Water Conservation is part of Environment and Ecology. Below are notes on 11 sub-topics, followed by practice MCQs from State PSC and UPSC papers.

Community Participation and Public Awareness Campaigns

  • 'Rehydrating the Earth' is a global campaign raising consciousness about the water crisis.
  • 'Rehydrating the Earth' is an impact-driven campaign highlighting achievements at key global events like COP28.
  • 'Rehydrating the Earth' is undertaken by the philanthropic organization 'Football for Peace'.
  • Tarun Bharat Sangh, an organization based in a village near Alwar, Rajasthan, is famous for its work in rain-water harvesting.
  • Dr. Rajendra Singh is known as India's "Water Man" for his pioneering work in water conservation and rain-water harvesting.

Domestic Water Conservation Practices and Water-Saving Appliances

  • Xeriscaping: Water-efficient landscaping method using drought-tolerant plants, efficient irrigation (e.g., drip), and soil improvement to minimize water use.
  • Mulching: Applying a layer of material (organic or inorganic) over the soil to prevent moisture evaporation, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature.
  • Water-Saving Appliances:
    • Low-flow Fixtures: Toilets, showerheads, faucets designed to reduce water consumption per use.
    • Dual-flush Toilets: Offer two flushing options (full/half) for different waste types.
    • Smart Irrigation Systems: Utilize weather data or soil moisture sensors
    • Yamuna Action Plan (YAP): Launched in 1993.
    • Namami Gange Programme: Launched in June 2014 by Union Government for cleaning the Ganga.
    • Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS): Sets drinking water quality guidelines (e.g., BIS 10500:2012).

to optimize watering schedules and amounts.

    • Atmospheric Water Generators (AWG): Devices that extract moisture from the air to produce potable drinking water (e.g., 'Dragon Fly' machine).
  • Water Conservation Practices:
    • Rainwater Harvesting: Collecting and storing rainwater for non-potable uses like irrigation or toilet flushing.
    • Greywater Recycling: Reusing treated wastewater from sinks, showers, and laundry for irrigation or toilet flushing.
    • Fixing leaks promptly in pipes, faucets, and toilets.
    • Adopting water-saving habits (e.g., shorter showers, turning off taps while brushing).

Efficient Irrigation Techniques (e.g., Drip, Sprinkler, Micro-irrigation)

  • Efficient Irrigation Techniques: Aim to maximize water use efficiency, minimize water waste (evaporation, runoff, deep percolation), and reduce environmental impact, particularly in water-scarce regions.
  • Drip Irrigation (Trickle Irrigation):
    • Water delivered slowly, drop by drop, directly to the plant's root zone.
    • High water use efficiency (90-95%), significantly reduces water consumption.
    • Minimizes evaporation, runoff, weed growth, and fertilizer loss.
    • Ideal for row crops, orchards, vineyards, and uneven terrains; effectively reduces environmental impact in water-scarce regions.
  • Sprinkler Irrigation:
    • Water sprayed into the air over the crop, mimicking rainfall.
    • Water use efficiency typically 75-85%.
    • Suitable for uneven terrains, sandy soils, field crops, and small grains.
  • Micro-irrigation:
    • Broad term including drip irrigation, micro-sprinklers, and bubblers.
    • Applies water at low pressure and small flow rates directly to the plant root zone, ensuring precise and efficient water delivery.
  • Other Water Conservation Practices in Agriculture:
    • Reduced/Zero Tillage: Less soil disturbance, improves soil structure, increases water infiltration, reduces evaporation, and enhances soil moisture retention.
    • Applying Gypsum: Improves soil structure (especially in sodic/alkali soils), enhances water infiltration, reduces waterlogging, and increases water availability to plants.
    • Allowing Crop Residue (Mulching): Leaving crop residues on the field surface reduces evaporation, suppresses weeds, adds organic matter, and improves soil water retention.
  • Lysimeter: A device used to measure the percolation, leaching, and retention of soil moisture under controlled conditions.

Groundwater Recharge and Management Strategies

  • India is the world's largest groundwater user and has the largest area under groundwater irrigation.
  • Approximately 36% of India's districts are classified as "overexploited" or "critical" by the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA).
  • Causes of Groundwater Depletion: Excessive pumping (for agriculture, domestic, industrial use), deforestation (reduces infiltration), rapid urbanization and construction of concrete structures (impedes natural recharge), industrial pollution (affects quality).
  • Groundwater Recharge Strategies: Afforestation, rainwater harvesting (rooftop, surface runoff), construction of artificial recharge structures (e.g., check dams, percolation tanks, recharge wells), watershed management.
  • Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA): Formed under Section 3(3) of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Mandate includes regulating and controlling groundwater development and management.
  • Central Ground Water Board (CGWB): Apex national agency for scientific exploration, assessment, monitoring, and regulation of groundwater resources. It prepares reports such as the Annual Groundwater Quality Report.
  • Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABHY): A Central Sector Scheme supported by the World Bank. Its primary objective is to improve groundwater management in selected water-stressed areas through community participation and demand-side management.

