTI Initiative: Related to mangrove conservation and plantation.

Specific Trees & Animals:

Mandarin duck: Recently spotted in Assam.
Baobabs: Large deciduous trees.
Red Squirrel: Primary habitat is coniferous forests.

Forest Administration & Policy:

National Parks: Forest areas with no free entry for people and stricter conservation rules.
National Forest Policy (1952): Categorized forests as National Forests, Protected Forests, Village Forests, and Tree Lands. National Parks were not a category under this policy's classification.
Definition of 'Forest' in India (SC 1996, T.N. Godavarman case): Includes areas recorded as 'forest' in any government records, areas conforming to the dictionary meaning, and areas identified as 'forest' by expert committees of the SC.

Forest Exploitation:

Tropical forests in India are exploited more due to good quality timber and greater accessibility.

Forest Structure:

The top vertical strata/layer of a forest is occupied by trees.

Research Institutes:

Rainforest Research Institute (RFRI): Located in Jorhat, Assam.

International Day of Forests (IDF):

Celebrated on March 21.
Theme 2018: "Forests and Sustainable Cities".
Theme 2023: "Forests and Health".

International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA):

Launched in 2023.
Headquarters: New Delhi, India.
Multi-country coalition of big cat range countries.
Covers 7 big cats: tiger, lion, leopard, snow leopard, puma, jaguar, and cheetah.
Initial budgetary support: ₹100 crore by Government of India for 5 years.

CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora):

Also known as Washington Convention.
India was awarded Certificate of Commendation by CITES in 2017 for "Operation Save Kurma" (effort to combat illegal trade in turtles).

Raptor MoU (Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Birds of Prey in Africa and Eurasia):

Falls under the UN Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS).
Focuses on conservation of birds of prey in Africa and Eurasia.
Legally non-binding.
Covers 76 species of birds of prey; many occur in India.
India has approved/signed the Raptor MoU.

UN-REDD+ Programme (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation):

Aims to incentivize developing countries to reduce GHG emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.
Promotes conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.
Creates a financial value for carbon capture and storage.
Contributes to protection of biodiversity, resilience of forest ecosystems, and poverty reduction.
Benefits food security.

TRAFFIC (Trade Related Analysis of Fauna and Flora in Commerce):

A joint program of WWF and IUCN (not a bureau under UNEP).
Mission: To ensure that trade in wild plants and animals is not a threat to the conservation of nature.

New York Declaration on Forests:

First endorsed at the United Nations Climate Summit in 2014.
Endorses a global timeline to end the loss of forests.
It is a non-legally binding political declaration.
Endorsed by governments, big companies, indigenous communities, and NGOs.
India was NOT one of the initial signatories at its inception.

Global Wildlife Programme (GWP):

The 2017 Global Wildlife Programme event witnessed the release of "Secure Himalayas".

Joint Forest Management (JFM) and community participation in conservation

Sacred groves: Traditional method of conserving tree cover in India.
Sahariya and Agariya communities: Plant saplings of fruit-bearing trees during monthlong ecological campaigns/festivals.
Chipko Movement:

Initiated by Sunderlal Bahuguna around 1971.
Other key figures: Chandi Prasad Bhatt, Gaura Devi.
Started in the Garhwal area.
Occurred in early 1970s against commercial forestry/logging.
A non-violent movement.
Primarily an economic struggle rooted in rural/peasant protests, not solely for conservation.
Prevented cutting down of trees and opposed commercial felling in hill areas.
Raised questions of ecological and economic exploitation.
Demanded local communities' control over natural resources.
Did not support construction of dams in hilly regions.
Refers to a collective of several movements, not a single one.

Appiko Movement:

Led by Pandurang Hegde.
Originated in Karnataka.

Social Forestry Program:

Introduced based on recommendations of the National Commission for Agriculture, 1976.
Promotes planting fast-growing, multipurpose use plants (e.g., firewood yielding trees) on common village land for use and fodder.

Joint Forest Management (JFM):

An important objective of the National Forest Policy, 1988.

Key wildlife conservation projects and programs (e.g., Project Tiger, Project Elephant)

Project Tiger:

Launched: April 1, 1973.
Objective: Ensure viable population of tigers, preserve habitats as natural heritage, save from extinction.
Administered by: National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).
Tiger Census: Conducted by NTCA.
Initial Tiger Reserves (1973): 9 (e.g., Corbett, Kanha, Manas, Ranthambore, Similipal, Sunderbans). Note: Dholpur-Karauli & Satkosia are not from 1973.
Current Tiger Reserves: 54 (as of late 2023/early 2024).
Monitoring System: M-STRIPES (Monitoring System For Tigers – Intensive Protection and Ecological Status).
Tiger Population Trends:

2010: 1706.
2014: 2226 (30% increase from 2010). Karnataka had highest population. Largest increases in Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Tamil Nadu.
Latest Census (e.g., 2018/2022): Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttarakhand (descending order). Madhya Pradesh often has the highest population.
Global Share (2018 report): India hosts ~70% of the world's tiger population.
Outside Reserves (2018 report): Nearly 30% of India's tigers live outside tiger reserves.

International Tiger Day: July 29.
2021 Tiger Deaths: Total 127; Madhya Pradesh (1st), Maharashtra (2nd), Karnataka (3rd).
Legendary Ranthambore Tigress: Machhali.
Tiger Reserves exist in North-Eastern India (e.g., Manas).
Supreme Court directive (July 2012) related to protection of tigers (tourism in core areas).

Project Elephant:

Launched: 1992.
Objective: Protection of elephants, their habitats & corridors, welfare of captive elephants.
Elephant Population Census (2017): Approx. 30,000 elephants in India. Southern part of the country accounts for more than North East. Karnataka has the highest number of elephants.
Biological Facts: Herd leader is typically a female (matriarch). Gestation period can be up to 22 months.

Project Crocodile (Crocodile Breeding Project):

Launched: 1975.
Objective: Conservation of 3 Indian crocodilian species (Gharial, Mugger, Saltwater crocodile).
Key Areas: Odisha (e.g., Bhitarkanika).
Bhagabatpur project (West Bengal) is for breeding Marsh Crocodile.

Lion Project (Gir Lion Project):

Launched: 1972.
Objective: Conservation of Asiatic Lions, primarily in Gir National Park, Gujarat.

Rhino Conservation:

Project Rhino / Indian Rhino Vision 2020 (IRV 2020): Launched in 2005.
Objective (IRV 2020): Achieve a wild population of at least 3,000 greater one-horned rhinos in Assam across seven protected areas by 2020.
Conservation campaign: Indian cricketer Rohit Sharma has campaigned for rhino conservation.
Project Rhino associated with Assam.

Dolphin Conservation:

Project Dolphin: Focuses on conservation of river and marine dolphins (Launched c. 2020).
National Dolphin Day: October 5 (announced by MoEF&CC).

Cheetah Introduction Project:

First batch of 8 cheetahs received from Namibia, released in Kuno National Park, Madhya Pradesh.
Second batch (20 cheetahs) received from South Africa (not South Sudan), also released in Kuno National Park.

Vulture Conservation:

'SAVE' (Saving Asia's Vultures from Extinction): Joint initiative in Nepal and India to conserve vultures.
Government of India has a five-year action plan for vulture conservation (Vulture Action Plan 2020-2025).

Other Key Conservation Efforts & Initiatives:

National Wildlife Action Plan (NWAP):

Third NWAP: 2017-2031.
Unique feature: First NWAP to recognize concerns relating to climate change impact on wildlife.
Components: Has ten components.

Recovery of Endangered Species Component (Centrally Sponsored Scheme 'Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats'):

Includes conservation projects for: Hangul (Jammu & Kashmir), Sangai (Manipur), Jerdon's courser (Andhra Pradesh), Megapode (Andaman and Nicobar).
Also includes Elephant, Vulture, Gharials.

Great Indian Bustard: Supreme Court ordered laying of underground highvoltage power lines in Gujarat and Rajasthan to save them.
Olive Ridley Turtles: Protected by 'Operation Olivia', undertaken by the Indian Coast Guard.
India's First Animal Quarantine Facility: Set up in Jim Corbett National Park.

Key Chronology of Acts & Projects:

Van Mahotsav: 1950.
Wildlife (Protection) Act: 1972.
Lion Project: 1972.
Project Tiger: 1973.
Project Crocodile: 1975.
Project Elephant: 1992.
Biological Diversity Act: 2002.
Indian Rhino Vision 2020 (IRV 2020): 2005.
National Wildlife Action Plan (3rd): 2017-2031.
Project Dolphin: c. 2020.
Vulture Action Plan: 2020-2025.
Cheetah Reintroduction: 2022.

