Sanctuary/Biosphere Reserve is part of Environment and Ecology. Below are notes on 9 sub-topics, followed by practice MCQs from State PSC and UPSC papers.

Conservation Significance and Ecosystem Services provided by Protected Areas

  • India's total protected area covers approx. 5.03% of its geographical area.
  • Ramsar Convention:
    • CEPA stands for Communication, Education, Participation and Awareness.
    • India currently has 75 Ramsar Sites (as of August 2022, so "more than 75" for 2023 context is accurate).
    • First Indian Ramsar Sites (1981): Chilika Lake (Odisha) and Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan).
    • Montreux Record: A register of Ramsar sites where ecological character has changed, is changing, or is likely to change due to human interference.
      • Current Indian Sites: Keoladeo National Park, Loktak Lake.
      • Removed from Record: Chilika Lake (in 2002, due to successful conservation).
    • Specific Ramsar Sites & Features:
      • Bhitarkanika NP (Odisha): Second largest mangrove system in India; recognized Ramsar site; major nesting ground for Olive Ridley turtles.
      • Chilika Lake (Odisha): First Indian Ramsar site; habitat for Irrawaddy dolphins. danger to human life or property is not sufficient ground for its capture or killing. It must actually pose such a danger, as determined by a competent authority.
    • Protected Areas: WPA provides for the creation of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries.
    • Eco-sensitive Zones (ESZs): Declared around Protected Areas (NPs, WLS) as buffer zones or shock absorbers, primarily under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, but serve WPA's objectives.
      • Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan): Protected waterfowl habitat; Ramsar site; in Montreux Record.
      • Sundarban Wetland (West Bengal): Declared Ramsar site in 2019.
      • Tso Moriri Wetland (Ladakh): Habitat and breeding ground for Black-necked Crane.
      • Nalsarovar Wetland (Gujarat): Known for migratory birds (not Indian Wild Ass).
  • National Parks & Sanctuaries:
    • Kanha National Park (Madhya Pradesh): Known for successful conservation of hard-ground swamp deer (Barasingha).
    • Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve (Andhra Pradesh/Telangana): Largest tiger reserve in India by core/ critical tiger habitat area.
    • Ranthambhore National Park (Rajasthan): Famous for Tigers.
    • Periyar National Park (Kerala): Famous for Elephants. (Not a Marine Protected Area).
    • Gir National Park (Gujarat): Famous for Asiatic Lions.
    • Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (Assam): UNESCO World Heritage Site; known for diverse wildlife including Pygmy Hog, Golden Langur, Red Panda, and Tiger (not primarily Lion).
    • Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (Tamil Nadu/Kerala/Karnataka): Key faunal species is Lion-tailed macaque.
    • Keibul Lamjao National Park (Manipur): Unique floating vegetation ("Phumdis") on Loktak Lake; habitat for Sangai (brow-antlered deer).
    • National Chambal Sanctuary (Madhya Pradesh/Rajasthan/Uttar Pradesh): Best place to see Gharials in natural habitat.
    • Valley of Flowers National Park (Uttarakhand): Lies completely in the temperate alpine zone.
    • Desert National Park (Rajasthan): Spread over Jaisalmer and Barmer districts; natural habitat for Great Indian Bustard; includes human habitations.
    • Musk Deer Habitats: Askot Wildlife Sanctuary and Gangotri National Park (Uttarakhand).
    • Dudhwa National Park (Uttar Pradesh): Also a Tiger Reserve.
    • Nokrek Biosphere Reserve (Meghalaya).
  • UNESCO World Heritage Sites (Natural) in India:
    • Kaziranga National Park
    • Sundarbans National Park
    • Keoladeo National Park
    • Manas Wildlife Sanctuary
    • Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks
    • Khangchendzonga National Park (Mixed Site)
    • Note: Bandipur National Park is NOT a standalone World Heritage Site.
  • Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in India: Bhitarkanika, Malvan Marine, Coringa.
  • Conservation Initiatives/Highlights:
    • Nagpur: Promoted as "Tiger Capital" due to proximity to multiple tiger reserves and tourism infrastructure.
    • Operation Olivia: Indian Coast Guard initiative to protect Olive Ridley turtles along the Odisha coast; conducted during nesting season (Nov-May).
    • Aravalli Biodiversity Park (Gurugram, Haryana): Declared India's first "Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures" (OECM) site by IUCN in 2022.

Definition and Objectives of Biosphere Reserves

  • Biosphere Reserves (BRs) are protected areas for in-situ conservation of biodiversity (plants, animals, microorganisms) and genetic integrity.
  • Concept initiated by UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme in 1973-74.
  • Each BR has three zones: Core (strictly protected), Buffer (research, education, tourism), Transition (local community participation, sustainable use).
  • Objectives: Conservation (biodiversity, ecosystems), Development (sustainable resource use), Logistic Support (research, education, monitoring).
  • India has 18 designated Biosphere Reserves.
  • 12 of these 18 Indian BRs are currently part of UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves.
  • Key Indian Biosphere Reserves & Facts:
    • Nilgiri (1986): First BR in India. Spread across Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu. Included in World Network.
    • Nanda Devi (1988): Uttarakhand. UNESCO World Heritage Site. Included in World Network.
    • Nokrek (1988): Meghalaya. Habitat for Red Panda. Included in World Network.
    • Great Nicobar (1989): Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Included in World Network.
    • Gulf of Mannar (1989): Tamil Nadu. World's richest marine biodiversity region (21 islands, estuaries, beaches, seagrasses, coral reefs, salt marshes, mangroves). Included in World Network.
    • Sundarbans (1989): West Bengal. Type: Gangetic Delta. UNESCO World Heritage Site & Ramsar Site. Included in World Network.
    • Manas (1989): Assam. Type: East Himalayas. Included in World Network.
    • Simlipal (1994): Odisha. Type: Deccan Peninsula. Included in World Network.
    • Dehang-Debang (1998): Arunachal Pradesh.
    • Pachmarhi (1999): Madhya Pradesh. Included in World Network. (Larger area than Khangchendzonga, Panna, Nanda Devi, Agasthyamalai in comparative context).
    • Khangchendzonga (2000): Sikkim. Habitat for Red Panda. Included in World Network.
    • Agasthyamalai (2001): Kerala & Tamil Nadu. Fauna: Great Pied Hornbill, Slender Loris. Includes Neyyar, Peppara, Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuaries & Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve. Included in World Network.
    • Achanakmar-Amarkantak (2005): Madhya Pradesh & Chhattisgarh. Included in World Network.
    • Great Rann of Kutch (2008): Gujarat. Largest BR in India by area. Known for Indian Wild Ass.
    • Cold Desert (2009): Himachal Pradesh. Type: Western Himalayas.
    • Seshachalam Hills (2010): Andhra Pradesh.
    • Panna (2011): Madhya Pradesh. Newest BR designated in India. Included in World Network.
  • Related Concepts:
    • Ramsar Site: Wetland site of international importance, designated under Ramsar Convention (Iran, 1971). Not equivalent to a Biosphere Reserve. Sundarbans is a Ramsar site.
    • UNESCO World Heritage Site: Site of outstanding universal value. Nanda Devi BR, Sundarbans BR, and Great Himalayan National Park (Himachal Pradesh) are examples in India. Not all BRs are WH sites, nor vice-versa.
    • India is divided into ten biogeographic zones and 36 biotic Provinces.