Industrial Water Management and Water-Efficient Technologies

  • Industrial Water Management emphasizes the 3Rs: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.
  • Water-Efficient Technologies include: Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) systems, Air-Cooled Condensers (ACC) for thermal power plants, efficient cooling towers, rainwater harvesting, use of treated municipal wastewater, advanced filtration (RO, UF), and smart leak detection systems.
  • Coal-based Thermal Power Plants (CTPPs) in India:
  • Many coastal CTPPs utilize seawater for cooling purposes (e.g., NTPC Simhadri).
  • A significant number of CTPPs are located in water-stressed districts, contributing to water scarcity issues and necessitating policies for water-efficient technologies (e.g., MoEFCC guidelines promoting ACC or treated wastewater for new plants in such areas).
  • India's CTPP sector includes both public sector undertakings (e.g., NTPC) and a substantial number of privately owned plants (e.g., by Tata Power, Adani Power, Reliance Power).
  • National Flood Control Programme (NFCP) launched: 1954.
  • "Catch the Rain" Campaign: Launched by Ministry of Jal Shakti.
  • "Catch the Rain" Campaign objectives: Promote check dams, water harvesting pits, removal of canal/drain obstructions, restoration of water bodies, and establishment of 'rain centres' for guidance on rainwater harvesting.
  • National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) features:
    • River basin as the unit for planning and management.
    • Spearheads national river conservation efforts.
    • Chairman is the Prime Minister.
  • NGRBA constituted: February 2009.
  • National Hydrology Project:
    • Launched: 2016.
    • Assistance from: World Bank.
    • Provides for establishment of National Water Informatics Centre (NWIC).
    • Objective: Improve extent, quality, and accessibility of water resources information.
  • Bhimtal Lake: Included under National Lake Conservation Project (NLCP).
  • Wildlife Institute of India's project 'JALAL' operates under: National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG).
  • 10th World Water Forum held at: Indonesia.
  • International WASH Conference 2024 organized by: Ministry of Jal Shakti.

Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) - Urban and Rural Applications

  • Rainwater Harvesting (RWH): Process of collecting and storing rainwater from surfaces like rooftops, land, or rock catchments for future use or groundwater recharge.
  • Urban Rainwater Harvesting Methods:
    • Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting: Collecting water from building roofs directly into storage tanks or for groundwater recharge.
    • Recharge Pits: Small, shallow structures filled with filter media (sand, gravel) for recharging shallow aquifers, often connected to rooftops or paved areas.
    • Recharge Wells (or Borewell Recharge): Directing filtered rainwater into existing or purpose-built borewells to recharge deeper aquifers.
    • Recharge Trenches: Elongated trenches along roadsides or open spaces, filled with porous material to promote infiltration and groundwater recharge.
    • Percolation Tanks (smaller scale): Surface water impoundment structures designed to enhance groundwater recharge.
  • Rural Rainwater Harvesting Methods:
    • Gully Plugs: Small earthen or stone barriers built across small gullies and rivulets to slow down runoff, prevent soil erosion, and enhance water infiltration. (Primarily a rural/watershed management technique, not typical for urban buildings).
    • Contour Bunding: Earthen bunds built along contours of sloping land to prevent runoff and conserve soil moisture.
    • Farm Ponds: Excavated ponds to store runoff water for irrigation or livestock.
    • Johads: Traditional earthen check dams in Rajasthan used for water conservation and groundwater recharge.
    • Percolation Tanks (larger scale): Larger structures to collect surface runoff for significant groundwater recharge.
  • Associated Personalities:
    • Rajendra Singh: Known as the "Waterman of India," awarded the Magsaysay Award. Instrumental in reviving traditional RWH methods (like Johads) and community-led water conservation in Rajasthan.
  • National Context:
    • India: Has a long history and widespread practice of various RWH methods, including rooftop RWH.
    • Tamil Nadu: Was the first Indian state to make rooftop RWH compulsory for all buildings, implementing the measure around 2001-2002.

Role of Climate Change in Water Scarcity and Conservation Efforts

  • Cloud Seeding: Weather modification technique improving a cloud's ability to produce rain/snow by introducing tiny ice nuclei into certain types of subfreezing clouds.
  • Common chemicals for Cloud Seeding: Silver iodide, Potassium iodide, Dry ice, Sodium Chloride.
  • Meteorological Drought: Defined by the degree of dryness, typically based on rainfall deficit (e.g., inadequate rainfall of 30% or more). It is not based on the impact of rainfall deficits on water supply.
  • Agricultural Drought: Defined as low soil moisture.
  • Socioeconomic Drought: Refers to the impact of drought conditions on the supply and demand of economic goods (e.g., food, water, energy).
  • Extreme Drought: Occurs when the deficiency of a particular year's rainfall exceeds 50% of normal.

Significance and Need for Water Conservation

  • Blue water: Common term for the main source of water for human withdrawals (rivers, lakes, groundwater).
  • Water Footprint Network (WFN) classifications: Blue (surface/groundwater), Green (rainwater in soil), Grey (freshwater to assimilate pollutants). "Brown water footprint" is not a WFN classification.
  • Virtual Water Trade (VWT): Refers to the import and export of hidden water embedded in products like crop products, textiles, machinery, and livestock.
  • The VWT concept was introduced by Tony Allan in 1993 to explain the import of waterintensive products in arid and semi-arid regions (e.g., Middle East and North Africa).
  • World Water Development Report (WWDR): Published annually by UN-Water (on behalf of the UN system).
  • The WWDR (e.g., 2022 report) highlights India's significant groundwater extraction, accounting for more than a quarter of the world's total annual groundwater withdrawal, necessary to meet the drinking water and sanitation needs of ~18% of the global population.
  • The 8th World Water Forum was held in Brasilia.
  • World Water Council: Headquartered in Marseille, France.
  • Rajendra Singh ("Waterman of India"): Associated with water conservation. Awarded the Magsaysay Award and the Stockholm Water Prize (2005).
  • India's Water Demand for Irrigation (2025): Estimated at 910 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM), as per the Standing Sub-Committee Report on "Assessment of Availability & Requirement of Water for Diverse uses - 2000".
  • Soil Water Availability: The upper limit of available water in soil (field capacity) is typically determined at 1/3 bar.
  • Drought Classification: If the deficiency of a particular year's rainfall exceeds 50% of normal, it is termed a Severe drought.
  • Freshwater Percentage on Earth: Approximately 2.5% to 3% of the total water on Earth is freshwater.
  • Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6: Directly addresses water-related issues (Clean Water and Sanitation) under the UN's 2030 Agenda.
  • World Water Day: Celebrated annually on 22nd March.