Protected Area Network in India: National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, Conservation Reserves, Community Reserves, Tiger Reserves

Reserves, Tiger Reserves

Protected Area Network (PAN) in India: Designated under Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
National Park (NP): Focused on conservation of the whole ecosystem, not just specific species. No human activities (e.g., grazing, timber collection) generally allowed. Higher protection level than WLS.
Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS): Can be treated for the conservation of a particular species. Comparatively less restricted than NP; some human activities (e.g., grazing, fuel wood collection) may be allowed for local communities with permission if not harming wildlife.
Reserved Forests (RF): Most restricted forest type. Public entry for collection of timber and grazing cattle generally prohibited without specific permission.
Protected Forests (PF): Less restricted than RF. Government allows local people into protected forests to collect fuel and graze cattle under regulations.
Biosphere Reserves (BR): International designation by UNESCO's Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme. Zoned: Core (strictly protected), Buffer (research, education, tourism), Transition (human settlements, cultivation).
Conservation Reserves (CR): Declared by State Govt. on government-owned land adjacent to NPs/WLSs or connecting them, to protect landscapes, flora, fauna, and habitats.
Community Reserves (CoR): Declared by State Govt. on private or community land for protecting fauna, flora and traditional conservation practices.
Tiger Reserves (TR): Designated under Project Tiger for conservation of tigers and their habitat, comprising a core/critical tiger habitat and a buffer area.
Kuno National Park: Located in Madhya Pradesh.
Kaziranga National Park: Located in Assam. Famous for One-horned Rhinoceros.
Jaldapara National Park: Located in West Bengal. Also a significant home to Onehorned Rhinoceros.
Dibru Saikhowa National Park: Located in Assam. Cairn Oil and Gas received clearance for oil exploration in its eco-sensitive zone.
Chronological Order of National Parks (Earliest to Latest): Jim Corbett National Park (Ut1. tarakhand): Established 1936 (as Hailey NP). Kanha National Park (Madhya Pra2. desh): Declared NP in 1955. Kaziranga National Park (Assam): De3. clared NP in 1974 (was WLS since 1950). Silent Valley National Park (Kerala): 4. Declared NP in 1984.

Role of various organizations in forest and wildlife conservation (e.g., FSI, WII, NTCA, IUCN)

Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) Headquarters: Dehradun.
Forest Research Institute (FRI):

Located in Dehradun, Uttarakhand.
Established as the 'British Imperial Forest School' in 1906.
Declared as a deemed university in 1991.

Directorate of Forest Education: Located at Dehradun.
Tropical Forestry Research Institute: Located at Jabalpur.
Centre for Social Forestry and Environment: Located at Prayagraj (Allahabad).
Forest Research Centre for Eco-Rehabilitation: Prayagraj.
Forest Research Centre for Coastal Ecosystems: Visakhapatnam.
Forest Research Centre for Livelihood Extension: Agartala.
Forest Research Centre for Skill Development: Chhindwara.
Wildlife Institute of India (WII): Located in Dehradun.
National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA): Functions under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM): Located in Bhopal.
G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development: Almora.
Centre for Ecological Sciences (CES): Bengaluru.
Indian Board of Wildlife (IBWL): Established in 1952.
Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS): Publishes the quarterly magazine 'Hornbill', focusing on wildlife and environment studies.
'Vantara' Initiative:

Wildlife conservation initiative launched by Reliance Industries and Reliance Foundation.
Located in the Green Belt of Jamnagar Refinery Complex, Gujarat.
Aims to be a leader in wildlife conservation.

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations: Publishes the 'State of the World's Forests' report.
Forest-PLUS 2.0 Programme:

A five-year partnership between USAID and the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
Denotes 'Forest for Productivity and Sustainability'.
Tetra Tech is involved in capacity building across landscapes in states like Sikkim, Rampur (UP), and Madhya Pradesh.

Threats to wildlife: Poaching, illegal wildlife trade, habitat loss, invasive species, climate change impacts

Threats to Wildlife: Major causes include poaching, illegal wildlife trade, habitat loss & fragmentation, invasive alien species, and climate change impacts.
Poaching & Illegal Wildlife Trade: Driven by demand for wildlife products (e.g., body parts, pets, trophies).
TRAFFIC: Established in 1976, it is a global wildlife trade monitoring network working in the field of wildlife trade conservation, a joint program of WWF and IUCN.
Habitat Loss: Considered the primary driver of biodiversity loss and extinction, caused by deforestation, agriculture, urbanization, infrastructure development, and human population growth.
Invasive Alien Species: Non-native species introduced to new ecosystems, outcompeting native species, causing population declines, and altering habitats.
Climate Change Impacts: Leads to habitat shifts, increased frequency of extreme weather events, altered migration patterns, and physiological stress on species.
Indian Pangolin Conservation: Madhya Pradesh (MP) recently radio-tagged an Indian Pangolin on the occasion of World Pangolin Day for monitoring and conservation.
Indian Vulture (Gyps indicus) Conservation:

Binomial nomenclature: Gyps indicus.
Primary cause of population decline: Poisoning from the veterinary drug Diclofenac, used in livestock.
Jatayu Conservation Breeding Centre: Located in Pinjore, Haryana.
Gyps Vulture Reintroduction Programme: Launched by the Haryana Government for the conservation and reintroduction of Gyps vultures.

Wildlife Protection Act (WPA), 1972 and its amendments

Wildlife (Protection) Act (WPA), 1972: Enacted for protection of wild animals, birds, and plants.
International Context: WPA 1972 predates the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, 1992); it was not formed to fulfil India's international obligation under CBD.
Wildlife Trophy: Defined as the whole or any part of a captive animal or wild animal or their product.
Conservation Strategy: Includes strict prohibition of hunting in National Parks (NPs), Wildlife Sanctuaries (WLS), Biosphere Reserves (BRs); establishment of more NPs and WLS; encouraging captive breeding of wildlife.
Chronological Order of Major Events:

Wildlife (Protection) Act: 1972
Project Tiger: 1973
Project Elephant: 1992
Biological Diversity Act: 2002

Schedules of WPA (1972): Categorize species based on protection levels and associated penalties.

Schedule I: Provides absolute protection; highest penalties. Hunting is strictly prohibited. Species under Schedule I enjoy the same level of protection as the tiger.

Examples: Dugong (herbivorous marine mammal), Tiger, Elephant, Gharial, Indian Wild Ass, Wild Buffalo, Peafowl (India's National Bird).

Schedule II, III, IV: Provide protection with lesser penalties than Schedule I. Hunting is also prohibited.
Schedule V (Vermin): Animals that can be hunted if declared so by the Central Government.

Examples: Common crows, fruit bats (general category, specific species may be declared), mice, rats.
Note: The Indian Flying Fox is a frugivorous mammal, not typically categorized as vermin under WPA, and does not feed on the blood of other animals.

Schedule VI (Specified Plants): Regulates cultivation, collection, and trade of specific plant species. Requires a license for cultivation.

Examples: Red Vanda, Blue Vanda, Kuth, Sarpagandha.

Key Provisions:

Government Property: Wild animals are the sole property of the Government.
Uniform Protection: Protected wild animals are entitled to equal protection whether found in protected areas or outside them.
Capture/Killing: Apprehension of a protected wild animal becoming a

7. Sanctuary/Biosphere Reserve

Practice MCQs: Forest and Wildlife

Biodiversity: Types, importance, and threats to wildlife

With the help of given statements, identify the animal? 1. It is India's most critically endangered reptile species 2. Chambal wildlife sanctuary located on river Chambal is the home for them 3. According to IUCN nearly 250 of them are present in the world
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2019
1. Olive Ridley Turtle
2. Gharial Crocodile
3. Salt water crocodile
4. Sea Cow (Dugong)
Show answer
Answer: B. Gharial Crocodile
Gharials are recognized by their long, slender snouts (ghara in males). They are piscivorous (fish- the polar winter. The polar front helps isolate the air mass within the vortex.
Formation of hole in Ozone layer is maximum over which place ?
Asked in: Assistant Conservator of Forest Exam 2019
1. India
2. Africa
3. Europe
4. Antarctica
Show answer
Answer: D. Antarctica
The depletion of the ozone layer, forming what is known as the "ozone hole," is most pronounced and largest over Antarctica during the Antarctic spring (September-October). This is due to specific atmospheric conditions, including extremely low temperatures and the presence of polar stratospheric clouds, which facilitate the chemical reactions that destroy ozone. eating) and primarily inhabit clean river waters. Habitat loss, pollution, and fishing activities are major threats.
Which of the following statements are correct regarding the dolphin-Susu? 1. It is also called the Gangetic dolphin. 2. It is found in the rivers of both Ganga and Brahmaputra. 3. It is also called blind dolphin. 4. The presence of susu is an indication of the healthiness of the river.
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2022
1. 1 and 2 only
2. 1, 3 and 4 only
3. 3 and 4 only
4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Show answer
Answer: D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
- Statement 1 is correct: The Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica) is commonly known as Gangetic dolphin or Susu. - Statement 2 is correct: Its distribution includes the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Meghna, and Karnaphuli-Sangu river systems across Nepal, India, and Bangladesh. - Statement 3 is correct: It is functionally blind and is often referred to as the 'blind dolphin' because its eyes lack a lens and can only detect variations in light intensity, not form an image. It navigates and hunts using echolocation. - Statement 4 is correct: As an apex predator at the top of the aquatic food chain and being sensitive to changes in water quality, pollution, and habitat fragmentation (like dams), the presence of a healthy population of Gangetic dolphins is considered a strong indicator of a healthy river ecosystem.
What is the animal symbol of WWF (World Wildlife Fund) ?
Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2011 · OPSC CS Prelims 2016
1. Dolphin
2. Kangaroo
3. Tiger
4. Giant panda
Show answer
Answer: D. Giant panda
The iconic logo of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) features a Giant Panda. The panda, named Chi Chi, was a giant panda that arrived at the London Zoo in 1961, the same year WWF was founded. Sir Peter Scott, one of the founders, drew the initial logo based on Chi Chi, believing a large, black and white animal would make a good symbol for the new organization.
Which of the following statements are correct with reference to Great Indian Bustard (GIB)?
Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2024
1. All of the above statement
2. (a), (b) and (c) only
3. (a), (c) and (d) only
4. (b), (c) and (d) only
Show answer
Answer: B. (a), (b) and (c) only
It is one of the heaviest flying birds. It is usually found in States like Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Siruguppa in Bellary district is the only home for the bird in Karnataka. GIB is included in species recovery programme of MOEFCC. Statement (a) is correct. Statement (c) is incorrect as GIB habitat in Karnataka is not limited to Siruguppa. Statement (d) is correct as GIB is part of recovery programs. Statement (b) lists several key GIB states and is likely intended as correct despite potential ambiguity regarding 'Pradesh' and Tamil Nadu.
The 'Olive Ridley Turtles' are considered to be endangered because of their few remaining nesting sites in the world. In this context, which among the following statement(s) is / are correct ? (1) Their peculiar behaviour of synchronized nesting in mass numbers is known as 'Arribada'. (2) Gahirmatha Beach in Orissa is one of their few nesting grounds in the world.
Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2016
1. Only 1
2. Only 2
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer
Answer: C. Both 1 and 2
'Arribada' is a Spanish term meaning "arrival," used to describe the synchronized nesting of thousands of female sea turtles on a single beach.
Choose the correct statement(s): Statement I : Wild water buffalo is majorly found in North-Eastern and Central India. Statement II : The Indian landscape is home to more than 85% of the Wild water buffalo population.
Asked in: PPSC CS Prelims 2021
1. Only I
2. Only II
3. Both I and II
4. Neither I nor II
Show answer
Answer: C. Both I and II
- Wild water buffalo is an endangered species. - Its primary habitat in India is fragmented across parts of the Northeast and Central regions. - India is home to the vast majority of the world's wild water buffalo population.