Definition and Objectives of Wildlife Sanctuaries

  • Definition: Wildlife Sanctuaries (WLS) are protected areas established for the conservation of wild animals and their environment.
  • Objectives: To protect specific wild animal species, their habitats, and associated flora, allowing limited human activities.
  • In-situ Conservation: Wildlife Sanctuaries, National Parks, and Biosphere Reserves are forms of in-situ (on-site) conservation. Botanical gardens are ex-situ (off-site).
  • Protection Levels:
    • National Parks (NP): Provide protection to the entire ecosystem (flora, fauna, landscape). Local people are generally not allowed to collect and use biomass.
    • Wildlife Sanctuaries (WLS): Protect specific species. Limited human activities, such as collection of minor forest produce, may be permitted.
  • First/Oldest National Park (India): Jim Corbett National Park (Uttarakhand), established in 1936 (formerly Hailey National Park).
  • Largest Tiger Reserve (India): Nagarjunsagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve (Andhra Pradesh/ Telangana).
  • Tiger Reserves & Locations:
    • Periyar: Kerala
    • Sariska: Rajasthan
    • Buxa: West Bengal
    • Indravati: Chhattisgarh
    • Nameri: Assam (North-East India)
    • Manas: Assam (North-East India, known for Pygmy Hog)
    • Mukundra Hills: Rajasthan
    • Ramgarh Vishdhari: Rajasthan
    • Kawal: Telangana
    • Bhadra: Karnataka
    • Kamlang: Arunachal Pradesh
    • Valmiki: Bihar
    • Dampa: Mizoram
    • Namdapha: Arunachal Pradesh
    • Rajaji: Uttarakhand (recently declared Tiger Reserve)
    • Ranthambore: Rajasthan
    • Dudhwa: Uttar Pradesh
    • Kanha: Madhya Pradesh (famous for Tiger and Barasingha; 'Bhoor Singh The Barasingha' is its mascot; located in Tropical monsoon forest biogeographical region)
    • Bandipur: Karnataka
    • Simlipal: Odisha
    • Guru Ghasidas - Tamor Pingla: Chhattisgarh (54th Tiger Reserve of India)
    • Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (Uttar Pradesh): Received TX2 Award for doubling tiger numbers.
  • National Parks & Key Features:
    • Ntangki National Park (Nagaland): Site for release of Asian Giant Tortoises.
    • Guindy National Park (Tamil Nadu): Known for Blackbuck, Spotted Deer, Jackal.
    • Jaldapara National Park (West Bengal): Famous for Indian Rhinoceros. Declared NP in 2014.
    • Rann of Kutch Wild Ass Sanctuary (Gujarat): Famous for Wild Ass.
    • Keibul Lamjao National Park (Manipur): World's only floating NP, located in Loktak Lake, famous for Sangai deer.
    • Velavadar Blackbuck National Park (Gujarat): Established 1976, famous for Blackbuck.
    • Gir National Park (Gujarat): Established 1965, famous for Asiatic Lion.
    • Kaziranga National Park (Assam): Famous for One-horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), also tigers.
    • Great Himalayan National Park (Himachal Pradesh): UNESCO World Heritage Site.
    • Dachigam National Park (Jammu & Kashmir): Famous for Hangul or Kashmir Stag.
    • Rani Jhansi Maritime National Park (Andaman & Nicobar Islands): Founded 1993.
    • Corbett National Park: Water from Ramganga River.
    • Eravikulam National Park (Kerala): Famous for Nilgiri Tahr ('Cloud Goats').
    • Kanger Ghati National Park: Chhattisgarh.
    • Nagerhole National Park: Karnataka.
    • Sultanpur National Park: Haryana.
    • Betla National Park: Jharkhand.
  • Wildlife Sanctuaries & Key Features:
    • Balukhanda-Konark Wildlife Sanctuary (Odisha): Known for Blackbuck.
    • Keoladeo National Park / Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary (Rajasthan): Major birding site.
    • Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary (Karnataka): Dedicated to Sloth Bears.
    • Ranebennur Blackbuck Sanctuary (Karnataka): Dedicated to Blackbuck.
    • Rangayyanadurga (Karnataka): Known for Four-horned Antelope.
    • Yadahalli (Karnataka): Known for Chinkara.
    • Timlapura (Karnataka): Approved site for 'Wolf Sanctuary'.
    • Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh, TransGanga area): India's first Blackbuck conservation reserve.
    • Bundelkhand (Madhya Pradesh): Vulture Safe Zone (VSZ) by Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS).
    • Anaimalai Wildlife Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu).
    • Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu).
    • Mundanthurai Wildlife Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu).
    • Govind Wildlife Sanctuary: Established 1955.
    • Valley of Flowers National Park: Established 1982.
    • Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary: Established 1972.
    • Askote Wildlife Sanctuary: Established 1986.
    • Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary: West Bengal.
    • Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary: Kerala.
    • Satyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary: Tamil Nadu.
    • Lakhari Valley Wildlife Sanctuary: Odisha.
    • Mukambika Wildlife Sanctuary: Karnataka.
    • Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary: Jharkhand (known for Wild elephants).
    • Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary: Kerala.
    • Kotigaon Wildlife Sanctuary: Goa.
    • Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary: Kerala.
    • Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary (Odisha): Famous for Olive ridley turtles.
    • Barren Island Wildlife Sanctuary: Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
    • Hazaribagh National Park (Jharkhand): Primarily known for general wildlife and birds, not specifically tigers.
  • Protected Area Numbers (as per 2018 data):
    • National Parks: 103
    • Wildlife Sanctuaries: 544
    • Conservation Reserves: 76
    • Community Reserves: 46
  • States/UTs with Highest Number of Protected Areas:
    • Maximum National Parks: Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
    • Largest number of Wildlife Sanctuaries: Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
    • Maximum number of Tiger Reserves: Madhya Pradesh.
  • Ramsar Sites (Wetlands of International Importance) & Locations:
    • Total Ramsar sites in India till August 15, 2022: 75.
    • Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary: Gujarat (recently declared Ramsar Site).
    • Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary: Haryana (Ramsar site, birding site).
    • Sultanpur National Park: Haryana (Ramsar site, birding site).
    • Thol Lake Wildlife Sanctuary: Gujarat (Ramsar site, birding site, man-made wetland).
    • Wadhwana Wetland: Gujarat (Ramsar site, birding site, man-made wetland).
    • Kolleru Lake: Andhra Pradesh.
    • Satkosia Gorge: Odisha.
    • Kanjli Lake: Punjab.
    • Pala Wetland: Mizoram.
    • Rudrasagar Lake: Tripura.
    • Harike Lake: Punjab.
    • Deepor Beel Lake: Assam.
    • Vembanad Wetland: Kerala.
    • Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary: Uttar Pradesh.
    • Tso Kar Wetland Complex: Ladakh.
    • Sasthamkotta Lake: Kerala.
    • Lonar Lake: Maharashtra.
    • Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary: Tamil Nadu.
    • Kabartal Wetland: Bihar.
    • Ashtamudi Wetland: Kerala.
    • Sur Sarovar (Keetham Lake): Uttar Pradesh.
    • Samaspur Bird Sanctuary: Uttar Pradesh.
    • Sarsai Nawar Jheel: Uttar Pradesh.
    • Surinsar-Mansar Lakes: Jammu & Kashmir (not Uttar Pradesh).
  • Akal Wood Fossil Park: Part of Desert National Park (Rajasthan).
  • Nokrek National Park: Meghalaya (also a Biosphere Reserve).