Wastewater Treatment, Recycling, and Reuse

  • The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) spe‐

drinking water.

  • CSIR-NCL Pune, supported by the DST Water Technology Initiative, developed "SWASTIIK," a novel hybrid technology for safe drinking water.
  • Rainwater harvesting is often considered a cost-effective water management strategy in India.
  • Desalination produces potable water from saline/brackish sources, making it viable for areas without freshwater.
  • Pre-chlorination is the addition of chlorine to raw water before other primary treatment processes.
  • Electrostatic precipitation is not a water treatment technique; it is used for air pollution control.
  • Reverse Osmosis (RO) is a common treatment method used to remove hardness from water.
  • The Nalgonda method is specifically used for the removal of fluoride from drinking water.
  • Soft water is generally characterized by a Calcium Carbonate (CaCO₃) concentration of 30-60 mg/litre.

Watershed Management and Integrated River Basin Planning

  • ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation (ICAR-IISWC) Headquarters: Dehradun.

11. Miscellaneous

  • Mulching advantages: Reduces weed growth, encourages microbial activity in soil, retains soil moisture.
  • Watershed Development Programme aims/ benefits: Controlling soil erosion (preventing soil runoff), conservation of water (rainwater harvesting) and groundwater recharge, maintaining groundwater levels, controlling floods in plains, regeneration of natural vegetation, and providing drinking water facilities to rural areas.
  • Soil Conservation Measures: Afforestation, Crop rotation, Construction of Anicuts/Check Dams, Mulching, Contour plowing/bunding, Terracing.
  • Not a soil conservation measure: Over-watering (causes erosion, waterlogging).
  • Integrated Watershed Development Programme does NOT involve: Linking country's perennial rivers with seasonal rivers (this is part of river interlinking projects).
  • Ramsar Convention: Related to Wetland Conservation.

Practice MCQs: Water Conservation

Community Participation and Public Awareness Campaigns

  1. Which of the following statements about 'Rehydrating the Earth' is/are correct ? 1. It is a global campaign for raising consciousness about the water crisis. 2. It is an impact-driven campaign that highlights achievements at key global events such as COP28. 3. It is a campaign undertaken by a philanthropic organization 'Football for Peace'.

    Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2024

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1, 2 and 3
    4. 2 only
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 1, 2 and 3

    'Rehydrating the Earth' is an environmental concept focusing on restoring natural water cycles and ecosystems through landscape regeneration, directly linked to addressing the water crisis and climate change. It is a subject of discussion and action at major global environmental conferences.

  2. Tarun Bharat Sangh, an organization based in a village near Alwar (Rajasthan), has become famous because of:

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2004

    1. Cultivation of genetically modified cotton
    2. Rehabilitation of women victims of AIDS
    3. Livelihood projects for destitute rural women
    4. Rain-water harvesting
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Rain-water harvesting

    Tarun Bharat Sangh's work revitalizing water resources in Rajasthan has had a significant impact on the environment and livelihoods of local communities.

  3. Who is India's "Water Man" ?

    Asked in: Govt. Industrial Training Institute Principal (Grade II) Examination 2023

    1. Dr. Rajendra K. Pachauri
    2. Dr. Rajendra Singh
    3. Greta Thunberg
    4. Anil Kumar
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Dr. Rajendra Singh

    Recognition of individuals who have made significant contributions to environmental conservation is often tested in UPSC exams.

Domestic Water Conservation Practices and Water-Saving Appliances

  1. 'Xeriscaping' is a concept related to

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 2 2017

    1. landscaping related to save water
    2. landscaping related to save soil erosion
    3. weathering of rock surface
    4. All of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: A. landscaping related to save water

    The term 'xeri-' comes from the Greek word 'xeros', meaning dry. Xeriscaping utilizes drought-tolerant plants, efficient irrigation methods, and careful planning to minimize water usage in landscapes.

  2. Dragon Fly’ is the nick name of a machine that extracts

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2005

    1. moisture from the air to produce drinking wa‐ ter
    2. usable hydrocarbons from automobile exhaust
    3. edible oil from oil cake waste
    4. fibre from wood waste for use in textile in‐ dustry
    Show answer

    Answer: A. moisture from the air to produce drinking wa‐ ter

    These devices, also known as atmospheric water generators (AWGs), condense water vapor present in the air into liquid water. While various designs exist, the "Dragonfly" name has been used metaphorically or for specific projects related to this technology, highlighting the machine's ability to obtain water from the atmosphere like a dragonfly can be associated with water bodies.

  3. Mulching prevents the loss of

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 4 2019

    1. microbes
    2. moisture
    3. mineral
    4. organic matter
    Show answer

    Answer: B. moisture

    By reducing evaporation, mulching helps conserve soil moisture, which is beneficial for plant growth, especially in dry conditions.

Efficient Irrigation Techniques (e.g., Drip, Sprinkler, Micro-irrigation)

  1. A device to measure the percolation, leaching and retention of soil moisture under controlled conditions is known as ______

    Asked in: MPSC CS Prelims 2012

    1. Infiltrometer
    2. Evaporimeter
    3. Psycrometer
    4. Lysimeter
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Lysimeter

    - Infiltrometer measures the rate at which water enters the soil surface. - Evaporimeter measures the rate of evaporation of water. - Psychrometer measures atmospheric humidity or water potential. - Lysimeter measures water movement through soil, including percolation, leaching, and evapotranspiration.