Deforestation, forest degradation, and desertification

What is the objective of the Appiko movement ?
Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2016
1. To construct check dams to conserve water
2. To construct steel bridges in rural areas
3. To fight against corporate farming
4. To protect forests
Show answer
Answer: D. To protect forests
The Appiko movement is an Indian environmental movement focused on the protection of forests in the Western Ghats.
मृदा अपरदन को ͩकससे रोका जा सकता है ?
Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2013
1. विन काटने से
2. विन रोपण से
3. अत्यlधक चराई से
4. विनस्पlत के हटाने से
Show answer
Answer: B. विन रोपण से
विन रोपण से लगाए गए पेड़ों की जड़ें lमट्टी को बांध कर रखती हैं, lजससे पानी और हविा द्वारा lमट्टी का कटावि कम होता है। विनस्पlत lमट्टी की ऊपरी परत को ढक कर रखती है, जो अपरदिन के प्रlत अlधक संविेदिनशिील होती है।
Deforestation adversely affects the ________.
Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2020
1. Geomorphology
2. Pedology
3. Cryology
4. Hydrology
Show answer
Answer: D. Hydrology
While deforestation also severely impacts pedology (soil science) by causing soil erosion and nutrient loss, and affects biodiversity and climate, its direct and widespread impact on water quantity, quality, and flow patterns across a landscape makes hydrology a primary system adversely affected.
Consider the following statements: Assertion (A) : Tropical rain forests are disappearing fast from developing countries like India. Reason (R) : No value is attached to these forests because they are poor in biodiversity. Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2017
1. Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reas‐ on is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
2. Both Assertion and Reason are true but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the As‐ sertion.
3. Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
4. Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Show answer
Answer: C. Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
Assertion (A) states that tropical rain forests are disappearing fast from developing countries like India. This is true; deforestation rates in tropical regions, including parts of India, are high due to various developmental activities. Reason (R) states that no value is attached to these forests because they are poor in biodiversity. This is false. Tropical rain forests are globally recognized as hotspots of biodiversity, housing a vast number of plant and animal species. Their destruction is due to economic and developmental pressures, often despite their ecological value, not because they lack value or biodiversity.
What is the object of Green Highway Policy ?
Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2015
1. Tree plantation
2. Poverty alleviation
3. To provide health facilities
4. To increase the enrolment of drop out students
Show answer
Answer: A. Tree plantation
The policy promotes the development of green corridors along national highways through afforestation and landscaping, involving local communities, farmers, NGOs, and the private sector.
The forests of Uttarakhand, Kullu Valley in Himachal Pradesh and Dzukou Valley in Nagaland and Manipur were in the news on account of which one of the following reasons?
Asked in: UPSC NDA 1 2022
1. Deforestation
2. Forest fire
3. Poaching of wild animals
4. Illegal mining
Show answer
Answer: B. Forest fire
Forest fires were a significant issue in late 2020 and early 2021 in several regions of India, including Uttarakhand, parts of Himachal Pradesh (like Kullu Valley), and notably the Dzukou Valley on the border of Nagaland and Manipur. These incidents brought these specific locations into the news on account of the extensive damage caused by the fires.
Destruction of trees and forests is called deforestation. Deforestation is the cause of _________.
Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2016
1. Decrease in rainfall
2. Increase in soil erosion
3. Greenhouse effect
4. All of the above
Show answer
Answer: D. All of the above
Deforestation has cascading negative impacts on climate, ecosystems, and land stability.

Forest conservation policies, acts, and rules (e.g., Forest Conservation Act, Indian Forest Act)

According to the Indian Forest Act, 1927, which of the following is the most appropriate sequence which shows the degree of protection between different forest types ?
Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2023
1. Reserved Forest > Protected Forest > Village Forest
2. Protected Forest > Reserved Forest > Village Forest
3. Reserved Forest > Village Forest > Protected Forest
4. Village Forest > Protected Forest > Reserved Forest
Show answer
Answer: A. Reserved Forest > Protected Forest > Village Forest
The Indian Forest Act, 1927, classifies forests into different categories based on the degree of protection afforded and the restrictions on the rights of local communities.
From the statements mentioned below which statement is not correct?
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2024
1. India is one of the few countries which has a forest policy since 1894.
2. The forest policy was revised in 1952.
3. In 1980, the forest policy was revised and it is in operation.
4. The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, The En‐ vironment Protection Act of 1986, and The Biod‐ iversity Protection Act of 2002 are some of the other Acts related to forest conservation.
Show answer
Answer: C. In 1980, the forest policy was revised and it is in operation.
Statement C says the forest policy was revised in 1980 and is in operation. India's forest policy was revised in 1988, not 1980. The National Forest Policy, 1988 is currently in operation, although a draft National Forest Policy 2018 was circulated for consultation but not formally adopted.
India's Domestic Legal Framework for Wildlife Conservation: Constitutional Provisions for Wildlife. 1. The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 : Forests and Protection of Wild Animals and Birds was transferred from State to Concurrent List. 2. Article 51A(b) of the Constitution states that it shall be the fundamental duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including forests and Wildlife. 3. Article 48(b) in the Directive Principles of State policy mandates that the State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country Which of the above statement/s is/are correct?
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2024
1. only 1
2. only 2
3. only 3
4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: A. only 1
- Statement 1 is correct. The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, enacted during the Emergency, shifted several subjects from the State List to the Concurrent List of the Constitution. Among these subjects were Forests and Protection of Wild Animals and Birds. This allowed both the Central and State governments to legislate on these matters. - Statement 2 is incorrect. While it is a fundamental duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment, this duty is enshrined in Article 51A(g), not Article 51A(b). Article 51A(g) states: "to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures". Article 51A(b) is about cherishing and following noble ideals of the freedom struggle. - Statement 3 is incorrect. The Directive Principle of State Policy (DPSP) that mandates the State to endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country is Article 48A (inserted by the 42nd Amendment), not Article 48(b). Article 48 deals with the organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry.
Which Ministry has undertaken the National Mission for a “Green India”?
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2024
1. Ministry of Rural Development
2. Ministry of Environment & Forest
3. Ministry of Earth Sciences
4. None of the above
Show answer
Answer: B. Ministry of Environment & Forest
The Green India Mission is part of India's strategy to address climate change by enhancing carbon sinks through afforestation and reforestation.
Under the Green Highways (Plantation and Maintenance) Policy, 2015 the percentage of total civil cost of National Highway Development Projects is to be set aside as plantation of trees
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2017
1. 1 percent
2. 3 percent
3. 5 percent
4. 10 percent
Show answer
Answer: A. 1 percent
The policy aims to promote greening of National Highway corridors across the country with participation of the local communities, farmers, NGOs, and private sector.
Under the National Mission for Green India outlined under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), India aims to increase its forest cover by ________ million hectares.
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2017
1. 2
2. 3
3. 4
4. 5
Show answer
Answer: D. 5
- Green India Mission is part of NAPCC. - Aims to increase forest and tree cover by 5 million hectares. - Also aims to improve the quality of existing forest/tree cover on 5 million hectares.
Which of the following modifications were proposed by the government of India to the Forest (Conservation) Act 1980? 1. Maintaining “pristine forests”. Non- forestry activity will not be allowed within the pristine forests, under any circumstances. 2. Grant exemptions to railways, roads, tree plantations, oil exploration, wildlife tourism and 'strategic' projects in forests. 3. Empower state governments to lease forest land to private individuals and corporations.
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2022
1. 2 and 3 only
2. 1 and 3 only
3. 1 and 2 only
4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: C. 1 and 2 only
- Statement 1 is correct: Proposed amendments included identifying forest land that cannot be diverted under any circumstances, aligning with the concept of maintaining "pristine forests". - Statement 2 is correct: The proposed modifications aimed to provide exemptions for certain linear projects like roads and railways, strategic infrastructure projects of national importance, security- related infrastructure, prospecting/exploring for oil and natural gas, and establishing zoos/safaris/eco- tourism facilities within forest areas, subject to conditions and compensatory afforestation. Tree plantations were also considered for exemption in certain scenarios. - Statement 3 is incorrect: The Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 centralizes the power of diverting forest land with the Union Government. The proposed amendments did not empower state governments to lease forest land directly to private individuals or corporations, as this would bypass the central approval process mandated by the Act.