Key Differences between Wildlife Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves

  • Wildlife Sanctuary (WS):
  • Purpose: Primarily to protect specific animal/ plant species or particular habitats.
  • Size: Generally smaller, focused on specific conservation needs.
  • Zonation: No formal zonation (core, buffer, transition zones).
  • Human Activities: Limited human activities like grazing or regulated collection of minor forest produce (MFP) by local communities may be allowed if not detrimental to wildlife; less stringent than National Parks.
  • Legal Basis: Declared by State Government under Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
  • Conservation Focus: Species or habitatspecific conservation.
  • International Recognition: Primarily a national designation.
  • Biosphere Reserve (BR):
  • Purpose: Conserve genetic diversity of ecosystems (plants, animals, microorganisms), promote sustainable development, research, and education. Holistic approach.
  • Size: Much larger, often encompassing multiple National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and human habitations.
  • Zonation: Three distinct zones:
    • Core Zone: Strictly protected, no human intervention or biomass collection allowed (similar to a National Park).
    • Buffer Zone: Surrounds core; limited human activity, research, education, tourism, and sustainable resource use allowed.
    • Transition Zone: Outermost zone; active cooperation with local communities for sustainable development, settlements, agriculture, forestry, and recreation are permitted.
  • Human Activities: Prohibited in the Core Zone. Regulated and sustainable use (including biomass collection) is permitted in Buffer and Transition Zones, involving local communities.
  • Legal Basis: Designated by Central Government (MoEF&CC) under UNESCO's Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme. Protected by national laws.
  • Conservation Focus: Ecosystem-oriented conservation, integrating cultural landscapes and human interaction with nature.
  • International Recognition: Can be part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves.
  • Community Reserves (CRs) under Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (WPA):
    • Established by State Government in community-owned areas, requiring local willingness and participation.
    • Receive same legal protection as National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries.
    • Hunting is strictly prohibited in these areas.
    • Local people are permitted to collect non-timber forest produce (NTFP).
    • Managed by a Community Reserve Management Committee, not solely by the Chief Wildlife Warden of the State.
    • Not established under the Environment Protection Act, 1986.
  • Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs):
    • Not declared under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. (Declared under the Environment Protection Act, 1986).
    • Purpose (as per MCQ context): To prohibit all kinds of human activities in these zones, with agriculture being an exception.
    • Prohibited activities include setting up new saw mills.
    • New commercial construction is generally restricted (e.g., within 1 km from the protected area boundary or up to the extent of the ESZ, whichever is nearer).
    • The National Board of Wildlife (NBWL) is empowered to permit certain prohibited activities within an ESZ.

Management Strategies and Challenges in Protected Area Management

  • Kuno National Park is the designated site for cheetah reintroduction in India (cheetahs from Namibia/African cheetahs).
  • Supreme Court mandated a minimum 1 km Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ) around protected forests, national parks, and wildlife sanctuaries.
  • Kanha Tiger Reserve has 'Bhoorsingh the Barasingha' as its official mascot.
  • Asan Conservation Reserve is located in Uttarakhand.
  • Raimona was declared a National Park in India on World Environment Day, 2021.
  • Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary (now Kuno National Park) was proposed for the translocation of lions from Gujarat.
  • Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve has the largest area under "Critical Tiger Habitat".
  • Costa Rica is recognized for having one of the finest systems of protected lands in the world.

UNESCO's Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme and its criteria for Biosphere Reserves

  • UNESCO's Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme:
  • Launched by UNESCO in 1971.
  • Aims to establish a scientific basis for improving relationships between people and their environments, promoting sustainable development.
  • Biosphere Reserves (BRs):
  • Designated under the MAB Programme to reconcile biodiversity conservation and sustainable use through international scientific cooperation.
  • Nominated by national governments and designated by UNESCO's MAB International Co-ordinating Council.
  • Each BR has three interconnected zones:
    • Core Area: Strictly protected, undisturbed ecosystem, legal protection, minimal human activity.
    • Buffer Zone: Surrounds or adjoins the core area; activities compatible with conservation objectives, e.g., environmental education, recreation, research.
    • Transition Area: Outermost zone; cooperation with local communities, sustainable resource management, human settlements, experimental research, tourism.
  • World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR):
  • Global network of sites recognized by UNESCO for demonstrating sustainable development approaches.
  • As of 2023, India has 18 Biosphere Reserves, of which 12 are included in the WNBR.
  • 12 Indian Biosphere Reserves in WNBR (with inclusion years): Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (2000) 1. Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve 2. (2001) Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve (2001) 3. Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (2004) 4. Nokrek Biosphere Reserve (2009) 5. Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve (2009) 6. Simlipal Biosphere Reserve (2009) 7. Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere 8. Reserve (2012) Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve 9. (2013) Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve 10. (2016) Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve 11. (2018) - 11th from India to WNBR; also a UNESCO Mixed World Heritage Site (2016). Panna Biosphere Reserve (2020) 12. 12th from India to WNBR; includes Panna Tiger Reserve.
  • Other notable Indian Biosphere Reserves (not in WNBR):
    • Manas Biosphere Reserve
    • Great Rann of Kutch Biosphere Reserve (Gujarat)
    • Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve
  • Indian National Parks/Wildlife Sanctuaries declared as UNESCO World Heritage Sites (WHS):
    • Kaziranga National Park (WHS Natural, 1985)
    • Keoladeo National Park (WHS Natural, 1985)
    • Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (WHS Natural, 1985)
    • Sundarbans National Park (WHS Natural, 1987)
    • Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks (WHS - Natural, 1988, 2005) - part of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve.
    • Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area (WHS - Natural, 2014)
    • Khangchendzonga National Park (WHS - Mixed, 2016) - part of Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve.

Wildlife Corridors and their Importance for Ecological Connectivity

  • Wildlife Corridors: Linear habitats or pathways that connect two or more larger areas of wildlife habitat, allowing animal movement between them.
  • Importance: Facilitate gene flow (prevent inbreeding), enable species dispersal, allow migration, aid adaptation to climate change, prevent habitat fragmentation, and reduce human-wildlife conflict by guiding movement. Essential for ecological connectivity.
  • Ecological Connectivity: The unimpeded movement of species and flow of natural processes that sustain life on Earth. Corridors are critical for maintaining this.
  • Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve (Tamil Nadu): A crucial wildlife corridor linking the Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats, allowing movement of species like elephants and tigers between the two mountain ranges.

Zonation in Biosphere Reserves: Core, Buffer, and Transition Zones

  • Biosphere Reserves are demarcated into three distinct zones: Core Zone, Buffer Zone, and Transition Zone.
  • Core Zone:
    • Strictly protected, undisturbed natural area.
    • No human activity allowed, except for non-manipulative research and monitoring.
    • Aims to preserve biodiversity, endemic species, and genetic resources in their natural state.