  2. Which of the following practices can help in water conservation in agriculture ? 1. Reduced or zero tillage of the land 2. Applying gypsum before irrigating the field 3. Allowing crop residue to remain in the field Select the correct answer using the code given below :

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2017

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 1, 2 and 3

    - Reduced or zero tillage: Minimizes soil disturbance, which helps to retain soil moisture, reduce evaporation, and prevent soil erosion. - Applying gypsum before irrigating the field: Gypsum improves soil structure, especially in problematic soils (like saline or alkaline), leading to better water infiltration and drainage, and reduced surface runoff and waterlogging, thereby making water use more efficient. - Allowing crop residue to remain in the field: Crop residue acts as mulch, covering the soil surface. This reduces evaporation, helps moderate soil temperature, suppresses weeds, and improves soil organic matter over time, all of which enhance the soil's ability to absorb and retain water.

  3. Which technology can reduce the environmental impact of traditional farming, especially in water scarce regions ?

    Asked in: APPSC Group II Mains paper 2 2025

    1. Drip irrigation
    2. Chemical pesticides
    3. Flood irrigation
    4. Monocropping
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Drip irrigation

    - Drip irrigation significantly reduces water consumption, making it ideal for water-scarce regions. - It also minimizes soil erosion and nutrient leaching.

Groundwater Recharge and Management Strategies

  1. Which one of the following is NOT a cause of depletion in groundwater ?

    Asked in: UPSC NDA 2 2020

    1. Afforestation
    2. Loss of forests
    3. Excessive pumping of ground-water
    4. Construction of large scale concrete buildings
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Afforestation

    Afforestation is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no previous tree cover. Trees and forests help in the conservation of groundwater by increasing infiltration and percolation of rainwater into the ground and reducing surface runoff and evaporation. Therefore, afforestation helps in groundwater recharge, not depletion.

  2. Consider the following statements about Atal Bhujal Yojana (1) It is conceived to arrest the rampant overuse of groundwater in India (2) It is supported by the World Bank (3) It is a sub-scheme under National Groundwater Management Improvement Scheme (NGMIS) Select the correct statements

    Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2023

    1. 2 and 3
    2. 1 and 3
    3. 1 and 2
    4. All of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: D. All of the above

    Statement (1) is correct as the scheme specifically aims at sustainable management of groundwater resources with focus on demand side management to arrest overuse. Statement (2) is correct as it is a World Bank assisted scheme. Statement (3) is correct as the Atal Bhujal Yojana is part of the broader World Bank funded project framework, sometimes referred to as the Groundwater Management Improvement Scheme (GWMIS) or NGMIS, under which specific components are implemented.

  3. Consider the following statements : 36% of India's districts are classified as "overexploited" or "critical" by the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA). CGWA was formed under the Environment (Protection) Act. India has the largest area under groundwater irrigation in the world. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2020

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 2 only
    4. 1 and 3 only
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 2 and 3 only

    Statement 1 is incorrect. The Central Ground Water Authority assesses groundwater conditions at the level of 'assessment units' (blocks, talukas, mandals, watersheds), not typically whole districts. While a significant percentage of assessment units are classified as overexploited or critical (e.g., around 17% overexploited and 5% critical as per 2020 data), it's inaccurate to state that 36% of districts are classified as such. Statement 2 is correct. The Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) was constituted by the Government of India under Section 3(3) of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Statement 3 is correct. India is the world's largest user of groundwater, primarily for agricultural irrigation. It has the largest area irrigated by groundwater sources globally.

  4. Which of the following prepared the Annual Groundwater Quality Report 2024 ? 1. Central Pollution Control Board 2. Central Water Commission 3. Central Groundwater Board Select the correct answer from the code given below : Code :

    Asked in: uppsc 2025 2025

    1. 1 and 2
    2. 2 and 3
    3. Only 3
    4. Only 1
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Only 3

    Different government bodies have specific mandates regarding water resources and quality assessment. Identifying the correct agency responsible for groundwater quality reports is key.

Industrial Water Management and Water-Efficient Technologies

  1. With reference to coal-based thermal power plants in India, consider the following statements : 1. None of them uses seawater. 2. None of them is set up in water-stressed district. 3. None of them is privately owned. How many of the above statements are correct?

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2023

    1. Only one
    2. Only two
    3. All three
    4. None
    Show answer

    Answer: D. None

    Let's examine each statement: 1. None of them uses seawater: This is incorrect. Coastal thermal power plants like the Mundra plant in Gujarat or the Ennore plant in Tamil Nadu use seawater for cooling. 2. None of them is set up in water-stressed district: This is incorrect. Many thermal power plants are located in regions facing water scarcity, leading to significant environmental and social concerns regarding their water consumption. 3. None of them is privately owned: This is incorrect. India has a significant number of privately owned coal-based thermal power plants, operated by companies like Tata Power, Adani Power, Reliance Power, etc., alongside plants owned by public sector undertakings like NTPC. Since all three statements are incorrect, none of them are correct.

  1. The National Flood Control programme (NFCP) for flood control in India was launched in the year

    Asked in: APSC CCE Prelims Exam 2011

    1. 1951
    2. 1954
    3. 1947
    4. 1960
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 1954

    The National Flood Control Programme (NFCP) was initiated in 1954 in India.