Forest functions and ecosystem services

Which of the following forests is known as the Lungs of the Planet Earth? A) Equatorial Forests B) Taiga Forests C) Deciduous Forests D) Tundra Forests
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2021
1. Equatorial Forests
2. Taiga Forests
3. Deciduous Forests
4. Tundra Forests
Show answer
Answer: A. Equatorial Forests
- Equatorial forests, found near the equator, are characterized by high biodiversity, dense vegetation, and high rates of photosynthesis throughout the year due to favorable climate (high temperature and rainfall). - While all forests contribute to oxygen production and carbon sequestration, the sheer scale and productivity of the Amazon rainforest give it this popular designation.
The minimum forest cover necessary to maintain ecological balance is
Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 3 2021
1. 50% of the total land area.
2. 40% of the total land area.
3. 33% of the total land area.
4. 25% of the total land area.
Show answer
Answer: C. 33% of the total land area.
According to the National Forest Policy of India (first enunciated in 1952 and revised in 1988), the minimum area recommended under forest cover to maintain ecological balance and environmental stability is 33% of the total geographical area of the country. Specifically, 65% in the hills and mountains and 20% in the plains.
Which of the following is/are example(s) of ecosystem service provided by forests ?
Asked in: Assistant Conservator of Forest 2025
1. Oxygen production
2. Carbon sequestration
3. Soil fertility maintenance
4. All of the above
Show answer
Answer: D. All of the above
This question pertains to environmental science and specifically tests the understanding of the concept of ecosystem services and their application to forests.
In order to maintain proper ecological balance in India, the minimum recommended area to be covered by forest is
Asked in: Economics & Statistical Officer Exam 2005
1. Twenty five percent (25%)
2. Fifty three percent (53%)
3. Thirty three percent (33%)
4. Forty three percent (43%)
Show answer
Answer: C. Thirty three percent (33%)
The National Forest Policy of India, 1988, sets the target of 33.3% forest cover for ecological balance.
On which date International Day of Forests is celebrated?
Asked in: POST GRADUATE TEACHER (PGT) 2018
1. March 21
2. March 22
3. March 23
4. March 24
Show answer
Answer: A. March 21
March 21 is observed as the International Day of Forests.

Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006

Consider the following statements : 1. The definition of “Critical Wildlife Habitat” is incorporated in the Forest Rights Act, 2006. 2. For the first time in India, Baigas have been given Habitat Rights. 3. Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change officially decides and declares Habitat Rights for Primitive and Vulnerable Tribal Groups in any part of India. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct ?
Asked in: UPSC IAS 2018
1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 3 only
4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: A. 1 and 2 only
The Forest Rights Act, 2006 (FRA) is a key legislation recognizing the rights of forest-dwelling communities, including individual rights (like cultivation) and community rights (like use of minor forest produce, grazing, and habitat rights). Critical Wildlife Habitats are defined under the Act to balance conservation needs with rights.
Consider the following statements: 1. As per recent amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927, forest dwellers have the right to fell the bamboos grown on forest areas. 2. As per the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, bamboo is a minor forest produce. 3. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Asked in: UPSC IAS 2019
1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 3 only
4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: B. 2 and 3 only
Statement 1 is incorrect. The Indian Forest (Amendment) Act, 2017 removed bamboo grown in non- forest areas from the definition of 'tree', thereby exempting it from requiring felling and transit permits under the Indian Forest Act, 1927. Bamboo grown in forest areas continues to be classified as a 'tree' under the unamended part of the Act, but rights over bamboo as Minor Forest Produce in forest areas are governed by the Forest Rights Act,
The statement claiming a general right to fell bamboos grown on forest areas might be misleading or incorrect as per the 2017 amendment's primary focus on non-forest areas and the nuances of rights under FRA 2006.Statement 2 is correct. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 explicitly defines 'Minor Forest Produce' (MFP) to include "bamboo, brush wood, stumps, cane, tussar, cocoons, honey, wax, lac, tendu or kendu leaves, medicinal plants and herbs, roots, tubers and the like". Thus, as per this Act, bamboo is a minor forest produce.Statement 3 is correct. The Forest Rights Act, 2006, recognizes and vests forest rights and occupation in forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers. Section 3(1)(c) specifically recognizes the right of ownership, access to collect, use, and dispose of minor forest produce, which has been traditionally collected within or outside village boundaries. 61. Consider the following statements : 1. Moringa (drumstick tree) is a leguminous evergreen tree. 2. Tamarind tree is endemic to South Asia. 3. In India, most of the tamarind is collected as minor forest produce. 4. India exports tamarind and seeds of moringa. 5. Seeds of moringa and tamarind can be used in the production of biofuels. Which of the statements given above are correct?
Asked in: UPSC IAS 2021
1. 1, 2, 4 and 5
2. 3, 4 and 5
3. 1, 3 and 4
4. 1, 2, 3 and 5
Show answer
Answer: B. 3, 4 and 5
- Statement 1 is incorrect. Moringa (Moringa oleifera) belongs to the family Moringaceae, not the Leguminosae (Fabaceae). - Statement 2 is incorrect. The Tamarind tree (Tamarindus indica) is native to tropical Africa, although it is widely cultivated in South Asia. - Statement 3 is likely considered correct in this context. Tamarind is listed as a Minor Forest Produce (MFP) in India, and significant quantities are collected from forests and non- cultivated areas, particularly benefiting tribal and rural populations. While commercial cultivation exists, collection as MFP is a notable source. - Statement 4 is correct. India is a major producer and exporter of tamarind and various moringa products, including seeds, powder, and oil, due to their economic and nutritional value. - Statement 5 is correct. Both moringa seeds (for oil) and tamarind seeds (for carbohydrates and oil) are being explored and used in the production of biofuels.

Forest Survey of India (FSI) reports and forest cover assessment

With reference to the Forest Survey Report, 2021 of the Government of India, consider the following statements : (i) Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under forest cover. (ii) Mizoram has the highest percentage of area under forest cover. (iii) Per capita availability of forest-land is the highest in Sikkim. Select the correct statement(s) using the codes given below.
Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2022
1. Only (i)
2. Only (ii) and (iii)
3. Only (i) and (ii)
4. (i), (ii) and (iii)
Show answer
Answer: C. Only (i) and (ii)
According to the India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2021: (i) Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under forest cover among all states in India. This statement is correct. (ii) Mizoram has the highest percentage of geographical area under forest cover among all states in India. This statement is correct. (iii) Per capita availability of forest cover is typically highest in states/UTs with large forest areas and low populations. While Sikkim has a good forest cover percentage, states like Arunachal Pradesh and some Union Territories like Andaman & Nicobar Islands usually have higher per capita forest cover compared to Sikkim. Therefore, this statement is likely incorrect.
According to Indian Forest Status Report released in February 2018, how much area of India is covered by forests?
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 64th
1. 23.00%
2. 23.40%
3. 24.00%
4. 24.40%
Show answer
Answer: D. 24.40%
The ISFR is a biennial report published by the Forest Survey of India (FSI).
Which one of the following States/Union Territories has the highest percentage of forest area to the total geographical area?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2022
1. Arunachal Pradesh
2. Lakshadweep
3. Nagaland
4. Mizoram
Show answer
Answer: B. Lakshadweep
While Mizoram is the state with the highest percentage of forest cover, Lakshadweep, being a UT, has an even higher percentage due to its small land area and dense tropical vegetation on its islands.
There is an increase in forest cover area of India between 2011 and 2021. However, there is a decrease in forest cover area of India during the same period in
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2023
1. very dense forest (canopy density of more than 70 percent)
2. moderately dense forest (canopy density between 40-70 percent)
3. open forest (canopy density between 10-20 percent)
4. Both (b) and (c)
Show answer
Answer: B. moderately dense forest (canopy density between 40-70 percent)
- Total forest cover in India increased between 2011 and 2021. - The decrease was observed specifically in the Moderately Dense Forest category. - Very Dense Forest and Open Forest categories saw an increase in area during the same period.
As per the India State of Forest Report 2021, which of the following states has maximum percentage of its geographical area under forest cover ?
Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2024
1. Madhya Pradesh
2. Manipur
3. Meghalaya
4. Mizoram
Show answer
Answer: D. Mizoram
The India State of Forest Report (ISFR) biennially assesses the forest cover of the country. The ISFR 2021 reported that the top five states in terms of percentage of geographical area under forest cover are Mizoram (84.93%), Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland (73.90%).
In India, the forest cover percentage of the total geographical area of the country is approximately :
Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2014
1. 18%
2. 29%
3. 21%
4. 31%
Show answer
Answer: C. 21%
This figure refers specifically to 'forest cover', which is defined by the Forest Survey of India (FSI) based on satellite imagery, irrespective of land ownership or legal status.
In India, approximately what percentage of the country's total geographical area is forest area?
Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2014
1. 18%
2. 29%
3. 21%
4. 31%
Show answer
Answer: C. 21%
- The FSI reports are the authoritative source for forest cover data in India. - "Forest cover" refers to all land more than one hectare in area, with tree canopy density of 10 percent or more, irrespective of ownership and legal status.