8. Non-Conventional Energy

Practice MCQs: Sanctuary/Biosphere Reserve

Conservation Significance and Ecosystem Services provided by Protected Areas

  1. According to a recent report by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, how much of India's total geographic area is covered as protected areas?

    Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2021

    1. About 5%
    2. About 7%
    3. About 10%
    4. About 15%
    Show answer

    Answer: A. About 5%

    - Protected Areas (PAs) in India include National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Conservation Reserves, and Community Reserves. - As of recent years (e.g., reports around 2020-2021), the total area covered by these categories is slightly over 5% of India's total geographical area. For instance, data often the exact count and declared area at the time of the report. - The given option "About 5%" is the closest and most accurate representation among the choices.

  2. The Ramsar Convention Secretariat undertakes a programme, CEPA, which stands for _____.

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2021

    1. Communication, Environment, Participation and Awareness
    2. Communication, Education, Participation and Awareness
    3. Communication, Education, Pollution and Awareness
    4. Communication, Environment, Protection and Awareness
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Communication, Education, Participation and Awareness

    CEPA stands for Communication, Education, Participation and Awareness. It is a programme under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands that aims to enable people to become champions for wetlands and their wise use. It promotes public awareness and participation in wetland conservation.

  3. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding Bhitarkanika National Park? 1. It is the second largest mangrove system in India. 2. It is recognized under the Ramsar Convention. 3. Olive Ridley turtles migrate to lay eggs on the beaches of this area.

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2022

    1. 1, 2 and 3
    2. 1 and 2 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 2 and 3 only
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1, 2 and 3

    Bhitarkanika is a significant coastal ecosystem known for mangroves, its Ramsar status, and being a vital nesting ground for Olive Ridley turtles.

  4. रामसर सम्मेलिन के अन्तगर्मात, भिारत में आġर्माभिूͧम क्षेत्रों की संख्या ͩकतनी है ?

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2016

    1. 35
    2. 21
    3. 26
    4. 39
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 26

    - India is a signatory to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. - The number of Ramsar sites in India has increased over time.

  5. One of the better achievements of Kanha National Park is :

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2016

    1. Conservation of tiger from near extinction
    2. Conservation of swamp deer from near extinc‐ tion
    3. Conservation of Gaur from near extinction
    4. Conservation of bison from near extinction
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Conservation of swamp deer from near extinc‐ tion

    Kanha National Park is particularly renowned for its significant conservation success in protecting the hardground swamp deer (Rucervus duvaucelii branderi), a subspecies found only in Kanha. The population was once critically low, but through dedicated efforts within the park, their numbers have significantly increased.

  6. Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched ? (National Park) : (Famous for) 1. Ranthambhore : Tiger 2. Periyar : Elephant 3. Manas : Lion 4. Gir : Rhinoceros Select the correct answer using the code given below :

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 1 2016

    1. 1, 2 and 3 only
    2. 1 and 2 only
    3. 1 and 4 only
    4. 2 only
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 1 and 2 only

    - Pair 1 (Ranthambhore : Tiger) is correctly matched. Ranthambhore National Park in Rajasthan is renowned for its tiger population and conservation efforts. - Pair 2 (Periyar : Elephant) is correctly matched. Periyar National Park in Kerala is famous for its elephant reserve and tiger reserve. - Pair 3 (Manas : Lion) is incorrectly matched. Manas National Park in Assam is known for tigers, pygmy hogs, elephants, and rhinos, but not lions. Asiatic Lions are primarily found in Gir National Park. - Pair 4 (Gir : Rhinoceros) is incorrectly matched. Gir National Park in Gujarat is famous as the last refuge of the Asiatic Lion. Rhinoceroses (especially the Indian single-horned rhino) are found in parks like Kaziranga and Manas in Assam.

  7. Which one among the following is the largest tiger reserve of India in terms of area of the core/critical tiger habitat ?

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 1 2018

    1. Manas
    2. Pakke
    3. Nagarjunasagar Srisailam
    4. Periyar
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Nagarjunasagar Srisailam

    Tiger reserves in India are categorized into core/ critical tiger habitat and buffer areas. The core area is legally protected and managed for tiger conservation, free from human activities.

  8. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists: List I List II (Forest Conservation Type) (Place)

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 2 2015

    1. National Park 1. Dudhwa
    2. Sanctuary 2. Bhitarkanika
    3. Biosphere Reserve 3. Chilika
    4. Tiger Reserve 4. Nokrek A. 2 3 4 1 B. 1 4 3 2 C. 2 4 3 1 D. 1 3 4 2
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Tiger Reserve 4. Nokrek A. 2 3 4 1 B. 1 4 3 2 C. 2 4 3 1 D. 1 3 4 2

    Matching specific protected areas in India with their designated conservation status (National Park, Sanctuary, Biosphere Reserve, Tiger Reserve).

  9. How many Ramsar conservation sites have been enlisted from India so far ?

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 2 2019

    1. 12
    2. 16
    3. 27
    4. 62
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 27

    - Number of Ramsar sites in India has increased over time. - 27 was the number for a long period (approx. 2005-2019). - Recent additions in 2020-2022 have increased the count to 75 (as of August 2022). - Based on the options, 27 is the most likely intended answer from an exam prior to 2020.

  10. 'Lion-tailed macaque' is the key faunal species of which Biosphere Reserve ?

    Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2016

    1. Nilgiri
    2. Dehang-Debang
    3. Dibru-Saikhowa
    4. Nokrek
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Nilgiri

    - The Lion-tailed macaque is easily identifiable by the silver-white mane surrounding its face and the tuft at the end of its tail. - It is primarily an arboreal species found in the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats. - It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List due to habitat loss and fragmentation.

  11. Which of the following in India is enlisted in the 'Montreux Record' ?

    Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2018

    1. Keoladeo National Park
    2. Chilika Lake
    3. Ashtamudi Wetland
    4. Hokera Wetland
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Keoladeo National Park

    The Montreux Record lists Ramsar sites facing ecological threats. In India, Keoladeo National Park and Loktak Lake are on this record.

Definition and Objectives of Biosphere Reserves

  1. Which one of the following is the world's richest region from a marine biodiversity perspective, comprising 21 islands with estuaries, beaches, forests of the nearshore environment, seagrasses, coral reefs, salt marshes and mangroves?

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 68th

    1. Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve
    2. Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve
    3. Sunderbans Biosphere Reserve
    4. More than one of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve

    BPSC Prelims Exam-69th The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve is located off the southeastern coast of India and includes 21 islands situated between India and Sri Lanka. It is globally recognized for its rich marine biodiversity, including endangered species like the dugong.

  2. Which one of the following is not a biosphere reserve of India?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2017 · School Lecturer (Sanskrit Edu.) 2022 3 2022

    1. Agasthyamalai
    2. Nokrek
    3. Great Nicobar
    4. Great Himalayan
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Great Himalayan

    - Agasthyamalai is an officially designated Biosphere Reserve located in the Western Ghats (Kerala and Tamil Nadu). - Nokrek is an officially designated Biosphere Reserve located in the state of Meghalaya. - Great Nicobar is an officially designated Biosphere Reserve located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. - Great Himalayan National Park is a National Park and a UNESCO World Heritage Site (recognized for its natural beauty and biodiversity, particularly alpine flora and fauna), located in Himachal Pradesh. While it is a protected area of high ecological significance, it is not listed among the 18 officially recognized Biosphere Reserves of India under the MAB Programme.