  2. Which among the following is/are not associated with "Catch the Rain" campaign? (i) The campaign is launched by National Water Mission (ii) The campaign drives to make check dams and water harvesting pits (iii) The campaign stresses the removal of obstructions in the canals (iv) The campaign requested the central institutions to open rain centres to guide people to harvest rain

    Asked in: TNPSC CS Prelims 2022

    1. (i) only
    2. (ii) and (iii) only
    3. (i) and (ii) only
    4. (iv) only
    Show answer

    Answer: C. (i) and (ii) only

    The "Catch the Rain" campaign promotes rainwater harvesting through various measures, emphasizing decentralized structures and community participation. Its key components include planning, construction of RWH structures, rejuvenation of water bodies, and awareness generation.

  3. Which of the following are the key features of National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)? 1. River basin is the unit of planning and management. 2. It spearheads the river conservation efforts at the national level. 3. One of the Chief Ministers of the States through which the Ganga flows becomes the Chairman of NGRBA on rotation basis. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2016

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1 and 2 only

    - NGRBA was constituted in 2009 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. - It adopted the river basin as the unit for planning and management of the Ganga, recognizing the river and its tributaries as a single system (Statement 1). - It was envisioned as an empowered planning, financing, monitoring, and coordinating authority for the Ganga River, spearheading conservation efforts at the national level (Statement 2).

  4. Consider the following statements with reference to the National Hydrology project. 1. It was launched in 2016 with the assistance of World Bank. 2. It provides for establishment of National Water Informatics Centre (NWIC). 3. Its objective is to improve the extent, quality and accessibility of water resources information. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Asked in: WBPSC CS Prelims 2020

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1, 2 and 3
    4. None of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 1, 2 and 3

    - Statement 1 is correct: The National Hydrology Project (NHP) was launched in 2016 as a Central Sector Scheme with financial assistance from the World Bank. - Statement 2 is correct: A key component of NHP is the establishment of the National Water Informatics Centre (NWIC), intended as a comprehensive national repository for water resources data. - Statement 3 is correct: The primary objective of NHP is to improve the reliability, extent, quality, and accessibility of water resources information, as well as to strengthen the capacity of relevant institutions to use this information effectively for water resources management.

  5. Which one of the following lakes has been recently included under National Lake Conservation Project?

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2010

    1. Bhimtal
    2. Pulicat
    3. Ooty
    4. Sambhar
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Bhimtal

    - The NLCP (National Lake Conservation Project) was a government initiative for lake conservation. - Bhimtal and Ooty lakes were part of the lakes included under NLCP. - Pulicat is a lagoon, and Sambhar is a saline lake; their inclusion under NLCP was less typical than freshwater lakes like Bhimtal or Ooty.

  6. National Ganga River Basin Authority has been constituted in

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2010

    1. October 2008
    2. February 2009
    3. October 2009
    4. March 2010
    Show answer

    Answer: B. February 2009

    The National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) was constituted by the Central Government on 20th February 2009 under Section 3(3) of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.

  7. The Wildlife Institute of India's livelihood- focused project 'JALAL' operates under the aegis of which program of the Central Government? - Question not attempted

    Asked in: Analyst Cum Programmer (Deputy Director) 2024

    1. Atal Bhujal Yojana
    2. National Water Mission
    3. National Mission for Clean Ganga
    4. Jal Jeevan Mission
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Atal Bhujal Yojana

    This question tests knowledge about specific environmental and water resource management projects run by central government programs. Identifying the umbrella program under which a particular initiative operates is key. The Atal Bhujal Yojana is a comprehensive scheme for groundwater management, and projects like JALAL are designed to complement its goals by focusing on community livelihoods.

  8. The 10th World Water Forum was held at - (1) Thailand (2) Singapore (3) Indonesia (4) Cambodia (5) Question not attempted

    Asked in: Department Recruitment 2024 (Archivist) 2024

    1. (1)
    2. (2)
    3. (3)
    4. (4)
    Show answer

    Answer: C. (3)

    Host country of the 10th World Water Forum.

  9. Which Central Ministry has recently organized the International WASH Conference 2024 ? - (5) Question not attempted

    Asked in: School Lecturer (Sanskrit Edu.) 2024

    1. Ministry of Jal Shakti
    2. Ministry of Agriculture
    3. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
    4. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Ministry of Jal Shakti

    The Ministry of Jal Shakti is responsible for water resources, river development, and Ganga rejuvenation in India. Organizing a conference on WASH is directly aligned with its mandate.

Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) - Urban and Rural Applications

  1. Which one of the following methods is not suitable for urban rainwater harvesting?

    Asked in: UPSC CDS 1 2019

    1. Rooftop recharge pit
    2. Recharge wells
    3. Gully plug
    4. Recharge trench
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Gully plug

    - Urban rainwater harvesting focuses on collecting runoff from buildings and paved areas. - Rooftop recharge pits, recharge wells, and recharge trenches are common urban techniques for collection and groundwater recharge. - Gully plugs are erosion control structures used in natural or agricultural landscapes.

  2. The following name is associated with rain water harvesting:

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 4 2019

    1. Rajendra Singh
    2. Baba Amte
    3. S. C. Nair
    4. Medha Patkar
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Rajendra Singh

    Rajendra Singh is a renowned Indian water conservationist and environmentalist. He is known as the "Waterman of India" for his efforts in reviving traditional rainwater harvesting methods and restoring several rivers in Rajasthan. His work has significantly contributed to combating drought and improving water availability in arid regions.

  3. Roof top water harvesting is highest in

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 4 2019

    1. China
    2. Brazil
    3. Ghana
    4. India
    Show answer

    Answer: D. India

    Rooftop rainwater harvesting is a method of collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops for future use, contributing to water conservation and recharge of groundwater aquifers.