Forest types and distribution in India

The art and science of cultivating forest crops is known as
Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2024
1. Silviculture
2. Agroforestry
3. Arboriculture
4. Forestry
Show answer
Answer: A. Silviculture
cgpsc 2025-2025 - Silviculture is the practice of managing forest tree growth and health. - It is a key component within the broader field of Forestry. - Agroforestry combines tree cultivation with agriculture. - Arboriculture focuses on individual trees in managed settings.
The Mandarin duck which is a colourful duck from Eastern Asia was recently spotted in ____ of the following Indian States.
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2021
1. Assam
2. Andhra Pradesh
3. Gujarat
4. Karnataka
Show answer
Answer: A. Assam
- A rare sighting of a Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) was reported in the Maguri-Motapung Beel wetland near Doomdooma in Tinsukia district, Assam, in February 2021. - This sighting generated significant interest as the duck had not been recorded in India for a long time (reportedly 118 years since the last known sighting in the wild in Assam).
Which one of the following regions of India has a combination of mangrove forest, evergreen forest and deciduous forest?
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2022
1. North Coastal Andhra Pradesh
2. South-west Bengal
3. Southern Saurashtra
4. Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Show answer
Answer: D. Andaman and Nicobar Islands
- Andaman and Nicobar Islands are known for their diverse ecosystems due to their location, high rainfall, and coastal features. - Mangrove forests are extensively found along the coastlines, creeks, and estuaries of the islands. - The islands receive high annual rainfall and support lush tropical Evergreen and Semi-Evergreen forests in the interior regions and on higher elevations. - Moist Deciduous forests are also found in parts of the islands, particularly in areas with specific soil conditions or slightly less moisture compared to the evergreen zones, forming a transition zone.
Consider the following two statements: (a) Tropical Evergreen forests : Scattered distribution of one particular species of tree eg. Rosewood. (b) Tropical Deciduous Forests : They have fewer species but they are found in close proximity eg. Teak. Now state whether :
Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2014
1. Only (a) is true
2. Only (b) is true
3. Both (a) and (b) are true
4. Neither (a) nor (b) is true
Show answer
Answer: B. Only (b) is true
Tropical Evergreen forests are characterized by high biodiversity and dense, multi-layered vegetation with numerous species, not scattered distribution of a single species. Tropical Deciduous forests have lower species diversity, and commercially valuable species like Teak and Sal often occur in more concentrated stands.
'Sal' tree is a
Asked in: UPSC NDA 1 2016
1. Tropical evergreen tree
2. Tropical semi-evergreen tree
3. Dry deciduous tree
4. Moist deciduous tree
Show answer
Answer: D. Moist deciduous tree
'Sal' (Shorea robusta) is a commercially important timber tree in South Asia. It is a dominant species in certain types of forests. Sal trees are deciduous, meaning they shed their leaves seasonally, typically during the dry period. Based on rainfall distribution, Sal forests are predominantly classified under Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests, although Sal also occurs in drier regions where it forms Tropical Dry Deciduous forests. Moist deciduous forests receive moderate to high rainfall (typically 100-200 cm) but have a distinct dry season, causing trees like Sal to shed leaves.
Thick vegetation of mangroves is present in :
Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2015
1. Western Ghats
2. Sunderban
3. Gir forest
4. Himalayas
Show answer
Answer: B. Sunderban
The Sunderban is the largest contiguous mangrove forest in the world, located in the delta formed by the confluence of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna Rivers in the Bay of Bengal. It is renowned for its dense mangrove vegetation.
Silviculture is the:
Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2017
1. Art and Science of cultivating herbs
2. Art and Science of cultivating grasses
3. Art and Science of cultivating flowers
4. Art and Science of cultivating forest trees
Show answer
Answer: D. Art and Science of cultivating forest trees
Silviculture is the practice of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests and woodlands to meet specific objectives. It focuses on the biology, growth, and development of forest trees and stands.

What is the theme of the 2018 International Day of Forests?
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 63rd
1. Forests and Water
2. Forests and Energy
3. Forests and Sustainable Cities
4. Forests and Life
Show answer
Answer: C. Forests and Sustainable Cities
International Day of Forests is observed annually on March 21st, as proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly.
International Day of Forests, 2023 pertains to the theme of :
Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2023
1. Forests and Energy
2. Forests and Health
3. Forests and sustainable production
4. Forests and Biodiversity
Show answer
Answer: B. Forests and Health
- The International Day of Forests is celebrated annually to raise awareness of the importance of all types of forests and trees outside forests, for the benefit of current and future generations. - Each year, a specific theme is chosen by the Collaborative Partnership on Forests (CPF).
Which of the following statements are correct with reference to International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)?
Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2024
1. All statements are correct
2. (a), (b) and (c) are correct
3. Only (a) is correct
4. (b), (c) and (d) are correct
Show answer
Answer: C. Only (a) is correct
It was launched in 2023 with the headquarters in New Delhi. It covers only 5 big cats viz. tiger, lion, leopard, snow leopard and cheetah. It is a multi-country coalition of big cat range countries where the above-mentioned big cats are found. Annual budgetary support of 150 crore rupees per year will be given by Government of India for IBCA. IBCA covers 7 big cat species, not just 5. The GoI funding is a corpus for 5 years, not an annual amount. Statement (c) referring to the incorrect list in (b) makes it technically flawed. Statement (a) about launch date and proposed HQ is correct.
India awarded Certificate of Commendation by CITES for its effort to combat illegal wildlife trade during 2017 for which of the following operations ?
Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2019
1. Operation Thunderbird
2. Operation Save Kurma
3. Operation Save a Life
4. Operation Save Tigers
Show answer
Answer: B. Operation Save Kurma
India was awarded a Certificate of Commendation by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in 2017 (following the CITES COP17 in 2016) for its efforts to combat illegal wildlife trade. This recognition was specifically for 'Operation Save Kurma', an initiative aimed at conserving turtles and tortoises, which are frequently targeted in illegal trade.
India has given its approval to the Raptor MoU. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Raptor MoU ? 1. It falls under UN Convention of Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. 2. It is about conservation of birds of prey in Africa and Eurasia. 3. It is not legally binding. 4. The Raptor MoU extends its coverage to 76 species of birds of prey out of which many species also occur in India.
Asked in: PPSC CS Prelims 2018
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. 3 and 4 only
4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Show answer
Answer: D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
- The Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Birds of Prey in Africa and Eurasia (Raptor MoU) is an international agreement concluded under the framework of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), which is part of the UN Environment Programme. Thus, statement 1 is correct. - The geographical scope of the Raptor MoU covers 117 Range States in Africa and Eurasia. It aims at the conservation of migratory birds of prey within this region. Thus, statement 2 is correct. - MoUs under the CMS are non-legally binding instruments, serving as frameworks for cooperation among signatory states for the conservation of migratory species and their habitats. Thus, statement 3 is correct. - The Raptor MoU lists 76 species of birds of prey for conservation action. Many of these species, such as various eagles, falcons, vultures, and buzzards, migrate through or reside in India. Thus, statement 4 is correct.
Which of the following statements is/are correct? Proper design and effective implementation of UN-REDD+ Programme can significantly contribute to protection of biodiversity 1. resilience of forest ecosystems 2. poverty reduction 3. Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Asked in: UPSC IAS 2016
1. 1 and 2 only
2. 3 only
3. 2 and 3 only
4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: D. 1, 2 and 3
- Statement 1 is correct. By reducing deforestation and forest degradation, REDD+ directly contributes to the protection of forest habitats and the biodiversity they harbour. - Statement 2 is correct. Sustainable forest management and conservation practices, which are part of the REDD+ framework, enhance the health, structure, and functions of forest ecosystems, increasing their resilience to climate change and other threats. - Statement 3 is correct. REDD+ initiatives often involve local communities and indigenous peoples living in and around forests. Effective implementation can include benefit-sharing mechanisms, creation of sustainable livelihood opportunities, and recognition of land rights, all of which can contribute to poverty reduction.
Consider the following statements in respect of Trade Related Analysis of Fauna and Flora in Commerce (TRAFFIC): 1. TRAFFIC is a bureau under United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2. The mission of TRAFFIC is to ensure that trade in wild plants and animals is not a threat to the conservation of nature. Which of the above statements is/are correct ?
Asked in: UPSC IAS 2017
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer
Answer: B. 2 only
- Statement 1 is incorrect. TRAFFIC is a non-governmental organization (NGO) and a strategic alliance of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It is not a bureau under the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), although it works in collaboration with various UN bodies and international conventions like CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). - Statement 2 is correct. The mission of TRAFFIC is explicitly stated as being to ensure that trade in wild plants and animals is not a threat to the conservation of nature. It monitors and investigates wildlife trade and advocates for sustainable use and trade practices.