  3. Which one of the following biosphere reserves is spread over three States in India?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2024

    1. Nilgiri
    2. Achanakmar-Amarkantak
    3. Seshachalam
    4. Agasthyamalai
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Nilgiri

    The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is a large and ecologically diverse region that spans across three Indian states: Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka. Other biosphere reserves like Achanakmar-Amarkantak are spread over two states (Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh), while Seshachalam is within a single state (Andhra Pradesh), and Agasthyamalai is over two states (Kerala and Tamil Nadu).

  4. Which one of the following biosphere reserves comprises islands with estuaries, beaches, coral reefs, salt marshes and mangroves ?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2021

    1. Sunderban biosphere reserve
    2. Gulf of Mannar biosphere reserve
    3. Nilgiri biosphere reserve
    4. Nandadevi biosphere reserve
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Gulf of Mannar biosphere reserve

    The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve is located in the southeastern tip of India and encompasses a chain of 21 islands, coral reefs, estuaries, seagrass beds, and mangroves along the coastline. It is one of the most ecologically sensitive regions in India.

  5. Arrange the following biosphere reserves in decreasing order of their geographical area :

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2022

    1. Panchmar‐ hi>Khangchendzonga>Panna>Nanda Devi>Agasthyamalai
    2. Nanda Devi>Panchmar‐ hi>Panna>Agasthyamalai>Khangchendzonga
    3. Panchmarhi>Nanda Devi>Agas‐ thyamalai>Panna>Khangchendzonga
    4. Nanda Devi>Panchmar‐ hi>Agasthyamalai>Panna>Khangchendzonga
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Nanda Devi>Panchmar‐ hi>Agasthyamalai>Panna>Khangchendzonga

    Approximate areas of the biosphere reserves are: Nanda Devi (Uttarakhand) ~ 5860 sq km, Panchmarhi (Madhya Pradesh) ~ 4981 sq km, Agasthyamalai (Kerala/Tamil Nadu) ~ 3500 sq km, Panna (Madhya Pradesh) ~ 2964 sq km, Khangchendzonga (Sikkim) ~ 2619 sq km.

  6. Which of the following pairs is INCORRECTLY matched? Name of the Biosphere Re‐ Type serve (A) Manas East Himalayas (B) Sundarbans Gangetic Delta (C) Simlipal Deccan Peninsula Western Him‐ (D) Cold Desert alayas

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2021

    1. Manas - East Himalayas
    2. Sundarbans - Gangetic Delta
    3. Simlipal - Deccan Peninsula
    4. Cold Desert - Western Himalayas
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Cold Desert - Western Himalayas

    The Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve is located in parts of Himachal Pradesh, including Spiti Valley. This region falls under the Trans-Himalayan biogeographic zone, which is geologically and climatically distinct from the Western Himalayas (the main Himalayan ranges). The other pairs are correctly matched: Manas is in the East Himalayas, Sundarbans is in the Gangetic Delta, and Simlipal (in Odisha) is located in the Deccan Peninsula biogeographic zone.

  7. Match the following biosphere reserves with states, select the correct options: I. Nanda Devi – Uttarakhand II. Gulf of Mannar – Tamil Nadu III. Manas – Nagaland IV. Panna – Madhya Pradesh

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2023

    1. I and II
    2. I, II and III
    3. I, II and IV
    4. I, III and IV
    Show answer

    Answer: C. I, II and IV

    - I. Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve is located in Uttarakhand, surrounding the Nanda Devi Peak. - II. Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve is situated in the southern tip of India in Tamil Nadu. - III. Manas Biosphere Reserve is located in Assam, bordering Bhutan, and is known for its wildlife, including the tiger and elephant. It is not in Nagaland. - IV. Panna Biosphere Reserve is located in the Panna and Chhatarpur districts of Madhya Pradesh.

  8. How many Biosphere Reserves are there in India ?

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2014

    1. 12
    2. 18
    3. 26
    4. 32
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 18

    These Biosphere Reserves are internationally recognized areas established to promote and demonstrate a balanced relationship between humans and the biosphere.

  9. Given below are two statements : Statement I : Kutch Biosphere Reserve is known for Indian wild ass. Statement II : Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is famous for Red Panda. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2023

    1. Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
    2. Both Statement I and Statement II are incor‐ rect
    3. Statement I is correct and Statement II is in‐ correct
    4. Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Statement I is correct and Statement II is in‐ correct

    Statement I: The Kutch Biosphere Reserve, particularly the Wild Ass Sanctuary in the Little Rann of Kutch within the biosphere reserve, is indeed famous as the primary habitat for the Indian wild ass (Equus hemionus khur). Statement II: The Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) is found in the temperate forests of the Himalayas, primarily in Sikkim, West Bengal (Darjeeling region), Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, and Uttarakhand. It is not found in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, which is located in the Western Ghats and is home to species like the Nilgiri Tahr, Lion-tailed Macaque, and Indian elephant.

  10. Consider the following statements : (1) Simlipal biosphere reserve is in Tamil Nadu. (2) Panna biosphere reserve is in Madhya Pradesh. (3) Bhadrak mangroves pertain to Odisha. (4) Gulf of Kutch is the largest mangrove of India. Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2024

    1. (1) and (2) only
    2. (1) and (4) only
    3. (2) and (4) only
    4. (2) and (3) only
    Show answer

    Answer: D. (2) and (3) only

    Knowledge of the location of important Biosphere Reserves and mangrove areas in India is necessary.

  11. Biosphere Reserves have been established to conserve biodiversity and genetic integrity of plants, animals and microorganisms. Consider the following pairs: Biosphere Reserve State 1. Dehang-Debang : Arunachal Pradesh 2. Manas : Assam 3. Simlipal : Jharkhand 4. Agasthyamalai : Karnataka Which of the above pairs are correctly matched ?

    Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2014

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 1, 2 and 3 only
    3. 1, 2 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1 and 2 only

    Knowledge of the location of major Biosphere Reserves in India is required to answer this question.

Definition and Objectives of Wildlife Sanctuaries

  1. Match the following Tiger Reserves with their States (location): Tiger Reserves States a. Periyar I. Chhattisgarh b. Sariska II. Rajasthan c. Buxa III. West Bengal d. Indravati IV. Kerala Choose the correct answer using the codes given below :

    Asked in: APPSC Group 1 Prelims 2023

    1. a-I, b-II, c-III, d-IV
    2. a-IV, b-II, c-I, d-III
    3. a-IV, b-II, c-III, d-I
    4. a-IV, b-III, c-II, d-I
    Show answer

    Answer: C. a-IV, b-II, c-III, d-I

    Knowledge of the geographical location of important National Parks and Tiger Reserves in India is essential.