Role of Climate Change in Water Scarcity and Conservation Efforts

  1. The most common chemicals used for cloud seeding are 1. Silver iodide 2. Potassium iodide 3. Dry ice 4. Sodium Chloride Select the correct answer code:

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2024

    1. 1, 2, 3
    2. 1, 2, 4
    3. 2, 3, 4
    4. 1, 2, 3, 4
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 1, 2, 3, 4

    - Cloud seeding is a weather modification technique aimed at changing the amount or type of precipitation that falls from clouds. - It involves introducing substances into clouds to serve as cloud condensation or ice nuclei, altering microphysical processes within the cloud. - All the listed substances are commonly used cloud seeding agents: - 1. Silver iodide (AgI): Used to promote ice crystal formation in cold clouds. - 2. Potassium iodide (KI): Also used as an ice-nucleating agent. - 3. Dry ice (solid CO2): Causes the formation of ice crystals by cooling the air to temperatures below freezing; used in supercooled clouds. - 4. Sodium Chloride (NaCl): Used as a hygroscopic agent to promote condensation and droplet growth in warm clouds.

  2. Agricultural drought is defined as

    Asked in: JPSC CS Prelims 2024

    1. uneven distribution of rainfall over time and place
    2. low soil moisture
    3. inadequate rainfall of 30 percent or more in cropped areas
    4. the lack of water supply in water storage reservoir which can be compensated by normal rainfall
    Show answer

    Answer: B. low soil moisture

    Agricultural drought is fundamentally defined by a deficiency in soil moisture that is critical for supporting crop growth at various stages, leading to reduced yields or crop failure. While inadequate rainfall (C) is a primary cause, low soil moisture is the direct condition that characterizes agricultural drought impacting vegetation.

  3. Consider the following statements: (1) Meteorological Drought is based on the impact of rainfall deficits on the water supply. (2) Socioeconomic Drought refers to the impact of drought conditions on supply and demand of economic goods. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

    Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2023

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 2 only

    - Meteorological drought: defined by precipitation deficit. - Hydrological drought: defined by deficits in surface/groundwater supplies. - Agricultural drought: defined by soil moisture deficit impacting crops. - Socioeconomic drought: defined by water scarcity impacting human activities and economic goods.

  4. With reference to cloud seeding, consider the following statements: (1) It is a weather modification technique that improves a cloud's ability to produce rain or snow by introducing tiny ice nuclei into certain types of subfreezing clouds. (2) Aluminum hydroxide is the most common chemical used for cloud seeding. Select the correct statement using the code given below:

    Asked in: OPSC CS Prelims 2023

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1 only

    - Cloud seeding is a weather modification technique. - It involves introducing substances (nuclei) into clouds. - Common agents include silver iodide, dry ice, and sodium chloride.

  5. If the deficiency of a particular year's rainfall exceeds 50% of normal, it is termed as

    Asked in: APPSC Group II Prelims 2018

    1. Onset of drought
    2. Moderate drought
    3. Severe drought
    4. Extreme drought
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Severe drought

    According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD) classification, drought intensity is often defined by the percentage departure of rainfall from the normal. A deficiency of rainfall exceeding 50% of the normal for a region is classified as Severe Drought.

Significance and Need for Water Conservation

  1. Which one of the following is the common term to describe the main source of water for human withdrawals?

    Asked in: UPSC Geoscientist 2020

    1. Green water
    2. Hard water
    3. Blue water
    4. Storm water
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Blue water

    In hydrology, water resources are often categorized. Green water refers to precipitation that infiltrates the soil and is available for plants. Blue water refers to the surface water (in rivers, lakes, reservoirs) and groundwater stored in aquifers. This blue water is the main source that is withdrawn by humans for various uses, including irrigation, industrial processes, and domestic consumption (drinking, sanitation).

  2. The Water Footprint Network does not classify the water footprints under the category

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2017

    1. Blue water footprint
    2. Brown water footprint
    3. Green water footprint
    4. Grey water footprint
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Brown water footprint

    The three standard components represent different sources and types of water use and pollution associated with the production of goods and services.

  3. With reference to World Water Development Report, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. It is published annually by the World Economic Forum. 2. The latest report was released at the 8th World Water Forum in Brasilia.

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2019

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 2 only

    - The World Water Development Report is published by UN-Water (specifically by UNESCO on its behalf). - It is an annual report. - The 2018 report was launched at the 8th World Water Forum in Brasilia.

  4. With which activity is Magsaysay awardee Rajendra Singh associated?

    Asked in: HPPSC HPAS Prelims 2011

    1. Human Rights
    2. Child Welfare
    3. Environmental issues
    4. Water conservation
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Water conservation

    Rajendra Singh received the Magsaysay Award in 2001 for his community-based efforts in water harvesting and management in Rajasthan.

  5. According to the report of the Standing Sub- Committee on "Assessment of Availability & Requirement of Water for Diverse uses - 2000", the estimated water demand in India for irrigation in 2025 is

    Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2014

    1. 618 Billion Cubic Meters
    2. 910 Billion Cubic Meters
    3. 1024 Billion Cubic Meters
    4. 2856 Billion Cubic Meters
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 910 Billion Cubic Meters

    The National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development Plan (NCIWRDP) report (1999), which is often referenced in water resource planning documents including potentially the 2000 Standing Sub-Committee report, projected the irrigation water requirement for India in 2025 to be 910 BCM under a high demand scenario. This figure was a widely cited projection during that period for future irrigation needs.