Joint Forest Management (JFM) and community participation in conservation

Which of the following is a traditional method of conservation of tree cover across communities in India ?
Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2016
1. Van Mahostav
2. Sacred groves
3. Growing plantations
4. Adopt a tree per home
Show answer
Answer: B. Sacred groves
Sacred groves represent a long-standing tradition across various communities in India where patches of forests are conserved for religious or cultural reasons.
The Chipko Movement was initiated under the leadership of Sunderlal Bahuguna around the year :
Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2024
1. 1951
2. 1971
3. 1981
4. 1991
Show answer
Answer: B. 1971
The Chipko movement originated in the Garhwal Himalayas in the early 1970s. A key incident often cited as igniting the movement occurred in the Reni village in March 1973, where women embraced trees to prevent loggers from felling them. While Chandi Prasad Bhatt was also a significant figure in the movement's early phase, Sunderlal Bahuguna played a crucial role in giving it wider publicity and spreading its message nationally and internationally. He undertook long foot marches (padyatras) to raise awareness. Although his extensive activism continued for decades, his prominent association and leadership in popularizing the movement began around the early 1970s. Among the given options, 1971 fits within the timeframe of the movement's initiation and the emergence of its key leaders, including Bahuguna.
"Appiko Movement" was lead by :
Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2017
1. Sunderlal Bahuguna
2. Pandurang Hegde
3. Vandana Shiva
4. Amrita Devi
Show answer
Answer: B. Pandurang Hegde
The Appiko Movement was led by Pandurang Hegde. The movement started in 1983 in the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka.
The Social Forestry programme was introduced in India based on the recommendation of
Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2014
1. International Union for Conservation of Nature.
2. International Silviculturist Conference, Dehradun.
3. Report of the National Commission for Agriculture 1976.
4. World Earth Summit, Rio 1992.
Show answer
Answer: C. Report of the National Commission for Agriculture 1976.
The commission recommended social forestry as a way to encourage farming of trees for fuelwood, fodder, small timber, and other forest produce, with the involvement of the local community, to reduce pressure on traditional forests.
Of the following who is not related to "Chipko Movement"?
Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2014
1. Sunderlal Bahuguna
2. M.S. Swaminathan
3. Chandi Prasad Bhatt
4. Gaura Devi
Show answer
Answer: B. M.S. Swaminathan
- The Chipko Movement was a forest conservation movement in India that began in the 1970s, primarily in Uttarakhand (then part of Uttar Pradesh). Key figures involved in the movement included Sunderlal Bahuguna, Chandi Prasad Bhatt, and Gaura Devi. - Sunderlal Bahuguna was a prominent environmentalist and Chipko leader. - Chandi Prasad Bhatt was one of the early initiators of the movement. - Gaura Devi was a village woman who played a crucial role in leading resistance efforts. - M.S. Swaminathan is a renowned geneticist and agriculturist, widely known as the "Father of the Green Revolution in India" for his role in developing and promoting high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice. His work was primarily focused on agricultural productivity and food security, not forest conservation in the context of the Chipko movement.
Which of the following statements regarding Chipko Movement is/are correct ? 1. Chipko Movement took place in the early 1970s against the introduction of commercial forestry. 2. Chipko refers to a single movement and not a collective of several movements. 3. Chipko did not begin as a movement for conservation but primarily as an economic struggle, the root of which lay in rural and peasant protests. Select the correct answer using the code given below :
Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2011
1. 1 only
2. 1 and 3
3. 2 only
4. 1 and 2
Show answer
Answer: B. 1 and 3
The Chipko Movement is a landmark example of environmental activism rooted in socio-economic issues and community participation, particularly by women, in rural India.
The Chipko Movement 1. was an environmental movement to prevent cutting down of trees 2. raised the question of ecological and economic exploitation 3. is a movement against alcoholism as its broadened agenda 4. demanded that local communities should have control over their natural resources Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2013
1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 2 and 4 only
4. 1 and 3 and 4 only
Show answer
Answer: D. 1 and 3 and 4 only
- Statement 1: The Chipko Movement began in the early 1970s as a non-violent resistance movement against the felling of trees in the Himalayan region, particularly in Uttarakhand (then part of Uttar Pradesh). This statement is correct. - Statement 2: The movement did raise questions about ecological sustainability and the economic exploitation of forest resources by external contractors, demanding that local communities benefit. So, it addressed both ecological and economic exploitation. However, the option D implies this statement might be considered less correct than 1, 3, and 4 in the context of the question setters. - Statement 3: While primarily focused on forest conservation, women involved in the movement also raised social issues, including campaigning against alcoholism, which was seen as detrimental to family well-being and linked by some to the economic distress caused by resource exploitation. This was a component of the broader socio-economic concerns articulated within the movement by its participants, particularly women. This statement is considered correct in this context. - Statement 4: A key demand of the Chipko movement was that local communities, who are dependent on the forests for their livelihoods, should have control over the management and utilization of these natural resources. This statement is correct.

Key wildlife conservation projects and programs (e.g., Project Tiger, Project Elephant)

Consider the following statements: 1. In India, the Project Tiger was launched in 1973. 2. The theme for National Biodiversity in 2022 is 'Building a shared future for all life'. 3. The Project Tiger is a tiger conservation programme. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 67th Re Exam
1. 1 and 3 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1, 2 and 3
4. 1 only
Show answer
Answer: C. 1, 2 and 3
Project Tiger was indeed launched in India in 1973 as a major wildlife conservation effort. The theme for the International Day for Biological Diversity (National Biodiversity Day) in 2022 was 'Building a shared future for all life'. Project Tiger's explicit purpose is the conservation of tigers and their habitats in India.
Which one of the following is the well-publicised wildlife campaign in the world launched in 1973?
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 68th
1. Project Tiger
2. Lion Project
3. Sunderbans Project
4. More than one of the above
Show answer
Answer: A. Project Tiger
Launched on April 1, 1973, Project Tiger aimed at conserving the Bengal tiger in India.
With regard to ‘Project Tiger’, which one of the following statements is not correct? (a) It was launched in India in the year 1973. (b) The objective of the Project is to preserve the habitats and tigers therein as natural heritage. (c) The Project emphasized to ensure viable population of tigers in India. (d) There are no Tiger Reserves in north- eastern part of India.
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2017
1. (a)
2. (b)
3. (c)
4. (d)
Show answer
Answer: D. (d)
- (a) It was launched in India in the year 1973. This statement is correct. Project Tiger was launched on April 1, 1973. - (b) The objective of the Project is to preserve the habitats and tigers therein as natural heritage. This statement correctly describes a key objective of Project Tiger. - (c) The Project emphasized to ensure viable population of tigers in India. This is also a core objective, aiming to maintain a healthy and sustainable tiger population. - (d) There are no Tiger Reserves in north-eastern part of India. This statement is incorrect. The North- Eastern region of India has several significant Tiger Reserves, including Manas, Nameri, Orang, Pakke, Namdapha, Buxa (partially in Northeast/East), Kamlang, and Dampa.
Consider the following statements about National Wildlife Action Plan (NWAP) of India for 2017-2031 : 1. This is the Third National Wildlife Action Plan. 2. The NWAP is unique as this is the first time India has recognized the concerns relating to climate change impact on wildlife. 3. The NWAP has ten components. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2018
1. 1 only
2. 1 and 2 only
3. 2 and 3 only
4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: B. 1 and 2 only
- India's National Wildlife Action Plans guide conservation efforts. - The current plan (2017-2031) is the third such plan. - The third NWAP is significant for including climate change impacts. - The plan is organized into themes, not specifically ten components.
Who does tiger census in India?
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2019
1. Ministry of environment, forest and climate change
2. National Tiger conservation authorities
3. State Governments
4. Worldwide Fund for Nature-India
Show answer
Answer: B. National Tiger conservation authorities
- The NTCA is a statutory body established under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, responsible for the management of Project Tiger and the country's tiger reserves. - The tiger census, formally known as the Status of Tigers in India report, is a comprehensive quadrennial assessment conducted using a standardized methodology involving camera trapping, sign surveys, and analysis. - State Governments and their forest departments are crucial partners in carrying out the fieldwork for the census under the guidance and coordination of the NTCA and WII.
Which of the following statements is/are correct with regard to Wild Elephant Population Census in India in 2017? 1. Approximately 30,000 elephants are there in India 2. Southern part of the country accounts for more than North East. 3. Tamil Nadu has the highest number of elephants
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2019
1. 1 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 2 only
4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: C. 1 and 2 only
Elephant population censuses are conducted periodically in India to monitor conservation efforts. The Southern and North Eastern regions are the primary habitats for wild elephants in the country.
Arrange the below given states in descending order according to Tiger population as per latest census.
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2019
1. Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa
2. Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttrakhand
3. West Bangal, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh
4. Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh
Show answer
Answer: B. Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttrakhand
- The 2022 Tiger Census reported a minimum tiger population of 3167 in India, potentially ranging up to 3682, with an average of 3628. - The state-wise distribution showed Madhya Pradesh with the highest number (785), followed by Karnataka (563), and then Uttarakhand (560).