  2. Which one of the following wildlife sanctuaries of N.E India is related with Project Tiger?

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2001

    1. Dibru-Saikhowa Wildlife Sanctuary
    2. Nameri Wildlife Sanctuary
    3. Sonai-Rupai Wildlife Sanctuary
    4. Manas Wildlife Sanctuary
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Nameri Wildlife Sanctuary

    - Manas National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage site and a major Tiger Reserve located in Assam. - Nameri National Park (option B, includes Nameri Wildlife Sanctuary) is also a Tiger Reserve in Assam but was designated later (1999-2000). - Dibru-Saikhowa and Sonai-Rupai Wildlife Sanctuaries are not designated Tiger Reserves under Project Tiger.

  3. Ten captive-bred Asian Giant Tortoises (Manouria emys), one of the largest tortoise species in mainland Asia, were recently released into which National Park of India?

    Asked in: BPSC Prelims Exam 69th

    1. Ntangki National Park
    2. Periyar National Park
    3. Pench National Park
    4. Khangchendzonga National Park
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Ntangki National Park

    As part of conservation efforts, captive-bred Asian Giant Tortoises (Manouria emys phayrei) were released into the wild in Ntangki National Park, Nagaland. This species is critically endangered, and reintroduction programs like this are vital for their survival.

  4. Which of the following about Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary is/are correct ? 1. It is recently declared as a Ramsar Site (wetlands of international importance) 2. It is located in Uttar Pradesh Select the correct answer using the code given below :

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2022

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1 only

    Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary was declared a Ramsar site in February 2022. It is located in Jamnagar, Gujarat, not Uttar Pradesh.

  5. With reference to Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary, Sultanpur National Park, Thol Lake Wildlife Sanctuary and Wadhwana Wetland, which of the following statements is/are correct ? 1. All of them are Ramsar sites. 2. All of them are naturally formed wetlands. 3. All of them are birding sites. Select the correct answer using the code given below :

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2022

    1. 1 only
    2. 1 and 3
    3. 2 and 3
    4. 1, 2 and 3
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 1 and 3

    All four wetlands listed (Bhindawas, Sultanpur, Thol Lake, Wadhwana) were designated as Ramsar sites in 2021 (Bhindawas and Sultanpur in Haryana, Thol and Wadhwana in Gujarat). All are well- known birding sites attracting migratory birds. However, not all of them are naturally formed; Bhindawas, Thol Lake, and Wadhwana are artificial or significantly modified wetlands/reservoirs.

  6. Which one of the following is correct?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2016

    1. Guindy National Park is known for tiger re‐ serve.
    2. Namdapha National Park is meant for lion conservation.
    3. Jaldapara is a biosphere reserve.
    4. Rann of Kutch is a Wild Ass Sanctuary.
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Rann of Kutch is a Wild Ass Sanctuary.

    - Guindy National Park is located in Chennai and is known for various species including Blackbuck, but not primarily as a tiger reserve. - Namdapha National Park in Arunachal Pradesh is a Tiger Reserve known for biodiversity including four major cat species, but not primarily for lion conservation (which is the focus of Gir National Park). - Jaldapara National Park in West Bengal is famous for the Indian One-horned Rhinoceros and is a National Park, not listed as a Biosphere Reserve. - The Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary is located in the Little Rann of Kutch, Gujarat, specifically established for the conservation of the Indian Wild Ass (Equus hemionus khur).

  7. Which of the following is the Oldest National Park in India ?

    Asked in: CGPSC Prelims Exam 2019

    1. Kaziranga National Park
    2. Hemis National Park
    3. Rajaji National Park
    4. Jim Corbett National Park
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Jim Corbett National Park

    Established in 1936 as Hailey National Park to protect the Bengal tiger, it was later renamed Jim Corbett National Park.

  8. Which of the following pairs is/are not correctly matched? (Ramsar site) (State) 1. Kolleru lake Telangana 2. Satkosia gorge Odisha 3. Kanjli lake Punjab 4. Pala wetland Mizoram Select the answer using the code given below:

    Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2024

    1. 1 only
    2. 1 and 2
    3. 2 and 3
    4. 4 only
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1 only

    - Kolleru Lake is a large freshwater lake located between the deltas of the Krishna and Godavari rivers. - Kolleru Lake is a designated Ramsar site and a wildlife sanctuary.

  9. Which of the following tiger reserves is/are not situated in the state of Rajasthan? 1. Mukundra Hills 2. Ramgarh Vishdhari 3. Kawal 4. Bhadra Select the correct answer using the code given below :

    Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2024

    1. 1 only
    2. 1 and 2
    3. 3 and 4
    4. 4 only
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 3 and 4

    - Mukundra Hills TR: Rajasthan. - Ramgarh Vishdhari TR: Rajasthan. - Kawal TR: Telangana. - Bhadra TR: Karnataka.

  10. Which one among the following is not in-situ conservation?

    Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2024

    1. Wildlife sanctuary
    2. Botanical garden
    3. Biosphere reserve
    4. National park
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Botanical garden

    - In-situ conservation = in the natural habitat. - Ex- situ conservation = outside the natural habitat. - Wildlife sanctuary, National park, Biosphere reserve are in-situ. - Botanical garden, Zoological park, Seed bank are ex-situ.

  11. Keibul Lamjao National Park is located in which one of the following wetlands ?

    Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2024

    1. Chilika Lagoon of Odisha
    2. Loktak Lake of Manipur
    3. Deepor Beel of Assam
    4. Gurudongmar Lake of Sikkim
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Loktak Lake of Manipur

    Keibul Lamjao National Park is situated on Loktak Lake in Manipur.

Key Differences between Wildlife Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves

  1. In which one among the following categories of protected areas in India are local people not allowed to collect and use the biomass?

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 4 2022

    1. Biosphere Reserves
    2. National Parks
    3. Wetlands declared under Ramsar Convention
    4. Wildlife Sanctuaries
    Show answer

    Answer: B. National Parks

    In India, National Parks are areas designated for the protection of wildlife and biodiversity, where human activities are strictly regulated or prohibited. Collection and use of forest produce, including biomass, by local people are generally not allowed in National Parks.

  1. Consider the following statements regarding Community Reserve 1. Community Reserves are established under Environment Protection Act, 1986. 2. Any State government can declare community-owned forest area as "community reserve" if locals are willing to participate in conservation efforts for same. 3. Community reserves receive same legal protection as National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries. Which of the above statement/s is/are correct?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2024

    1. 1, 2
    2. 2, 3
    3. 2 only
    4. 1, 2, 3
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 2 only

    - Statement 1 is incorrect. Community Reserves (along with Conservation Reserves) are established under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, as amended in 2002. The Environment Protection Act, 1986, deals with environmental protection in a broader sense but not specifically with the declaration of reserves of this nature. - Statement 2 is correct. The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, as amended, allows state governments to declare an area owned by the community or a private individual as a Community Reserve if the local community or the individual volunteers to conserve wildlife and its habitat. - Statement 3 is incorrect. Community Reserves and Conservation Reserves provide a level of legal protection, but it is not the same as that of National Parks or Wildlife Sanctuaries. National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries are areas primarily under government control with stricter regulations on human activities. Community Reserves involve community participation in management, and the permitted activities might be different, often allowing sustainable resource use by the community where compatible with conservation objectives.