  6. Which of the following statements are correct regarding Virtual Water Trade (VWT) ? 1. It refers to the import and export of hidden water in the form of products such as crop products, textiles, machinery and livestock which require water for production. 2. The concept was introduced by Tony Allan in 1993 to explain the import of water intensive products in arid and semi- arid regions in the Middle East and North Africa. 3. The World Water Council is headquartered at Marseille, France. Select the correct answer using the code given below :

    Asked in: PPSC CS Prelims 2021

    1. Only 1
    2. Only 2
    3. Only 1 and 2
    4. 1, 2 and 3
    Show answer

    Answer: D. 1, 2 and 3

    - Statement 1 is correct: Virtual Water Trade (VWT), also known as embodied water or hidden water, refers to the water used in the production of agricultural and industrial goods. When these goods are traded, the water used in their production is implicitly traded along with them. - Statement 2 is correct: The concept of virtual water was indeed introduced by Professor Tony Allan of King's College London in the early 1990s. He developed the concept to help understand water issues, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions like the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), where importing water-intensive food products can be a way to conserve scarce domestic water resources. The year 1993 is widely cited in relation to his initial work on this concept. - Statement 3 is correct: The World Water Council (WWC) is an international multi- stakeholder platform that facilitates dialogue and action on water issues. Its headquarters are located in Marseille, France.

  7. Consider the following statements : Statement-1: According to the United Nations ‘World Water Development Report, 2022’. India extracts more than a quarter of the world's groundwater withdrawal each year. Statement- II : India needs to extract more than a quarter of the world's groundwater each year to satisfy the drinking water and sanitation needs of almost 18% of world's population living in its territory. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2023

    1. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
    2. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
    3. Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is in‐ correct
    4. Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is in‐ correct

    - Statement I is correct: Reports like the UN World Water Development Report 2022 consistently identify India as the largest user of groundwater globally, accounting for roughly a quarter of the world's total withdrawal. - Statement II is incorrect: While satisfying the needs of a large population for drinking water and sanitation is important, the overwhelming majority (estimated at 80-90%) of groundwater extraction in India is for agricultural irrigation to grow food crops. The withdrawal for drinking water and sanitation, though critical, constitutes a much smaller portion of the total.

  8. The Stockholm Water Prize-2005 has been awarded to

    Asked in: UPPCS Prelims 2005

    1. Rajendra Singh
    2. Sunita Narain
    3. Sarabjit Singh
    4. Sunita Rani
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Sunita Narain

    The Stockholm Water Prize in 2005 was awarded to the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), India, and its director, Sunita Narain, for their pioneering work on sustainable water management and policy advocacy in India.

  9. The upper limit of available water in soil is determined at

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2007

    1. bar
    2. bar
    3. bar
    4. 1bar
    Show answer

    Answer: B. bar

    Available water in soil is the water held between field capacity and permanent wilting point.

Wastewater Treatment, Recycling, and Reuse

  1. According to the “Bureau of Indian Standards” the permissible “pH value” in drinking water should be in the range of Ans: C - pH scale ranges from 0 to 14; 7 is neutral, below 7 is acidic, above 7 is alkaline. - BIS sets standards for various parameters to ensure the quality and safety of drinking water. - While water with pH slightly outside this range might not be immediately harmful, prolonged consumption or significant deviation can affect health or cause infrastructure corrosion. 46. Scientists at CSIR-NCL Pune, with support from the Water Technology Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, have recently developed a novel hybrid technology to bring safe and healthy drinking water. What is the name of the hybrid technology?

    Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2015 · UPSC CAPF 2021

    1. SafeWater
    2. SWASTIIK
    3. Arsiron Nilogon
    4. Fluoride Nilogon
    Show answer

    Answer: B. SWASTIIK

    SWASTIIK stands for 'Safe Water and Sustainable Technology Initiative from Indian Knowledgebase'. This technology aims to remove multiple contaminants simultaneously from water, including microbial and chemical impurities.

  2. Which of the following water management strategy is cost-effective in India ?

    Asked in: UPPSC Upper Mains 2011

    1. Improvement of the flush system
    2. Treatment and use of waste water
    3. Rain water harvesting
    4. Recycling and re-use of water
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Rain water harvesting

    Compared to large-scale water treatment plants, sophisticated recycling systems, or complete overhauls of plumbing infrastructure, installing rainwater harvesting systems (e.g., rooftop collection with storage tanks) can be relatively inexpensive and provide immediate benefits.

  3. For individuals living in areas where no freshwater is available, which one of the following would produce water that could be used for drinking?

    Asked in: WBCS Main Paper 4 2022

    1. Desalination
    2. Groundwater mining
    3. Sublimation
    4. Transpiration
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Desalination

    Desalination is the process of removing salt and other minerals from saline water (like seawater or brackish water) to produce potable (drinkable) water. This is the standard method for obtaining freshwater in coastal areas or on islands where freshwater sources are scarce or unavailable.

  4. Addition of chlorine to raw water before treatment is known as-

    Asked in: ASCO 2014

    1. Plain chlorination
    2. Post-chlorination
    3. Pre-chlorination
    4. Super-chlorination
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Pre-chlorination

    Adding chlorine to raw water before treatment is called pre-chlorination.

  5. Which of the following is not a water treatment technique?

    Asked in: ASCO 2014

    1. Reverse osmosis
    2. Ion exchange
    3. Electro-dialysis
    4. Electrostatic precipitation
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Electrostatic precipitation

    Electrostatic precipitation is an air pollution control technique, not a water treatment technique.