Protected Area Network in India: National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, Conservation Reserves, Community Reserves, Tiger Reserves

Which of the following statements are correct regarding forest in India? A wildlife sanctuary can be treated for the conservation of a particular species National park is focused on the conservation of whole ecosystem and not just a few species There is no entry for public into the reserved forests for collection of timber and grazing the cattle The government allows the people into the protected forests to collect the fuel and graze the cattle.
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2021
1. 1, 2 and 3 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1, 2 and 4 only
4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Show answer
Answer: D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
- Statement 1: Wildlife Sanctuaries are designated for the protection of specific wildlife species or a range of species within their habitat. - Statement 2: National Parks are aimed at protecting the entire ecosystem, including flora, fauna, landscape, and historical objects within the park. - Statement 3: Reserved Forests are the most restricted category, where local communities' rights are limited or extinguished, and public entry for activities like timber collection and grazing is generally prohibited unless specific, limited rights are granted. - Statement 4: Protected Forests have more relaxed restrictions compared to Reserved Forests, and the government allows local people to collect forest produce (like fuel wood) and graze cattle, provided these activities do not cause serious damage.
Kuno National Park is situated in
Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 4 2023
1. Madhya Pradesh
2. Chhattisgarh
3. Gujarat
4. Uttarakhand
Show answer
Answer: A. Madhya Pradesh
- Kuno National Park is situated in the Sheopur and Morena districts of the Gwalior Forest Division in Madhya Pradesh. - It was initially established as a wildlife sanctuary in 1981 and upgraded to a national park in 2018. - It gained significant prominence recently as the site for the reintroduction of cheetahs in India.
Kaziranga National Park is famous for
Asked in: Sr. Teacher Gr II Comp. Exam 1
1. Siberian crane
2. One horned rhinoceros
3. Snow leopard
4. Crocodile
Show answer
Answer: B. One horned rhinoceros
Kaziranga National Park, located in Assam, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is considered the most successful conservation story for the one- horned rhinoceros.
Cairn Oil and Gas has recently received the clearance for oil exploration in the ecoshnsensitive zone of
Asked in: GS and General English JE Civil PWD 05 2025
1. Dibru Saikhowa National Park
2. Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary
3. Raimona National Park
4. Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary
Show answer
Answer: A. Dibru Saikhowa National Park
Clearance for oil exploration by Cairn Oil and Gas was granted for the Dibru Saikhowa National Park area.
Arrange the following National Parks in their chronological order from the earliest to the latest and select the correct answer from the codes given below the parks: 1. Silent Valley 2. Jim Corbett 3. Kaziranga 4. Kanha Codes:
Asked in: RO ARO pre 2016
1. 1, 3, 2, 4
2. 4, 2, 1, 3
3. 3, 1, 4, 2
4. 2, 4, 3, 1
Show answer
Answer: D. 2, 4, 3, 1
This question tests knowledge of the establishment dates of prominent National Parks in India. It requires memorization of historical facts related to wildlife conservation. - Jim Corbett National Park 1936 (originally Hailey National Park) - Kanha National Park 1973 - Kaziranga National Park 1974 - Silent Valley National Park 1980
Apart from Kaziranga National Park, which one of the following is the home to one- horned rhinos in India?
Asked in: HORTICULTURE DEVELOPMENT OF‐ FICER(HDO) 2015
1. Jaldapara National Park
2. Balphakram National Park
3. Gangotri National Park
4. Hemis National Park
Show answer
Answer: A. Jaldapara National Park
Jaldapara National Park in West Bengal is another important home for the Indian one-horned rhinoceros, in addition to Kaziranga National Park in Assam.

Role of various organizations in forest and wildlife conservation (e.g., FSI, WII, NTCA, IUCN)

The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) has signed MoU with TIFAC for supporting forest-based communities. Where is the headquarters of ICFRE located?
Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 63rd
1. Hyderabad
2. Bengaluru
3. Allahabad
4. Dehradun
Show answer
Answer: D. Dehradun
- ICFRE is the apex body for forestry research in India. - The headquarters location is a factual piece of information about the organization.
Which of the following pairs of Forest Research Centres and their locations are correctly matched? 1. Forest Research Centre for Eco-Rehabilitation : Prayagraj 2. Forest Research Centre for Livelihood Extension : Shillong 3. Forest Research Centre for Skill Development : Bhopal 4. Forest Research Centre for Coastal Ecosystems : Visakhapatnam Select the answer using the code given below :
Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2024
1. 1 and 3
2. 1 and 4
3. 2 and 3
4. 2 and 4
Show answer
Answer: A. 1 and 3
- FRC-ER is at Prayagraj. - FRC-CE is at Visakhapatnam. - FRC-LE is at Agartala. - FRC-SD is at Chindwara.
The State of the World's Forests report is published by ____.
Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2021
1. United Nations Environment Programme
2. World Forest Organization
3. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Show answer
Answer: D. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
- SOFO is a major report on global forest resources. - It is published every two years. - The report provides data and analysis on forest cover, management, and related issues.
Given below are two statements : Statement I : Directorate of Forest Education is located at Agartala. Statement II : Tropical Forestry Research Institute is located at Jabalpur. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2024
1. Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.
2. Both Statement I and Statement II are incor‐ rect.
3. Statement I is correct and Statement II is in‐ correct.
4. Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct.
Show answer
Answer: D. Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct.
Statement I is incorrect because the Directorate of Forest Education (DFE) is located in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, not Agartala. Statement II is correct because the Tropical Forestry Research Institute (TFRI), one of the institutes under the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (IC‐ FRE), is indeed located at Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh.
Consider the following statements about the Forest Research Institute (India).
Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2014
1. (a) and (c) only
2. (b) and (c) only
3. (c) and (d) only
4. (a), (c) and (d) only
Show answer
Answer: D. (a), (c) and (d) only
It was founded as the 'British Imperial Forest School' in 1906. It was reestablished as the Imperial Forest Research Institute in 1947. It is located in Dehradun (Uttarakhand). It was declared as deemed university in 1991. Which of the above statements is/are correct ? - (a) The institution originated as the Imperial Forest School in 1878. It was reorganized and renamed as the Imperial Forest Research Institute in
While the exact name might vary slightly, 1906 is the key year for the establishment of the research institute form, derived from the earlier school. This statement is considered correct in essence regarding the origin year of the Institute. - (b) The Imperial Forest Research Institute was established/reorganized in 1906, not reestablished in 1947. It continued its function after India's independence. This statement is incorrect. - (c) The Forest Research Institute is located in Dehradun, Uttarakhand. This is correct. - (d) FRI was declared a deemed university by the University Grants Commission (UGC) in 1991. This is correct. 201. Which of the following statement/s is/are correct regarding 'Forest-PLUS 2.0 Programme'? (1) This programme is a Five-year partnership between USAID and Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change. (2) Forest-PLUS 2.0 Programme denotes 'Forest for Wealth and Health' (3) Tetra Tech is building capacity across landscapes in three States in India (4) The three States which come under this programme are; Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Bihar
Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2022
1. 2 and 4
2. 1 and 4
3. 1 and 3
4. 3 and 4
Show answer
Answer: C. 1 and 3
Statement (1) is correct; Forest-PLUS 2.0 is indeed a five-year program (2018-2023) that is a joint initiative between the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and India's Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). Statement (3) is correct; Tetra Tech is the implementing partner building capacity across landscapes in three states, focusing on forest landscape management.
Which of the following statements are correct in respect of ‘Vantara’? 1. It is national initiative for afforestation 2. This initiative was launched by Reliance Industries and Reliance Foundation 3. It is started in Green Belt of Jamnagar Refinery Complex, Haryana 4. Vantara also aspires to become a leader in wildlife conservation
Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2023
1. 1 and 2
2. 3 and 4
3. 2 and 4
4. 1 and 3
Show answer
Answer: C. 2 and 4
Vantara is a large-scale initiative focused on animal welfare and conservation, specifically spearheaded by Reliance.