  2. Which of the following statements are correct with reference to Eco Sensitive Zone (ESZ) around the protected areas (national park, wildlife sanctuaries, etc.)? (a) They are declared as per the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 and Rules. (b) No new commercial construction of any kind is permitted within 1 km from the boundary of protected area or up to the extent of ESZ whichever is nearer. (c) Setting up of new saw mill is prohibited activity within the eco sensitive zone. (d) National Board of Wildlife (NBWL) is empowered to permit any prohibited activity within the ESZ. Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

    Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2024

    1. (a), (b) and (c) only
    2. (b), (c) and (d) only
    3. (b) and (c) only
    4. (a) and (d) only
    Show answer

    Answer: C. (b) and (c) only

    Eco Sensitive Zones (ESZs) are areas around Protected Areas (National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries) that are notified to regulate certain activities to minimize the negative impacts on the fragile ecosystem. The level of regulation varies from prohibited to regulated to permitted activities.

  3. With reference to 'Eco-Sensitive Zones', which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. Eco-Sensitive Zones are the areas that are declared under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. 2. The purpose of the declaration of Eco- Sensitive Zones is to prohibit all kinds of human activities in those zones except agriculture. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2014

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 2 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 1, 2 and 3

    - ESZs are defined as areas within 10 kilometers around the boundaries of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries. The extent can be more or less than 10 km depending on the specific area's ecological sensitivity. - The primary goal is conservation of biodiversity and reducing the impact of development activities in the immediate vicinity of protected areas. - A Zonal Master Plan is prepared for each ESZ to regulate activities.

  4. Consider the following statements: Once the Central Government notifies an area as a 'Community Reserve' 1. the Chief Wildlife Warden of the State becomes the governing authority of such forest 2. hunting is not allowed in such area 3. people of such area are allowed to collect non-timber forest produce Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2023

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 2 and 3 only

    - Community Reserves are declared under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. - They are managed by a Community Reserve Management Committee. - Hunting is prohibited. - Traditional uses like NTFP collection are allowed if compatible with conservation.

Management Strategies and Challenges in Protected Area Management

  1. Cheetahs, brought from Namibia, were introduced in India to which one of the following National Parks?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2023

    1. Kaziranga National Park
    2. Keoladeo Ghana National Park
    3. Keibul Lamjao National Park
    4. Kuno National Park
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Kuno National Park

    This project aims to re-establish a cheetah population in India, where the Asiatic cheetah was declared extinct in 1952.

  2. Which one of the following was recently considered to be a suitable site for introducing African cheetah in India?

    Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2022

    1. Bandhavgarh National Park
    2. Dudhwa National Park
    3. Kuno National Park
    4. Manas National Park
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Kuno National Park

    Kuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh was identified as the most suitable site for the reintroduction of African cheetahs in India after detailed site surveys and evaluations.

  3. In a recent judgement, the Supreme Court of India directed that every protected forest, national park and wildlife sanctuary across the country should have a mandatory eco-sensitive zone (ESZ) of a minimum of

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 2 2022

    1. 1 km starting from their demarcated boundar‐ ies
    2. 2 km starting from their demarcated boundar‐ ies
    3. 3 km starting from their demarcated boundar‐ ies
    4. 5 km starting from their demarcated boundar‐ ies
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1 km starting from their demarcated boundar‐ ies

    The Supreme Court mandated a minimum 1 km eco-sensitive zone around protected areas (National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries).

  4. Which one of the following tiger reserves of India has 'Bhoorsingh the Barasingha' as its official mascot ?

    Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2017

    1. Nameri tiger reserve
    2. Ranthambhore tiger reserve
    3. Panna tiger reserve
    4. Kanha tiger reserve
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Kanha tiger reserve

    - Kanha Tiger Reserve, located in Madhya Pradesh, became the first tiger reserve in India to officially introduce a mascot, 'Bhoorsingh the Barasingha' (swamp deer), in 2017. - The aim was to connect people with wildlife and encourage conservation efforts, particularly focusing on the barasingha, which is the state animal of Madhya Pradesh and a species found in abundance in Kanha.

  5. Where is Asan Conservation Reserve located?

    Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2021

    1. Himachal Pradesh
    2. Uttarakhand
    3. Sikkim
    4. Arunachal Pradesh
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Uttarakhand

    Asan Conservation Reserve is located in Uttarakhand, near Dehradun. It is a wetland ecosystem situated at the confluence of the Asan and Yamuna rivers. It was declared India's first Conservation Reserve under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.

  6. On the occasion of the World Environment Day, 2021, which one of the following was declared as a National Park in India?

    Asked in: UPSC CAPF 2021

    1. Raimona
    2. Orang
    3. Dibru-Saikhowa
    4. Nameri
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Raimona

    - On World Environment Day, June 5, 2021, the Chief Minister of Assam, Himanta Biswa Sarma, declared the Raimona Reserve Forest in the Kokrajhar district of Assam as the state's 6th National Park. - The notification was issued subsequently.

  7. Recently there was a proposal to translocate some of the lions from their natural habitat in Gujarat to which one of the following sites?

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2017

    1. Corbett National Park
    2. Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary
    3. Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary
    4. Sariska National Park
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary

    For many years, there has been a proposal and considerable discussion, including legal proceedings in the Supreme Court, regarding the translocation of some Gir lions from their sole habitat in Gujarat to a second, alternative site to establish a separate population. This is primarily a conservation strategy to mitigate risks from epidemics, natural disasters, or genetic issues affecting a single population. The site identified and widely debated for this translocation is Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh.

  8. Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under "Critical Tiger Habitat"?

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2020

    1. Corbett
    2. Ranthambore
    3. Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam
    4. Sunderbans
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam

    Critical Tiger Habitat (CTH), also known as the core area of a tiger reserve, is defined under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, as amended in

  9. It is an area of adequate size, duly notified by the state government, required to be kept inviolate for the purpose of tiger conservation. The total area and CTH area vary between tiger reserves. As of recent data (around the time this question was likely framed or based on common knowledge about large reserves), Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam consistently ranks as having one of the largest, if not the largest, CTH among major tiger reserves in India. 160. The country which has the finest system of protected lands in the world is—

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2011 · UPPSC Upper Mains 2007

    1. China
    2. Costa Rica
    3. India
    4. Switzerland
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Costa Rica

    Costa Rica is often cited as having one of the most successful and comprehensive systems of protected lands in the world relative to its size. It has designated over 25% of its territory for national parks, biological reserves, and other protected areas. This extensive network plays a crucial role in biodiversity conservation, ecological research, and is a major driver of its ecotourism industry.

UNESCO's Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme and its criteria for Biosphere Reserves

  1. Which of the following National Parks in India are World Heritage Sites? (i) Keoladeo National Park (ii) Manas National Park (iii) Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (iv) Great Himalayan National Park Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2023

    1. (i), (ii) and (iii) only
    2. (ii), (iii) and (iv) only
    3. (i), (iii) and (iv) only
    4. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
    Show answer

    Answer: D. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)

    - Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan): Natural Site, inscribed 1985. - Manas National Park (Assam): Natural Site, inscribed 1985. - Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (Uttarakhand): Includes Nanda Devi National Park and Valley of Flowers National Park, Natural Site, inscribed 1988, extended 2005. - Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area (Himachal Pradesh): Natural Site, inscribed 2014.