  6. Which treatment is used to remove "Hardness" in water ?

    Asked in: Assistant Town Planner (Pre.) Exam 2023

    1. Chlorination
    2. Aeration
    3. Coagulation
    4. Reverse Osmosis
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Reverse Osmosis

    Water hardness is primarily caused by dissolved calcium and magnesium ions. Reverse Osmosis employs a semipermeable membrane to filter out these ions, thereby softening the water.

  7. Which of the following method is used for the removal of fluoride from drinking water ?

    Asked in: Sanitary Inspector Examination 2023

    1. Bangalore method
    2. Indore method
    3. Mangalore method
    4. Nalgonda method
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Nalgonda method

    The Nalgonda method is used for the removal of fluoride from drinking water. It is a widely used technique in India.

  8. In soft water, concentration of CaCO₃ is ______.

    Asked in: Sanitary Inspector Examination 2023

    1. zero
    2. 30-60 mg/litre
    3. 61-90 mg/litre
    4. 91-120 mg/litre
    Show answer

    Answer: B. 30-60 mg/litre

    Soft water has a low mineral content, specifically low concentrations of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), usually in the range of 30-60 mg/litre.

Watershed Management and Integrated River Basin Planning

  1. Where is the headquarters of the ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation (ICAR-IISWC) located?

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2024

    1. Gurugram
    2. Dehradun
    3. Hyderabad
    4. Shimla
    Show answer

    Answer: B. Dehradun

    The headquarters of the ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation (ICAR-IISWC) is located in Dehradun, Uttarakhand. This institute is a premier national organization under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) dedicated to research, training, and extension in the field of soil and water conservation and watershed management.

  2. Mulching is a technique used to control soil erosion. Which among the following is/are advantages of mulching? 1. Reduces weed growth 2. Remove the soil moisture. 3. Encourages microbial activity in the soil.

    Asked in: GPSC Prelims CSP 2 2022

    1. 1 and 3 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 2 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1 and 3 only

    - Statement 1 is correct: Mulching creates a barrier that blocks sunlight from reaching the soil surface, which inhibits the germination and growth of weeds. - Statement 2 is incorrect: Mulching helps to retain soil moisture by reducing evaporation from the soil surface. It does not remove soil moisture; rather, it conserves it. - Statement 3 is correct: Organic mulches (like compost, bark, straw) decompose over time, providing food for soil microorganisms and earthworms, thereby increasing microbial activity, improving soil structure, and releasing nutrients. Even inorganic mulches can indirectly benefit microbial activity by maintaining more stable soil temperature and moisture conditions.

  3. Watershed development Programme is aimed for 1. Controlling of soil erosion. 2. Conservation of water and to maintain ground water. 3. Providing drinking water facility to the rural areas. 4. Controlling floods of the river during rainy days. Choose the correct answer using codes given below :

    Asked in: KPSC KAS Prelims 2014

    1. 1 and 2
    2. 2 and 3
    3. 1 and 3
    4. None of the above
    Show answer

    Answer: A. 1 and 2

    - Watershed development focuses on the holistic management of land, water, and vegetative resources within a watershed area. - Key objectives include reducing soil loss (1. Controlling soil erosion) and improving water availability by promoting infiltration, reducing runoff, and recharging groundwater aquifers (2. Conservation of water and to maintain ground water).

  4. What are the benefits of implementing the “Integrated Watershed Development Programme” ? 1. Prevention of soil runoff 2. Linking the country’s perennial rivers with seasonal rivers 3. Rainwater harvesting and recharge of groundwater table 4. Regeneration of natural vegetation Which of the statements given above are correct ?

    Asked in: PPSC CS Prelims 2018

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2, 3 and 4 only
    3. 1, 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 1, 3 and 4 only

    Integrated Watershed Development Programmes (IWDP) focus on conservation and development of land and water resources within a specific watershed area. Key objectives include preventing soil erosion (1), improving water availability through rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge (3), and promoting vegetation cover to conserve soil and water (4).

  5. What are the benefits of imple- menting the ‘Integrated Watershed Development Programme’? 1. Prevention of soil runoff 2. Linking the country's perennial rivers with seasonal rivers 3. Rainwater harvesting and recharge of groundwater table 4. Regeneration of natural vegetation Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    Asked in: UPSC IAS 2014

    1. 1 and 2 only
    2. 2, 3 and 4 only
    3. 1, 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
    Show answer

    Answer: C. 1, 3 and 4 only

    - Watershed development focuses on managing land and water resources within a defined geographical area (watershed). - Key goals include soil conservation, water harvesting, groundwater recharge, increasing vegetative cover, and improving agricultural productivity. - It does not involve large-scale inter-basin transfer of water like river linking projects.

  6. Which of the following is not a remedy measure of soil conservation ?

    Asked in: Lecturer (Tech. Edu.) Exam 2020

    1. Afforestation
    2. Rotation of crops
    3. Over-watering
    4. Construction of Anicuts
    Show answer

    Answer: C. Over-watering

    Soil conservation measures aim to prevent soil degradation and maintain soil fertility. Afforestation, rotation of crops, and construction of anicuts (small check dams) are all recognized techniques for soil and water conservation.

  7. "Ramsar Convention" is related to

    Asked in: RO ARO 2020

    1. Climate change
    2. Pesticide pollution
    3. Ozone layer depletion
    4. Wetland conservation
    Show answer

    Answer: D. Wetland conservation

    The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. It was signed in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971, and its primary goal is to halt and reverse the loss of wetlands worldwide.

  8. Watershed Management can successfully prevent

    Asked in: Forest Range Officer Exam 2012

    1. Flood in plains
    2. Loss of hydro-energy
    3. Deforestation
    4. Water-borne diseases
    Show answer

    Answer: A. Flood in plains