Threats to wildlife: Poaching, illegal wildlife trade, habitat loss, invasive species, climate change impacts

Which Indian State has recently radio tagged an Indian Pangolin on the occasion of World Pangolin Day ?
Asked in: MPPSC CS Prelims 2021
1. Kerala
2. Madhya Pradesh
3. Uttarakhand
4. Bihar
Show answer
Answer: B. Madhya Pradesh
Radio-tagging helps scientists and conservationists track the movements, habitat use, and behavior of the animals, providing valuable data for conservation efforts. Pangolins are among the most trafficked mammals globally, facing severe threats from illegal poaching.
Which of the following is true about Indian Vulture ? 1. It is called Gyps Indicus as per binomial nomenclature. 2. The cause of decline in the population of Indian Vultures has been identified as poisoning caused by the veterinary drug Diclofenac. 3. Jatayu Conservation Breeding Centre is situated in Jharkhand. 4. Recently, Gyps Vulture Reintroduction Programme was launched for the conservation of Indian Vulture by the Haryana Government.
Asked in: PPSC CS Prelims 2018
1. 1 and 2 only
2. 3 and 4 only
3. 1, 2, 3 and 4
4. 1, 2 and 4 only
Show answer
Answer: D. 1, 2 and 4 only
- The scientific name for the Indian Vulture is indeed Gyps indicus. Thus, statement 1 is correct. - The dramatic decline in vulture populations across the Indian subcontinent, including the Indian Vulture, was primarily caused by kidney failure resulting from feeding on the carcasses of livestock treated with the veterinary non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drug (NSAID), Diclofenac. Thus, statement 2 is correct. - The Jatayu Conservation Breeding Centre is located at Pinjore, Haryana, not Jharkhand. It is one of several vulture conservation breeding centres in India working to breed critically endangered vulture species for future reintroduction into the wild. Thus, statement 3 is incorrect. - The Gyps Vulture Reintroduction Programme is being actively pursued in Haryana, particularly through the efforts of the Pinjore centre, in collaboration with the state government and conservation organizations. Thus, statement 4 is correct.
Which one of the following is NOT a major cause of Wildlife Extinction?
Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2020
1. Loss of natural habitat
2. To make fire in the forest
3. Illegal commercial trade of wildlife
4. Fast pace of population growth
Show answer
Answer: B. To make fire in the forest
Major causes of wildlife extinction are well-documented and include loss of natural habitat (due to deforestation, urbanization, agriculture, etc.), illegal commercial trade of wildlife (poaching and illegal hunting), and fast pace of human population growth (which drives demand for resources and leads to the other major causes). While deliberately setting fires in the forest (e.g., for jhum cultivation or clearing land) can cause significant habitat loss and directly harm wildlife, "to make fire in the forest" is not typically listed as a standalone major cause of extinction in the same category as habitat loss, poaching, or invasive species, although it is a contributing factor often linked to habitat destruction or degradation.
TRAFFIC, an organization, established in 1976, works in which field?
Asked in: Assistant Auditor (Direct) 2021
1. In the field of life-saving drugs
2. In the field of international espionage
3. In the field of wildlife trade conservation
4. In the field of contraband goods
Show answer
Answer: C. In the field of wildlife trade conservation
TRAFFIC is dedicated to the conservation of wildlife trade, monitoring and advocating for sustainable and legal trade practices.

Wildlife Protection Act (WPA), 1972 and its amendments

With reference to the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, consider the following statements:
Asked in: PPSC CS Prelims 2018
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
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Answer: D. Neither 1 nor 2
It was formed in order to fulfil India's international obligation under the Convention on Biological Diversity. As per the law only a part of the wild animal is considered as a wildlife trophy. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ? - The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 was enacted in India much before the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which was adopted in 1992. Therefore, the WPA could not have been formed in order to fulfil India's international obligation under the CBD. It reflects India's commitment to wildlife conservation but predates the specific CBD obligation. Thus, statement 1 is incorrect. - As per Section 2(31) of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, a "trophy" is defined as "the whole or any part of any captive animal or wild animal... which has been kept, preserved or prepared...". This definition includes both the whole animal or any part thereof. Statement 2, which claims only a part is considered a wildlife trophy, is incorrect.
The steps adopted in the long term conservation strategy of wild life is/are (i) Hunting should be strictly prohibited in the nation parks, sanctuaries, biosphere reserves (ii) More national parks and wild life sanctuaries should be established (iii) Captive breeding of wildlife should not be encouraged
Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2022
1. (i) only
2. (ii) and (iii) only
3. (i) and (ii) only
4. (i) and (iii) only
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Answer: C. (i) and (ii) only
Long-term wildlife conservation involves habitat protection, preventing direct threats like hunting, and active management strategies like captive breeding for vulnerable species.
Arrange the following events in chronological order of their commencement and select correct answer from the codes given below: Wild Life (Protection) Act Biological Diversity Act Project Tiger Project Elephant Codes:
Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2019
1. I, II, III, IV
2. I, III, IV, II
3. II, III, IV, I
4. II, III, I, IV
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Answer: B. I, III, IV, II
The chronological order is: I. Wild Life (Protection) Act (1972) III. Project Tiger (1973) IV. Project Elephant (1992) II. Biological Diversity Act (2002)
Arrange the following events in chronological order of their commencement: I. Project Tiger II. Project Elephant III. Wildlife Protect Act IV. Biological Diversity Act Select the correct answer using the codes given below
Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2020
1. I, II, III, IV
2. II, I, IV, III
3. III, I, II, IV
4. III, IV, I, II
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Answer: C. III, I, II, IV
Let's establish the commencement dates for each: III. Wildlife Protection Act: Enacted in 1972. I. Project Tiger: Launched in 1973. II. Project Elephant: Launched in 1992. IV. Biological Diversity Act: Enacted in 2002. Arranging them in chronological order gives: 1972 (III), 1973 (I), 1992 (II), 2002 (IV).
With reference to ‘dugong', a mammal found in India, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. It is a herbivorous marine animal. 2. It is found along the entire coast of India. 3. It is given legal protection under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Asked in: UPSC IAS 2015
1. 1 and 2
2. 2 only
3. 1 and 3
4. 3 only
Show answer
Answer: C. 1 and 3
Dugongs, often called 'sea cows', are exclusively herbivorous, feeding on seagrass beds. They are highly vulnerable and are listed under Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, affording them maximum protection.
According to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, which of the following animals cannot be hunted by any person except under some provisions provided by law ? Gharial Indian wild ass Wild buffalo Select the correct answer using the code given below :
Asked in: UPSC IAS 2017
1. 1 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 3 only
4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: D. 1, 2 and 3
- The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, prohibits the hunting of animals listed in Schedule I and Part II of Schedule II. - Hunting of animals in Schedule I is completely prohibited unless it falls under very specific exceptions defined in Section 11 (like animals dangerous to human life or property, or disabled/diseased beyond recovery), which require permission from the Chief Wild Life Warden. - Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) is listed in Schedule I. - Indian wild ass (Equus hemionus khur) is listed in Schedule I. - Wild buffalo (Bubalus arnee) is listed in Schedule I.
In India, if a species of tortoise is declared protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, what does it imply ?
Asked in: UPSC IAS 2017
1. It enjoys the same level of protection as the ti‐ ger.
2. It no longer exists in the wild, a few individu‐ als are under captive protection; and now it is impossible to prevent its extinction.
3. It is endemic to a particular region of India.
4. Both (b) and (c) stated above are correct in this context.
Show answer
Answer: A. It enjoys the same level of protection as the ti‐ ger.
The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, provides for the protection of India's wildlife. Schedule I lists species that are granted absolute protection and prohibits hunting them. The penalties for offenses related to these species are the highest. The tiger is also listed under Schedule I. Therefore, a species of tortoise declared protected under Schedule I enjoys the same level of absolute protection as the tiger.

Biodiversity: Types, importance, and threats to wildlife

Deforestation, forest degradation, and desertification

Forest conservation policies, acts, and rules (e.g., Forest Conservation Act, Indian Forest Act)

Forest functions and ecosystem services

Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006

Forest Survey of India (FSI) reports and forest cover assessment

Forest types and distribution in India

International conventions and agreements related to forest and wildlife conservation (e.g., CITES, CBD)

Joint Forest Management (JFM) and community participation in conservation

Key wildlife conservation projects and programs (e.g., Project Tiger, Project Elephant)

Protected Area Network in India: National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, Conservation Reserves, Community Reserves, Tiger Reserves

Reserves, Tiger Reserves

Role of various organizations in forest and wildlife conservation (e.g., FSI, WII, NTCA, IUCN)

Threats to wildlife: Poaching, illegal wildlife trade, habitat loss, invasive species, climate change impacts

Wildlife Protection Act (WPA), 1972 and its amendments

7. Sanctuary/Biosphere Reserve

Practice MCQs: Forest and Wildlife

Biodiversity: Types, importance, and threats to wildlife

Deforestation, forest degradation, and desertification

Forest conservation policies, acts, and rules (e.g., Forest Conservation Act, Indian Forest Act)

Forest functions and ecosystem services

Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006

Forest Survey of India (FSI) reports and forest cover assessment

Forest types and distribution in India

International conventions and agreements related to forest and wildlife conservation (e.g., CITES, CBD)

Joint Forest Management (JFM) and community participation in conservation

Key wildlife conservation projects and programs (e.g., Project Tiger, Project Elephant)

Protected Area Network in India: National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, Conservation Reserves, Community Reserves, Tiger Reserves

Role of various organizations in forest and wildlife conservation (e.g., FSI, WII, NTCA, IUCN)

Threats to wildlife: Poaching, illegal wildlife trade, habitat loss, invasive species, climate change impacts

Wildlife Protection Act (WPA), 1972 and its amendments

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