  2. Which of the following National Parks of India are declared as World Heritage by UN‐ ESCO? 1. Keoladeo National Park 2. Sundarbans National Park 3. Kaziranga National Park 4. Ranthambore National Park Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2018

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 1, 2 and 3 only
    3. 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 1, 2 and 3 only

    Among the listed National Parks, Keoladeo National Park (formerly Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary, Rajasthan), Sundarbans National Park (West Bengal), and Kaziranga National Park (Assam) are designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites for their outstanding universal value. Ranthambore National Park (Rajasthan) is a famous wildlife reserve, particularly known for its tiger population, but it is not inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list as a natural site.

  3. In the year 2020 which one of the following tiger reserves of India was declared by UNESCO as a Biosphere Reserve?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2021

    1. Panna Tiger Reserve
    2. Namdapha Tiger Reserve
    3. Dudhwa Tiger Reserve
    4. Pench Tiger Reserve
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Panna Tiger Reserve

    Panna Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh was included in UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves in November 2020. It is the 12th biosphere reserve from India to be added to this network.

  4. Biosphere Reserve Programme was initiated by :

    Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2024

    1. UNEP
    2. WWF
    3. Greenpeace
    4. MAB Programme of UNESCO
    Show answer

    Answer: D. MAB Programme of UNESCO

    - UNESCO MAB Programme: An intergovernmental scientific programme that aims to establish a scientific basis for the improvement of relationships between people and their environments. - Biosphere Reserves: Areas designated by UNESCO's MAB programme to promote sustainable development based on local community efforts and sound science. They are sites for testing interdisciplinary approaches to understanding and managing changes and interactions between social and ecological systems. - Other options: UNEP (UN Environment Programme) is a leading global environmental authority. WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) is a major conservation organization. Greenpeace is an environmental NGO. While these organizations work on environmental issues, the Biosphere Reserve programme is a specific initiative under UNESCO's MAB.

  5. Which area of Gujarat state was listed as biosphere reserve by Man and Biosphere Programme of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2023

    1. Gir
    2. Saputara
    3. Rann of Kutch
    4. Champaner
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Rann of Kutch

    The Great Rann of Kutch in Gujarat was designated as a Biosphere Reserve in 2008 and is part of India's network of Biosphere Reserves, which are recognized under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme.

  6. Which Biosphere Reserve in India becomes the 11th Biosphere Reserve from India to be included in the UNESCO designated World Network of Biosphere Reserves ?

    Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2017

    1. Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve
    2. Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
    3. Nicobar Biosphere Reserve
    4. Nokrek Biosphere Reserve
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve

    - India currently has 18 notified Biosphere Reserves. - As of the last updates, 12 of India's Biosphere Reserves are included in the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR). - Khangchendzonga was the 11th Indian site added to the WNBR. - The first Indian site in WNBR was Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (2000). - Great Nicobar was added in 2013 (10th). - Nokrek was added in 2009 (9th). - Panna Biosphere Reserve was the 12th site added in 2020.

  7. Which set of the following biosphere reserves in India is included in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves ?

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 2 2017

    1. Gulf of Mannar, Nokrek, Panchmarhi and Simlipal
    2. Gulf of Mannar, Kanchanjunga, Nokrek and Seshachalam
    3. Nilgiri, Nokrek, Panchmarhi and Panna
    4. Nilgiri, Nokrek, Panchmarhi and Seshachalam
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Gulf of Mannar, Nokrek, Panchmarhi and Simlipal

    India has designated Biosphere Reserves, and a subset of these are recognized by UNESCO and included in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves under the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme.

  8. The 'Man and Biosphere Programme' (MAB) by UNESCO was started in :

    Asked in: RPSC RAS Prelims 2013

    1. 1970
    2. 1972
    3. 1986
    4. 1991
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1970

    The UNESCO 'Man and the Biosphere Programme' (MAB) was officially launched in 1970.

  9. Which one of the following biosphere reserves is not ioncluded ion the list of world network of biosphere reserves of UNESCO?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2010

    1. Simlipal
    2. Sunderban
    3. Gulf of Mannar
    4. Nilgiri
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Simlipal

    The World Network of Biosphere Reserves is a dynamic list. As of recent times, all four options (Simlipal, Sunderban, Gulf of Mannar, and Nilgiri) are included in the UNESCO list. However, their inclusion dates vary: Nilgiri (2000), Gulf of Mannar (2001), Sunderban (2001), Simlipal (2009). If this question was asked before 2009, Simlipal would be the correct answer as it was a declared biosphere reserve by India but not yet part of the international network.

  10. The UNESCO has given international recognition to 1. Nilgiri Biosphere 2. Nanda Devi Biosphere 3. Manas Biosphere 4. Simlipal Biosphere Select the correct answer from the following code: Codes:

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2010

    1. 1 and 2
    2. 1 and 3
    3. 2 and 3
    4. 2 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1 and 2

    - UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme designates Biosphere Reserves to promote sustainable development combining scientific understanding and conservation. - India has a network of Biosphere Reserves, many of which are included in the World Network. - All reserves listed (Nilgiri, Nanda Devi, Manas, Simlipal) are part of the UNESCO MAB network.

  11. MAB stands for

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 4 2021

    1. Man and Biosphere
    2. Man, Antibiotic and Bacteria
    3. Man and Biotic Community
    4. Mayer, Andersand and Bisby
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Man and Biosphere

    MAB stands for the Man and the Biosphere Programme. It is an intergovernmental scientific program launched by UNESCO in 1971.

Wildlife Corridors and their Importance for Ecological Connectivity

  1. From the ecological point of view, which one of the following assumes importance in being a good link between the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats?

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2017

    1. Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
    2. Nallamala Forest
    3. Nagarhole National Park
    4. Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve

    - The question asks for an ecological link between the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats. This refers to a region that serves as a wildlife corridor, allowing movement of animals and maintaining genetic connectivity between populations in the two mountain ranges. - Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve is located in the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats landscape, specifically connecting the Biligirirangan Hills (considered part of the Western Ghats) and the Eastern Ghats. It forms a crucial corridor

Zonation in Biosphere Reserves: Core, Buffer, and Transition Zones

  1. Biosphere reserves are demarcated into __________ .

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2022

    1. Core zone, buffer zone and transition zone
    2. Core zone, buffer zone and micro ecological zone
    3. Buffer zone, transition zone and micro ecological zone
    4. Core zone, transition zone and micro ecological zone
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Core zone, buffer zone and transition zone

    - Biosphere reserves are designated under UN‐ ESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme to promote sustainable development by integrating conservation, research, and local community involvement. - The typical structure of a biosphere reserve consists of three main zones: 1. Core Zone A strictly protected area for conservation, representing natural ecosystems. Human activity is minimal or prohibited. 2. Buffer Zone Surrounds or adjoins the core area. Activities are managed to be compatible with conservation, such as research, environmental education, tourism, and training. 3. Transition Zone The outermost part of the reserve. It is an area of cooperation where sustainable resource management practices and human settlements are allowed, encouraging socio-economic development that is ecologically sustainable.